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Cinikayyar bayi a Gabar Yammacin Afirka

Kogin Slave suna ne na tarihi da a da ake amfani da shi ga wannan yanki na gabar tekun yammacin Afirka tare da Bight of Benin wanda ke tsakanin kogin Volta da Lagos.[1] Sunan ya samo asali ne daga tarihin yankin a matsayin babban tushen da aka sayar da mutanen Afirka a cikin bauta a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 19.

Taswirar 1729 da ke nuna Tekun Slave
Har yanzu ana yiwa Tekun Slave alama akan wannan c. 1914 taswirar John Bartholomew & Co. na Edinburgh.
Manyan yankunan kasuwancin bayi na Afirka, ƙarni na 15-19

Sauran yankunan bakin tekun da ke kusa da tarihin da aka sani ta hanyar fitar da su na mulkin mallaka sune Gold Coast, Ivory Coast (ko Windward Coast), da kuma Pepper Coast (ko bakin teku).

Dubawa

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Majiyoyin Turai sun fara tattara bayanai game da ci gaban kasuwanci a yankin "Slave Coast" da haɗin kai cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic a kusa da 1670. Cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya haifar da samar da "al'ummar Atlantic" na Afirka da Turawa a karni na 17, 18, da 19. [2] Masu fataucin bayi Turawa ne suka sayo kusan ’yan Afirka miliyan goma sha biyu daga hannun ’yan kasuwa na Afirka a lokacin cinikin bayi na transatlantic. An kai ’yan Afirka da suke bauta zuwa Amurka don yin aikin noman noman kuɗi a ƙasashen Turawa. Tashoshin ruwan da suka fitar da waɗannan bayi daga Afirka sun haɗa da Ouidah, Legas, Aneho (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, da Badagry. [3] Waɗannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na cinikin bayi waɗanda aka ba su daga al'ummomin Afirka, kabilu da masarautu, gami da Alladah da Ouidah, waɗanda masarautar Dahomey ta karɓe su daga baya.

Masana tarihi na zamani sun yi kiyasin cewa an kwashe mutane tsakanin miliyan biyu zuwa uku daga wannan yanki kuma ana sayar da kayayyaki kamar barasa da taba daga Amurka da masaku daga Turai a matsayin wani bangare na cinikayyar kundila. [4] Masana tarihi sun lura cewa ko da yake bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa an kai ‘yan Afirka bayi miliyan goma sha biyu zuwa Amurka daga Afirka, ainihin adadin bayi da ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai suka saya ya fi yawa. [5] [6] Tare da sauran nau'o'in kasuwanci, wannan hadadden musayar ya kuma haifar da mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin wadannan yankuna uku, da suka shafi addinai, tsarin gine-gine, harsuna, da ilimi. [7] Baya ga mutanen da ake bautar da su, ’yantattun maza sun yi amfani da hanyoyin musaya don yin balaguro zuwa sababbin wurare, kuma bayi da matafiya masu ’yanci sun taimaka wajen haɗa al’adun Turai da Afirka. Bayan da gwamnatocin Turai da suka shude suka kawar da tsarin bautar da bautar, an ci gaba da cinikin bayi na transatlantic na ɗan lokaci, inda ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu ke gudanar da ayyukansu da suka saba wa dokokin ƙasashensu.

Har ila yau, ana kiran bakin tekun "kabari na farin mutum" [8] saboda yawan adadin mutuwar cututtuka kamar zazzabin rawaya, zazzabin cizon sauro, gajiya mai zafi, da cututtukan gastro-entero da yawa. A shekara ta 1841, kashi 80 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya da ke aikin balaguron soji a kogin Niger sun kamu da zazzabi. Tsakanin 1844 zuwa 1854, 20 cikin 74 na Faransawa masu wa’azi a ƙasar Senegal sun mutu daga cututtuka na gida, wasu 19 kuma sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan sun dawo Faransa. An rubuta auratayya a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar Ouidah inda Turawa suka kasance na dindindin. Sadarwa ta kasance mai yawa a tsakanin dukkanin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku, har ta kai ga ana iya bin diddigin mutanen da ake bautar da su. [9]

Yawan mutane

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Kasuwancin bayi da ke ƙetare tekun Atlantika ya haifar da hasarar rayuka masu yawa da ba a sani ba ga fursunonin Afirka a ciki da wajen Amurka. Sama da mutane miliyan ne ake tunanin sun mutu a lokacin da suke tafiya zuwa sabuwar duniya. [10] More sun mutu jim kadan bayan isowarsu. Adadin rayukan da aka yi hasarar sayan bayi ya kasance a asirce amma yana iya kai ko wuce adadin mutanen da suka tsira daga bauta. [11]

Mummunan yanayi na cinikin ya haifar da lalatar mutane da al'adu. Masanin tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ya lura cewa tsarin bautar bai ƙare ba tare da isowa kan iyakar Yammacin Yammacin Turai; Hanyoyi daban-daban da mutane da ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic suka rinjayi abubuwa daban-daban - ciki har da yankin da ke tashi, damar da za a sayar da shi a kasuwa, irin aikin da aka yi, jinsi, shekaru, addini., da harshe. [12] [13]

Patrick Manning ya yi kiyasin cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 12 da ake bautar da su ne rikicin cinikin tekun Atlantika ya rutsa da su a tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa na 19, amma kimanin mutane miliyan 1.5 ne suka mutu a cikin jiragen ruwa. Kusan bayi miliyan 10.5 sun isa Amurka. Bayan mutanen da aka yi bautar da suka mutu a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, yawancin mutanen Afirka sun mutu a lokacin hare-haren bayi a Afirka tare da tilasta yin tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.[14] Manning ya yi kiyasin cewa mutane miliyan 4 ne suka mutu a cikin Afirka bayan kama su, kuma da yawa sun mutu kanana. Kiyasin Manning ya shafi mutane miliyan 12 da tun farko aka nufa zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da kuma mutane miliyan 6 da ake shirin shiga kasuwannin bayi na Asiya da kuma mutane miliyan 8 da ake shirin shiga kasuwannin Afirka. Daga cikin bayin da aka aika zuwa Amurka, kaso mafi girma ya tafi Brazil da Caribbean.[15]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Law (1989), p. 46
  2. ↑ Law (1991), p.307.
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ Eltis, David and Richardson, David, "The Numbers Game". In: Northrup, David: The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002, p. 95.
  6. ↑ Basil Davidson. The African Slave Trade.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  9. ↑ Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. p. 319.
  10. ↑ Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves? BBC News, 15 March 2007.
  11. ↑ Stannard, David. American Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 1993.
  12. ↑ Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images.
  13. ↑ American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission report, page 43-44
  14. ↑ Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe (Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 117–44, online at pp. 119–120.
  15. ↑ Maddison, Angus. Contours of the world economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in macro-economic history. Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Doka, Robin, "Bawa-Raiders da Middlemen, Monopolisists da Free-Yan kasuwa: Samar da bayi don cinikin Atlantic a Dahomey c. 1750-1850", Jaridar Tarihin Afirka, Vol.30, No. 1, 1989.
  • Law, Robin. Tekun Bayi na Afirka ta Yamma 1550-1750: Tasirin Cinikin Bayin Atlantika ga Al'ummar Afirka . Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.

Kara karantawa

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  • Law, Robin da Kristin Mann . "Duniyar Atlantic na Afirka da Amurka". The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., 56:2 Afrilu 1999, shafi. 307-334.
  • Shillington, Kevin. Tarihin Afirka . Bugu na 2, Macmillan Publishers Limited, NY USA, 2005.
  • St Clair, William. Ƙofar Babu Komawa: Tarihin Cape Coast Castle da Kasuwancin Bawan Atlantika . BlueBridge.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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