Mutanen Esan
Mutanen Esan ( Esan : Ẹ̀bhò Ẹ̀sán ) ƙabilu ne na kudancin Najeriya da ke magana da harshen Esan . Esan a al'adance masanan noma ne, ƙwararrun likitocin gargajiya, mayaƙa kuma mafarauta. Suna noman itacen dabino, barkono mai ƙararrawa (akoh) kwakwa, kola gyaɗa, baƙar tuffa, pear avocado, doya, koko, rogo, masara, shinkafa, wake, gyada, ayaba, lemu, ayaba, kanwa, tumatir, dankalin turawa, kuɓewaabarba, cinya, da kuma kayan lambu iri-iri.
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Najeriya |
Esan | |
|---|---|
| Jimlar yawan jama'a | |
| c. 1.5 million | |
| Harsuna | |
| Esan and English | |
| Addini | |
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
| Benin, Afemai, Urhobo, Isoko |
Ƙasar Esan ta zamani an yi amannar cewa an tsara ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 15, lokacin da 'yan ƙasa, galibinsu sarakuna da sarakuna, suka bar maƙwabtaka da Daular Benin zuwa arewa maso gabas; a can suka kafa al'ummomi da masarautu waɗanda ake kira eguares daga cikin asalin asalin da suka haɗu a can. Akwai dukkanin masarautu 35 da aka kafa a Esanland, da suka hada da Amahor, Ebelle, Egoro, Ewohimi, Ekekhenlen, Ekpoma, Ekpon, Emu, Ewu, Ewatto, Ewossa, Idoa, Ifeku, Igueben, Ilushi, Inyelen, Irrua, Ogwa, Ohordua, Okalo, Okhuesan, Onogholo, Opoji, Oria, Orowa, Uromi, Udo, Ugbegun, Ugboha, Ubiaja, Urhohi, Ugun, Ujiogba, Ukhun, and Uzea.
Masarautun Esan galibi suna yaƙi tsakanin juna. Duk da yaƙe-yaƙe, Mutanen Evan suna da al'adun kama da juna waɗanda masarautar Benin ta rinjayi ta. Koyaya, waɗannan masarautun sun mallake su, tare da daular Benin, da daular Birtaniyya a watan Satumban shekarar 1897, kawai suka sami ƴancin kai shekaru 63 bayan haka a shekarata 1960 lokacin da Najeriya ta sami independentancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yanci, jama'ar Esan sun sha wahala daga yaƙin basasa, talauci, da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa.
Esan suna magana da harshen Esan, harshen Edoid da ya danganci Edo, Urhobo, Yaren Owan , Isoko, Anioma da Etsako. [1] Ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai mahimmin yanki a Nijeriya, kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantun firamare ban da watsa shirye-shirye ta rediyo da talabijin. Har ila yau, an san harshen Esan a cikin ƙididdigar Masarautar Ingila. [2]
An ƙiyasta cewa mutanen Esan da ke zaune a ƙasar Esan sun kai kimanin onean ƙasa miliyan ɗaya zuwa miliyan ɗaya da rabi a Nijeriya, [3] kuma akwai diasporaan Esan da yawa.
Ainahin Suna gyara sashe
Kalmar Esan an yi amfani da ita ga mutanen Esan shekaru dubbai, kuma ana amfani da ita kafin tuntuɓar Turawa. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imani da cewa sunan 'Esan' (asali, 'E san fia') bashi ne daga Bini (ma'ana, 'sun gudu' ko 'sun yi tsalle'). 'Ishan' wani nau'i ne na 'Esan' wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin Angilika sakamakon mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya wanda ya kasa bayyana sunan wannan ƙabilar. An yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashawa ta shafi sunayen Esan kamar ubhhhhhh (yanzu itace 'obeche'), uloko (yanzu itace 'iroko'), Abhuluimɛn (yanzu 'Aburime') Duk da haka an yi ƙoƙari don komawa matsayin yanzu.
Don manufar ilimi, Esan yana nufin
- ƙabilar da ke zaune a tsakiyar Jihar Edo;
- ( jam'i bai canza ba) mutum ko mutane gabaɗaya daga wannan ƙabilar;
- yaren waɗannan mutanen wanda, a yaren harshe, na ofan asalin Kwa ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo;
- wani abu, mai dangantaka, ko samun asalin Esan misali uro Esan (= Yaren Esan), otọ Esan (= Esan land), ọghhedẹ Esan (= Esan banana).
A zamanin jahiliyya, Esan suna ɗauke da tabon ƙabilar hankaka ƙasan idanunsu.
Tarihi gyara sashe
Tarihin farko/na gargajiya zamani gyara sashe
Dangane da shaidar binciken tarihi da harshe, mutane suna zaune a cikin savannah-forest ecotone a Esanland aƙalla shekaru 3000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila waɗannan mutanen suna da alaƙa da mutanen Nok kuma sun fito daga savannahs na arewa zuwa gandun daji na kudu. Har wa yau, yaren Esan na arewa sun fi dacewa da yaren Arewacin Edo kamar Etsako da Owan fiye da yarukan Esan na kudu, waɗanda suke da kusancin kusanci da Edo. Waɗannan mutanen "proto-Edoid" sun yi noman yam, dabinon mai da kayan lambu, amma kuma sun yi farauta kuma sun tattara.
Farawa daga 500 AD zuwa 750 AD, waɗannan maharba masu farauta sun fara mulkin mallaka da tsarin halittar dazuzzuka na ƙasar Esan da kuma gandun daji na Daular Benin. Sun kirkiro pre-Esan, pre-Edo wacce ta gina ingantattun sifofi kamar moats da bango kewaye da dukiyar dangi. Waɗannan shinge sun kasance, aƙalla, kilomita uku zuwa biyar a diamita, sannan kuma an keɓance wuraren zama da na noma. Waɗannan kaddarorin sun faɗaɗa sun zama ƙauyuka, kuma kafin shekara ta 800 AD, waɗannan ƙauyukan sun haɗu don kafa masarautu tare da tsarin sarauta. Gwanon zamani a yankin ya gano cewa waɗannan ganuwar suna cikin gabashin Benin Empire da arewacin Esanland. Mazaunan sun kasance kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na dindindin a arewacin yankin, amma ba kusa da maɓuɓɓugan rijiyoyi.
Al'adar, harshe da bunƙasar ƙasar Esan sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar yawan fitarwa zuwa yankin Esan daga dukkan maɓuɓɓuka kusa da kusa Al’ummomin da ke gefen kudu da gabashin Esanland (Ewohimi, Ewatto, Ekpon, Amahor) ya kasance yawan mutanen Ibo da Igala (zuwa Uroh) ; [4] Daga arewa Emawa suka shigo Ukhun, da Idoa, da Amahor, da Etsako zuwa Irrua); [4] kuma daga kudu akwai Itsekiri (zuwa Ekpon) da Urhobo (zuwa Ujiogba). [4]
Babban tasirin Esanland ya fito ne daga Edo, waɗanda suka kafa daular Benin. A shekarar 1460, Oba Ewuare ya zartar da dokokin zaman makoki da suka hana jima’i, wanka, kada ganga, rawa da dafa abinci. Waɗannan dokokin sun nuna ƙuntatawa ga yawancin 'yan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan' yan ƙasa sun gudu daga mulkin zuwa Esanland. Wannan fitowar ta fito da tsarin Esanland na al'ada kuma ya haifar da kalmar "Esan," ko "'yan gudun hijira." Al'adar baka ta goyi bayan wannan ka'idar sosai. Fitaccen masanin tarihin Esan da Edo sun tattara labarai game da wannan ƙaura.
Tsarin mulkin mallaka gyara sashe
Masarautun Esan suna da matakai daban-daban na cin gashin kai, amma daga karshe masarautar Benin ta mallake su. Oba ya amince da enijie na Esanland, kuma masarautun Esan sun yaba wa Benin. Duk da haka, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Oba, a lokacin da ya hau gadon sarauta, yana aika fararen alli zuwa Esans azaman lokacin aminci. Idan an ƙi alli, to Oba zai yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Esanland. Bambancin rikice-rikicen siyasa na Benin da masarautun Esan shima ya haifar da yaƙi. Irin wannan yaƙin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don haka babu tarihin zaman lafiya tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin.
Ƙasar Esan ta tsunduma cikin kasuwancin duniya sosai. Masarautar Benin kan Esanland ta ba ta damar aika 'yan kasuwa masu nisa, ko ekhen. Ekhen ya sayi zane, hauren giwa, barkono, da bayi ga fatake Turawa a ƙasashen Yarbawa, Ƙasar Esan, da Afenmai . .[ana buƙatar hujja]
A lokacin karni na 16, Yakin Uzea ya faru. Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Masarautar Uromi da ta Benin. Yakin ya kasance daga shekarar 1502 zuwa 1503, kuma ya samo asali ne daga kin abokantaka daga Oba Ozolua na Benin da Onojie Agba na Uromi. Yaƙin ya ƙare a garin Uzea, lokacin da aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Koyaya, a lokutan zaman lafiya masarautun Esan zasu baiwa sojoji bashi zuwa masarautar Benin, kamar lokacin yakin Idah na 1515-1516, da korar Akure a 1823.
mutanen Nupe Musulma sun ci gaba da kai hari da kora daga arewacin Esanland a cikin farautar bayi da wadanda suka musulunta, tun da sun mallaki kasashen mutanen Kukuruku .[ana buƙatar hujja] Masarautun Esan da yawa daga kudu sun taimaka a cikin yaƙin don kawar da Nupes. Yaƙe-yaƙe ya shigo cikin yardarwar Esans; an kawo jarumai da yawa na Nupe da Etsako cikin biranen Esan inda zuriyarsu ke zaune a yau. Karnin na sha tara ya kawo ƙaruwar tasirin Turai akan Ƙasar Esan kamar yadda Ingilishi ya buƙaci samin kayan dabino.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Yaƙin Esan da mulkin mallaka gyara sashe
A cikin shekara ta 1897, Birtaniyya ta kori Daular Benin, ta yadda ya bar Esans daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A cikin 1899, Turawan ingila suka jagoranci mamayewa zuwa masarautun Esan wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru bakwai. Esanland ta fi wahalar cin nasara fiye da Mulkin Benin saboda ikon cin gashin kanta: Masarautu sun zaɓi ci gaba da yaƙin Burtaniya koda kuwa maƙwabta sun faɗi. Manyan shugabannin Benin kamar Ologbosere da Ebohon har yanzu suna adawa da mulkin Burtaniya ba tare da gangan ba sun kiyaye kasar Esan daga yamma, ta hanyar kafa sansanonin soja da toshe hanyoyi. Wannan ya kasance daga 1897 zuwa Afrilu 22. 1899, inda Ologbosere ya mika wuya a ƙauyen kan iyakar Okemue.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Masarauta ta farko da Turawan ingila suka kaiwa hari ita ce daular Ekpon. Ekpon ya ƙaddamar da adawa mai ƙarfi don mamayewar Birtaniyya a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, wanda ya kusan lalata mulkin. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Esans a Ekpon, masarautar Ekpon ta jagoranci kwantan bauna a sansanin Birtaniyya da ke Okueme, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya sa sojojin Biritaniya suka ja da baya, suka ƙarfafa ikonsu, kuma suka kashe Ologbosere a watan Mayu. Attemptsoƙarin da Ingilishi ya biyo baya kuma bai yi nasara ba: yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Irrua, alal misali, ya haifar da karɓar dabarun yaƙin ɓarnata tare da koma baya; wannan hanyar tayi nasara sosai har wasu masarautun Esan suka karbe ta kuma turawan ingila basu mamaye Esanland ba sai a shekarar 1901.
Ranar 16 ga Maris din shekarata 1901, Masarautar Uromi, wacce tsohon, amma mai hankali Onojie Okolo ke shugabanta, Turawan Ingila suka kai mata hari. Rashin jituwa na Uromi, karkashin jagorancin Prince Okojie, ya kasance mai sauri kuma ya yi amfani da yaƙin 'yan daba. Bayan wani dan lokaci, sai sojojin Burtaniya suka fatattaki kauyen Amedeokhian, inda Okolo yake, suka kashe shi. Wannan ya fusata Yarima Okojie sosai har ya kashe Kaftin din sojojin Burtaniya kafin a kawo masu karfi. Daga nan sai Turawan Ingilishi suka fahimci cewa Uromi ya kusa kusan kasa hanawa ba tare da taimakon na asali ba, kuma ya tuntubi masu tausaya na cikin gida kamar Onokpogua, Ezomo na Uromi. Wannan ya yi nasarar dusar da Yarima Okojie daga cikin dajin kuma aka tura shi ofisoshin Burtaniya da ke Calabar.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Wannan aikin an sake shi a yawancin daulolin da sukayi yaki da Birtaniyya: Esan sunyi amfani da yakin guerilla ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na yaki duk da karancin makamai, da kuma karfafawa daga garin Benin na Birtaniyya. Ko da lokacin da aka ci kauyuka, juriya ta ciki ta kasance mai tsanani: ci gaba da yakin 'yan daba a Uromi ya tilasta Turawan Ingila su saki Yarima Okojie. Koyaya, mummunan zalunci daga ɓangaren Birtaniyya ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa kuma ya raba mutane da yawa da muhallinsu. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1906, Ƙasar Esan ya miƙa wuya ga masarautar Burtaniya, kuma masarautu talatin da huɗu sun zama ƙungiyar Ishan.
Yin zane / kiɗa gyara sashe
Rawar Esan ta mamaye Igbabonelimhin, raye-rayen wasan acrobatic da galibi samari ke yi. Igbabonelimhin ya haɗa da juyawa da juyawa zuwa buga lokaci. Wannan rawa an fi yin ta a Sabuwar Shekara. A yau, ana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ta musamman ga Esans ko'ina.
Fitattun Mutanen Esan a Najeriya gyara sashe
- Anɗanny Enahoro, dan jarida, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Kwamishina na Tarayya, tsohon Shugaban Hukumar NADECO, ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya a shekarar 1953 yana da shekara 30
- Augustus Aikhomu, Navy Admiral da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Najeriya na mulkin soja
- Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, farfesa a fannin magani, Gwamnan Jihar Bendel kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Jihar Bendel, daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Ambrose Alli University
- Anthony Anenih, jami'in dan sanda, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Social Democratic Party, tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na PDP, da tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje
- Ehia Olu. Akhabue (Kwararren Kwararren ICT da ke Amurka)
- Tom Ikimi, mai tsara gine-gine, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaba, Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje
- Festus Iyayi, marubuci
- Stella Obasanjo Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta
- Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Cardinal kuma tsohon Archbishop na Legas
- Sonny Okosun, mawaƙi
- Chris Oyakhilome, mai bishara kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Christ
- Fidelis Oyakhilome, tsohon kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na jihar Legas kuma tsohon Gwamnan jihar Ribas
- Mai shari’a Braimah Omosun, tsohuwar Babban Alkalin Gambiya
- Amb. (Dr.) Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi , tsohon shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
- Victor Ehikhamenor, mai fasaha, marubuci, kuma mai daukar hoto.
- Ikhide R. Ikheloa, mai sukar zamantakewa da adabi kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikata a Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Montgomery County da ke Rockville, Maryland, (MCPS) USA.
- Peter Enahoro, dan jarida, marubuci, marubuci, kuma marubucin littafin, Yadda ake zama dan Najeriya.
Addini da almara gyara sashe
Esan tatsuniyoyi da almara, kamar igbabonablimhin da akhuɛ, suna matsayin nau'ikan ilmantarwa da nishaɗi. Esan suna da mashahuran masarautun gargajiya waɗanda ke kiyaye tsari a cikin al'umma inda kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ke haɗe da juna. Duk da tasirin Kiristanci na dogon lokaci, Esan galibi na gargajiya ne kuma yawancin suna yin imani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar bautar ruhohin kakanni da sauran alloli. Yawancin Esan Kiristoci ne, galibi Katolika da kwanan nan na wasu ɗariku. Esan tana da yarurruka daban-daban dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Bini kuma har yanzu akwai kusancin kusanci tsakanin Esan da Bini, wanda ke haifar da karin magana "Esan ii gbi dodo" ma'ana, Esan ba ya cutar da dodo (watau Bini) Akwai sauran fassarar wannan maganar, Esan gbe Edo wanda ke nufin Esan ya ci Bini.
Addinin Esan na gargajiya yana da kamanceceniya da addinin Edo na gargajiya, saboda ƙaurawar Esan zuwa arewa maso gabas yayin karni na 15 daga Daular Benin . Akwai gumakan Esan da yawa:
- Osanobua, babban allahn Edo-Esan. Wannan sunan don Allah an kawo shi zuwa Kristanci da mishaneri, kuma saboda haka fassarar Allah a Esanland shine Osanobua .
- Olokun
- Esu, allahn Esan yaudara. An raba wannan allahn tare da labarin Yarbawa da Edo. Sunan Esu yayi amfani da shi azaman fassara ga Shaidan ta mishaneri na Kirista.
- Osun, allahn Esan na magani. Daga nan ne sunan mahaifi Okosun, ko ɗan magani, ya samo asali daga.
Ƙananan hukumomin Esan a jihar Edo gyara sashe
Dangi / masarauta masu cin gashin kansu a cikin yankin Esan a halin yanzu an tsara su cikin tsari kamar haka a karkashin kananan hukumomi biyar na yanzu:
- Esan-North-East LGA, Uromi: Uromi da Uzea
- Esan Central LGA, Irrua: Irrua, Ugbegun, Opoji, Ewu, Ebudin
- Esan West LGA, Ekpoma : Ekpoma, Iruekpen, Idoa, Ogwa, Urohi, Ukhun, Egoro da Ujiogba
- Esan kudu maso gabas LGA, Ubiaja: Ubiaja, Ewohimi, Emu, Ohordua, watwatto, Okhuesan, Orowa, Ugboha, Oria, Illushi, Onogholo, Inyenlen
- Igueben LGA, Igueben: Igueben, Ebelle, Amaho, wowossa, Udo, Ekpon, Ugun, Okalo,
Mahada gyara sashe
- Gerontocracy of Esan people
- Okosun, Anthony (11 July 2013). "Edo Civilization, Esan War Machine and the Founding of Lagos(Expanded and Revised)". Nigeria Village Square. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- "Esan TV". 10 July 2018. Cite journal requires
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- ↑ Unknown and to a limited extent, the Fulani language, U.S. Center for World Mission, Pasadena, 2014. Retrieved on 1 November shekarar 2014.
- ↑ Unknown., Department for Education , London, 2014. Retrieved on 30 May 2015.
- ↑ Rolle, Nicholas,, University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, October 17, 2012. The aforementioned population data is contentious because there has not been any acceptable population enumeration regarding tribes in Nigeria. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rolle 2013.