Masallaci-Madrasa na Sultan Hasan
Masallaci-madrasa na Sultan Hasan (Arabic) babban masallaci ne da madrasa da ke Salah al-Din Square a cikin Gundumar tarihi ta Alkahira, Misira . An gina shi tsakanin 1356 da 1363 a lokacin Bahri Mamluk, wanda Sultan an-Nasir Hasan ya ba da umarni. Masallacin an dauke shi mai ban mamaki saboda girmansa da sabbin abubuwan gine-gine, kuma har yanzu ana daukar shi daya daga cikin abubuwan tarihi masu ban sha'awa a Alkahira a yau.
| Masallaci-Madrasa na Sultan Hasan | |
|---|---|
| Musulunci Alkahira | |
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| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Misra |
Governorate of Egypt (en)  | Cairo Governorate (en) |
| Coordinates | 30°01′55″N 31°15′24″E / 30.0319°N 31.2567°E |
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| History and use | |
| Opening | 1363 |
| Karatun Gine-gine | |
| Style (en) |
Islamic architecture (en) |
| Heritage | |
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Tarihi
gyara sashePatron da wanda ya kafa: Sultan Hasan
gyara sashe.jpg)
Sultan al-Nasir Hasan (cikakken suna: An-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun) ya hau gadon sarauta yana da shekaru 13 a cikin 748 AH/1347 AZ. Lokacin da ya kai ga balaga a shekara ta 1350, ya kama Sarkin sarakuna Manjaq wanda ke kula da dukkan al'amuran jihar. Kafin wannan kamawa, an ƙuntata sarkin zuwa alawus na dirham ɗari kawai a kowace rana. Ma'aikatan Sultan ne suka tattara wannan canjin aljihu. Yana da ban sha'awa musamman idan aka yi la'akari da cewa a wannan lokacin, an kiyasta sarkin Shaykhu yana da kudin shiga na dirham 200,000 a kowace rana. Ana iya kallon wannan rashi a matsayin abin da ya sa ya yi amfani da shi daga baya. Bayan ya karɓi mulki, Sultan Hasan ya sanya mutanen da yake so a cikin matsayi na iko. Wannan ya faru ne a kan kudin manyan mutane a halin yanzu; ya damu da yawa daga cikinsu. Emirs marasa gamsuwa sun kama Sultan a shekara ta 1351, suka tsare shi a kurkuku na tsawon shekaru uku, kuma suka inganta ɗan'uwansa as-Salih Salih zuwa kursiyin. Hasan ya shafe lokacinsa a kurkuku yana karatu kuma bayanan mutuwarsa sun yi sharhi game da ilmantarwarsa a sakamakon haka.[1] Ya koma mulki kuma ya sake sake fasalin mulkin da ke ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa iko, amma kwamandansa a matsayin babban sojojin, Yalbugha al-Umari, Mamluk da ake zaton yana da aminci ya kashe Sultan Hasan.[1] Saboda girman kai na Sultan wajen kashe dukiya a kan mata da sauran nau'o'in son kai, kwamandan ya yi tawaye da Sultan. Wani masanin tarihin Siriya na zamani, Ibn Kathir, ya goyi bayan wannan suna.[1] Ibn Kathir ya zargi sultan da haɗama da kuma ɓata kudaden jama'a. Kudin da aka lura sun dace da babban masallacin Sultan. Bayan kisan da aka yi masa a shekara ta 1361, ba a taɓa samun jikin Sultan Hasan ba; kabarin bai taɓa yin amfani da manufarsa ba.
Gine-gine
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Ginin masallacin an dauke shi mafi ban mamaki yayin da ya dace da lalacewar da Black Plague ta yi, wanda ya mamaye Alkahira akai-akai daga tsakiyar karni na 14 zuwa gaba. An fara gina shi a cikin 1356 AZ (757 AH) kuma aikin ya ci gaba na tsawon shekaru uku "ba tare da rana ɗaya ba".[2] A zahiri, aikin ya bayyana ya ci gaba har zuwa 1363, har ma bayan mutuwar Sultan Hasan, kafin a ƙarshe ya ƙare.[1] Wani rubutu a kan masallacin ya lura da sunan amir Muhammad ibn Biylik al-Muhsini a matsayin mai kula da ginin masallacin. Abin mamaki, an sanya sunansa kusa da Sultan Hasan a cikin rubutun, wanda ke nuna yadda muhimmancin aikin dole ne ya kasance.[1] Babban matsayi na amir in ba haka ba wani nuni ne na wannan matsayi, yayin da aka nada shi gwamna na Alkahira a cikin 1330 kuma ya kula da wasu ayyukan gini ciki har da gyaran filin wasan da al-Zahir Baybars ya kafa kusa da Citadel.
Babban tushen da ake da shi game da ginin masallacin shine al-Maqrizi, ya rubuta shekaru sittin bayan haka, saboda yana da damar yin amfani da takardun gudanarwa waɗanda ba su samuwa ga masana tarihi a yau. Ayyukan hannu da ake buƙata don gini dole ne ya ragu ta hanyar lalacewar annoba, duk da haka wannan bai zama babban ƙalubale ba. Maqrizi ya ambaci cewa gina masallacin ya kashe dirham 30,000 kowace rana.[2] Jimlar kuɗin ginin ya kai fiye da dinar miliyan ɗaya, yana mai da shi masallaci mafi tsada a Alkahira ta zamani. Ko da Sultan an ce ya zama mai sanyin gwiwa a wasu lokuta saboda kudin aikin. Tallafin masallacin ya yiwu ne ta hanyar wasu dalilai: na farko, matakan tsauraran matakai da Manjaq ya aiwatar, daya daga cikin amirs da ke kula da harkokin jihar kafin Sultan Hasan ya kai ga balaga; na biyu, kwararar dukiya zuwa jihar da ta haifar da mutuwar amirs da yawa na Mamluk waɗanda daga baya aka tura dukiyarsu zuwa baitulmalin jihar, gami da babbar dukiyar amir Shaykhu; kuma na uku, ta hanyar cin zarafin talakawan sultan a lokacin mulkinsa.[1]
Muhimmancin da sikelin aikin gini ya kuma ja hankalin masu sana'a daga ko'ina cikin daular Mamluk, gami da larduna masu nisa na Anatolia, wanda zai iya bayyana bambancin da sababbin abubuwan da aka tsara da kayan ado na masallacin. An kuma yi imanin cewa an yi amfani da dutse mai laushi daga Pyramids na Giza don amfani da shi a cikin ginin masallacin.[3][4]
Abubuwan da suka faru daga baya
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Saboda wurin da masallacin yake kusa da Citadel kuma saboda babban gini mai ƙarfi, an yi amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya a matsayin matsayi mai garu ko kuma a matsayin dandamali don kaddamar da hare-hare a kan Citadel. Al-Maqrizi, ya lura cewa "da zaran an sami rikici tsakanin mutanen jihar, yawancin amirs da sauransu sun hau saman masallacin kuma sun fara bombarding Citadel daga can".[2] Wannan, bi da bi, ya shawo kan sultan fiye da ɗaya don ba da umarnin a rushe masallacin ko a toshe shi. A cikin 1391, 'yan tawaye da Sultan Barquq sun hau rufin masallacin kuma sun kaddamar da makamai a Citadel, suna tayar da sultan ya ba da umarnin matakala da dandamali na ƙofar da aka lalata kuma ƙofar ta rufe. A cikin 1500, Sultan Janbalat, yana tsammanin wani hari na 'yan tawaye daga masallacin, ya ba da umarnin rushe shi; duk da haka, bayan kwana uku na yunkurin rushewa a bangon masallacin kudu maso gabashin (Citadel-facing), an tilasta masa ya daina. A shekara ta 1517, sultan Mamluk na ƙarshe, Tumanbay, ya nemi mafaka a cikin masallacin a cikin ƙoƙari na guje wa kamawa da sojojin Ottoman masu nasara yayin da suka mallaki Alkahira, wanda ya haifar da Ottomans da suka jefa bam a masallacin tare da bindigogi daga Citadel. A cikin shekara ta 1660, tarihin ya bayyana dome na mausoleum kamar yadda har yanzu yana cike da ramuka da aka yi da bindigogi.[5] Ko da a cikin karni na 18, a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, an rufe masallacin shekaru da yawa bayan tashin hankali a 1736, kuma an sake buɗe shi ne kawai a cikin 1786 ta hanyar umarnin Salim Agha . Wasu daga cikin wadannan yunkurin rushewa, duk da haka, sun jawo zargi daga yawan jama'ar Alkahira kuma ana matsawa hukumomi akai-akai don gyara lalacewar.[1]
A shekara ta 1659, minaret na arewa da ke haɗe da mausoleum ya rushe. A cikin 1671-1672, an maye gurbin minaret ɗin da ƙarami, tare da siffar da ta ɗan bambanta, kuma a lokaci guda an maye gurbi asalin katako na mausoleum tare da dome na yanzu, kuma a cikin siffar daban daga na asali.
A shekara ta 1869, an fara gini a kan sabon masallaci mai girma, Masallacin ar-Rifa'i, kusa da masallacin Sultan Hasan. An kammala shi a 1912, girmansa ya yi daidai da ginin Sultan Hasan kuma an gina shi a cikin salon neo-Mamluk. Gine-gine biyu tare yanzu sun mamaye tsohuwar Rumayla Square (yanzu an sake masa suna Midan Salah ad-Din) a fadin Citadel.
Bayani na gine-gine
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Shafin yanar gizon
gyara sasheMasallacin ya mamaye kusan murabba'in mita 8000 a wani wuri kusa da Citadel na Alkahira . Yana tsaye a shafin yanar gizon wani babban fada wanda mahaifin Hasan, Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, ya gina shi a farashi mai yawa, ga ɗaya daga cikin amirs dinsa, Yalbugha al-Yahawi, kuma wanda aka rushe don buɗe hanyar masallacin. Ginin gine-gine masu ban mamaki a wannan wurin mai yiwuwa an yi niyya ne a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan ra'ayi ga Sultan ya dubi ƙasa daga fadarsa a cikin Citadel .
A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, wani fili, wanda aka sani da Rumayla, ya kasance tsakanin masallaci da Citadel.[6] A yau, babban filin yana cike da babbar hanyar zirga-zirga kuma an sake masa suna Salah ad-Din Square. An yi amfani da dandalin da tsohon filin wasan da ke kusa (a gefen kudu maso yammacin Citadel) a tarihi don fareti na soja, wasannin dawakai, da bukukuwan hukuma, don haka ya ba da wurin da ya kara muhimmancin alama.[7]
Na waje
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Ginin yana da kimanin mita 150 a tsawon, mita 68 a fadin, da kuma mita 36 a tsawo. Kamar dukkan masallatai, yana fuskantar Makka, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Alkahira. Ginin na kudu maso yamma da arewa maso gabas (yankan da suka fi tsayi) suna da alamomi ta hanyar layuka na windows takwas kowannensu (wanda ya bazu a cikin hawa huɗu a ciki) wanda shine fasalin na musamman wanda ke taimakawa wajen jaddada tsayin tsarin.[5] A saman gefen bangarorin waje an rufe su da wani m cornice na muqarnas (stalactite-kamar zane) tsara mita 1.5 a kan sauran bango, wani abu da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin Mamluk gine-gine, kodayake ba ya shimfiɗa a kusa da dukan ginin. [Lokaci 1][1]Hakazalika, wani nau'i na nau'in furanni-de-lis ya gudana tare da tsawon duka a saman gefen ganuwar, amma a yau an kiyaye shi ne kawai a kusa da ganuwar mausoleum a gefen kudu maso gabas.[5] Ganuwar kudu maso gabas ko Citadel na masallaci da mausoleum suna da windows da aka tsara ta hanyar kayan ado na dutse a cikin alamu daban-daban. Yankunan da ke da siffar triangular a sama da windows na kasa a nan an cika su da kayan ado na yumbu, mai yiwuwa na wahayi na Turkiyya na Anatolian.[1]
Kusa da kasan bango na kudu maso yamma, a ƙasa da matakin titin yau, akwai jere na corbels na dutse wanda ke nunawa daga bango wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi aiki don tallafawa rufin kasuwar da aka rufe tare da titin a wannan gefen.
Hasumiya
gyara sasheMasallacin a yau yana da minarets guda biyu da ke gefen ɗakin mausoleum a gefen kudu maso gabashin tsarin. Kudancin wannan ma'aurata, wanda har yanzu yana cikin asalinsa, shine mafi girman minaret na gine-ginen Mamluk, taron sa yana da mita 84 sama da matakin titi a lokacin. Yankin arewa ya rushe a shekara ta 1659 kuma an sake gina shi a halin yanzu a shekara ta 1671-7. An ce asalin minaret na arewa ya fi girma, kuma taron koli ya kasance "mai kai biyu"; a wasu kalmomi, ya ƙare a cikin tsarin fitila guda biyu (maimakon na yau da kullun), fasalin da ya sake bayyana daga baya a cikin minaret na Sultan al-Ghuri a Masallacin al-Azhar da kuma minaret na Masallacin Qani arbay-Rammah da ke kusa.
Bugu da ƙari, an yi niyyar wasu minarets guda biyu su tsaya sama da babbar ƙofar masallacin, kamar yadda yake a cikin gine-ginen Mongol Ilkhanid da Anatolian Seljuk madrasas da masallatai a wannan lokacin (alal misali, Gök Madrasa a Sivas, Turkiyya, ko Babban Masallacin Yazd, Iran), waɗanda kusan tabbas wahayi ne. Wannan zai ba masallacin jimlar minarets huɗu, wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin gine-ginen Islama a Misira. Koyaya, a cikin 1361, yayin gini, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan minarets ya rushe kuma ya kashe kusan mutane 300, gami da yara a makarantar firamare da ke ƙasa. Bayan wannan, masu ginin sun watsar da ginin su, sun bar minaret guda biyu da ke kusa da mausoleum da muke gani a yau.
Ƙofar shiga
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Ƙofar ƙofar tana da girma ta hanyar ka'idodin gine-ginen masallaci kuma tana da mita 38. An gina shi a kusurwar da ke nuna digiri 17 daga waje daga sauran bangon don a iya gani daga Citadel.[1] Siffar ta da kuma shimfidar kayan ado sun nuna bayyanar wahayi daga ƙofofin madrasas da masallatai a cikin gine-ginen Anatolian Seljuk da Mongol Ilkhanid na lokacin, musamman ƙofar Sivas)" id="mw4g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gök Medrese (Sivas)">Gök (Blue) Madrasa a Sivas, Turkiyya, wanda aka gina a cikin 1271.[1] A cikin ƙofar, a bayan benaye na dutse da ke gefen ƙofar, akwai nau'ikan marmara guda biyu cike da alamu na lissafi wanda ke tunatar da Haske Alkur'ani kuma yana ƙare a cikin ƙananan muqarnas (kuma Anatolian a cikin salon). Sama da waɗannan akwai bangarorin marmara masu baƙar fata da aka yi da fararen rubutun Larabci na Kufic na sassa na Sura_al-Fath" id="mw7Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Surat al-Fath">Surat al-Fath (Sura na Nasara) daga Alkur'ani.[1] Shahada (bayyanar bangaskiya ta Musulmi) an rubuta shi a cikin "square" Kufic sama da wannan, yayin da ci gaba da kasancewa wani rubutun da ke dauke da wani ayar Alkur'ani (24:36-37), yana gudana tare da cikakken faɗin ciki na ƙofar, a ƙasa da murfin muqarnas.
A bayyane yake ba a gama kayan ado na tashar ba. Akwai misalai da yawa na zane-zanen dutse waɗanda aka zana siffofin farko a cikin dutse amma ba a taɓa sassaƙa su ba. Babbar murfin muqarnas mai ban sha'awa a kan ƙofar ba ta bayyana a sassaƙa ba, yayin da sama da wannan wani sashi na dutse ya ɓace. Sauran ƙungiyoyin kayan ado na dutse an kashe su ne kawai. Misali, a ƙasan kayan ado a gefen hagu na ƙofar an zana lambar yabo ta arabesque a hagu yayin da wanda ke dama bai kasance ba. (Wannan kuma wani nuni ne mai ban sha'awa na matakai a cikin tsarin zane-zane na dutse: mai yiwuwa ne cewa wani masanin sana'a ya zana zane-zane a cikin dutse kuma daga baya masu koyo ne ke da alhakin sassaƙa shi; a wannan yanayin, ba a kammala mataki na biyu ba.) Wasu daga cikin alamu da aka sassaƙa, koda kuwa ba a gama su ba, kansu sanannu ne; alal misali, akwai zane-zane masu furanni a nan waɗanda suka bayyana a wasu ayyukan Mamluk na lokacin amma ba su bayyana a ko'ina a cikin gine-gine na Mamluk. Wani karamin fasalin amma mai ban sha'awa shine hoton da aka zana na wasu gine-ginen gine-gine a wasu daga cikin zane-zane da ke sama da matakala da ke kaiwa ga ƙofar; waɗannan yiwuwar ganima ne daga abin tunawa na Kirista na Gothic, mai yiwuwa daga majami'u Crusader da ke kan kadarorin da aka ba da gudummawa ga tushe na madrasa.[1]
Ciki
gyara sasheKodayake ganuwar waje na ginin suna cikin dutse, yawancin ciki tubali ne, tare da bangarorin da aka rufe da stucco kuma an gama su da dutse don kayan ado.
Gidan shiga
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Cikin masallacin, wanda aka gani daga qibla iwan -
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Kusa da murfin mihrab -
Rubutun RubutunKufica cikin qibla iwan
Bayanan da aka ambata
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBehrens-Abouseif - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Martyn, Smith. "Khitat 2:316-17". Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Maqrizi" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "The treasures of Egypt". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-09-05.
- ↑ "The Great Pyramid of Giza was once covered in highly polished white limestone, before it was removed to build mosques and fortresses". 6 September 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ Martyn, Smith. "Rumayla". Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ↑ Rabat, Nasser (1991). The Citadel of Cairo, 1176-1341: reconstructing architecture from texts. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.