Wikipedia

Mangosuthu Buthelezi

Yarima / Gatsha Buthelezi ( 27 Agusta 1928 - 9 Satumba 2023) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma yariman Zulu wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na gargajiya ga gidan sarautar Zulu daga 1954 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2023. Sarki Bhekuzulu dan Sarki Solomon Dinuzulu ne ya nada shi wannan mukami, dan uwa ga mahaifiyar Buthelezi Gimbiya Magogo Dinuzulu .

Mangosuthu Buthelezi
member of the National Assembly of South Africa (en) Fassara

22 Mayu 2019 - 9 Satumba 2023
Election: 2019 South African general election (en) Fassara
member of the National Assembly of South Africa (en) Fassara

21 Mayu 2014 - 7 Mayu 2019
Election: 2014 South African general election (en) Fassara
Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa (en) Fassara

10 Mayu 1994 - 13 ga Yuli, 2004
← Danie Schutte (en) Fassara - Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula (en) Fassara →
list of chief ministers of KwaZulu (en) Fassara

1976 - 1994
← no value - no value →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Mahlabathini (en) Fassara, 27 ga Augusta, 1928
ƙasa Afirka ta kudu
Mutuwa Ulundi (en) Fassara, 9 Satumba 2023
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifiya Magogo kaDinuzulu
Yara
Ƴan uwa
Yare Zulu royal family (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Adams College (en) Fassara
Jami'ar Natal
Jami'ar Fort Hare
(1948 - 1950)
Harsuna Turanci
Harshen Zulu
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Addini Anglicanism (en) Fassara
Jam'iyar siyasa Inkatha Freedom Party (en) Fassara
IMDb nm0124757

Buthelezi ya kasance babban ministan KwaZulu Bantustan a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma ya kafa jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) a shekarar 1975, yana jagorantar ta har zuwa 2019, kuma ya zama shugabanta ba da jimawa ba. Ya kasance shugaban siyasa a lokacin da ake tsare da Nelson Mandela (1964-1990) kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a zamanin bayan wariyar launin fata, lokacin da Mandela ya nada shi ministan harkokin cikin gida, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1994 zuwa 2004.

Buthelezi ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan siyasar bakaken fata a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Shi kadai ne shugaban siyasa na gwamnatin KwaZulu, inda ya shiga a lokacin da take zama yankin Zululand a shekarar 1970 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ofis har sai da aka soke ta a shekarar 1994. Masu sukar gwamnatinsa sun bayyana gwamnatinsa a matsayin kasa mai jam'iyya daya tak, ba ta jure wa adawar siyasa ba kuma Inkatha (yanzu IFP) ta mamaye, yunkurin siyasa na Buthelezi.

A dai-daita da aikinsa na siyasa, Buthelezi ya rike Inkosiship na dangin Buthelezi, kasancewarsa dan Inkosi Mathole Buthelezi, kuma ya kasance firaminista na gargajiya ga sarakunan Zulu guda uku da suka gaje su, wanda ya fara da Sarki Cyprian Bhekuzulu a 1954. Shi kansa an haife shi a gidan sarautar Zulu; Kakansa na wajen uwa shine Sarki Dinuzulu wanda dan Sarki Cetshwayo ne wanda Buthelezi ya taka a fim din 1964 mai suna Zulu . Yayin da shugaban KwaZulu, Buthelezi ya karfafa tare da bayyana martabar masarautar a bainar jama'a, tare da farfado da ita a matsayin alamar kishin Zulu. Ƙaddamar da tallafin sarauta, albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma farin jinin Buthelezi, Inkatha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar.

A daidai wannan lokacin, Buthelezi ya nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a kuma sau da yawa ya dauki matakin dakile gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Ya ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an sako Nelson Mandela kuma ya ki amincewa da ‘ yancin kai na musamman da gwamnati ta baiwa KwaZulu, yana mai cewa ‘yancin kai ne na zahiri. Duk da haka, an yi wa Buthelezi ba'a a wasu sassan saboda shiga cikin tsarin Bantustan, ginshiƙin tsakiyar mulkin wariyar launin fata, da kuma matsayarsa a kan batutuwa kamar kasuwanni masu 'yanci, gwagwarmayar makamai, da takunkumi na kasa da kasa . Ya zama mai kishin matasa masu fafutuka a cikin Black Consciousness Movement kuma mutane da yawa a cikin African National Congress (ANC) sun yi watsi da shi. Wani tsohon memba na kungiyar matasa ta ANC, Buthelezi ya hada kai da Inkatha tare da ANC a shekarun 1970, amma a cikin 1980s dangantakarsu ta kara tsami. Ya bayyana a cikin 1990s cewa Buthelezi ya karbi kudi da taimakon soja daga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ga Inkatha, wanda ya haifar da rikicin siyasa a KwaZulu da Natal a shekarun 1980 da 1990. [1] [2]

Buthelezi ya kuma taka rawa mai sarkakiya a lokacin tattaunawar kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tsarin tun a shekarar 1974 tare da sanarwar Mahlabtini na imani . A lokacin Congress for Democratic Africa ta Kudu, IFP a karkashin Buthelezi sun himmatu ga tsarin tarayya a Afirka ta Kudu tare da lamuni mai karfi na cin gashin kansa na yanki da matsayin shugabannin gargajiya na Zulu . Wannan shawarar ba ta yi tasiri ba kuma Buthelezi ya fusata da abin da ya dauka a matsayin ci gaban da aka samu na IFP da na kansa, yayin da ANC da gwamnatin farar fata suka mamaye tattaunawar. Ya kafa kungiyar Concerned African ta Kudu tare da wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya fice daga tattaunawar, ya kuma kaddamar da kauracewa babban zaben kasar na 1994, wanda shi ne na farko a Afirka ta Kudu karkashin zabukan duniya . To sai dai kuma duk da fargabar da ake yi na cewa Buthelezi zai daukaka tsarin mika mulki cikin lumana gaba daya, Buthelezi da IFP sun jajirce jim kadan gabanin zaben, ba wai kawai sun shiga ba, har ma sun shiga gwamnatin hadin kan kasa da sabon zababben shugaba Mandela ya kafa daga baya. Buthelezi ya taba zama ministan harkokin cikin gida a zamanin Mandela da kuma karkashin magajinsa, Thabo Mbeki, duk da takun-saka da aka kusa ci gaba da yi tsakanin IFP da ANC mai mulki.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, IFP ta yi ƙoƙari don faɗaɗa sanannen tushe fiye da sabon lardin KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ya mamaye KwaZulu a cikin 1994. Yayin da dukiyar jam’iyyar ta ragu, Buthelezi ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin da ‘yan hamayya a cikin jam’iyyar suka yi na tsige shi. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban IFP har zuwa babban taron jam’iyyar na kasa karo na 35 a watan Agustan 2019, lokacin da ya ki neman sake tsayawa takara kuma Velenkosini Hlabisa ya gaje shi. A babban zaben 2019, an zabe shi a karo na shida a jere a matsayin dan majalisa (MP) na IFP. Shi ne dan majalisa mafi tsufa a kasarsa a lokacin mutuwarsa a shekarar 2023. [3]

Matsayin Buthelezi a cikin shekaru na karshe na mulkin wariyar launin fata yana da cece-kuce, kuma hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta gano cewa IFP karkashin jagorancin Buthelezi "shi ne farkon wanda ba ya aiwatar da ta'addanci" a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata tare da bayyana shi a matsayin "babban mai tayar da hankali da kuma tashe-tashen hankula. take hakkin dan Adam". [4]

Rayuwar farko da aiki

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An haifi Yarima Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1928, a Asibitin Mishan na Sweden na Ceza da ke Mahlabathini a kudu maso gabashin Natal . [5] Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Gimbiya Magogo kaDinuzulu, diyar tsohon Sarkin Zulu Dinuzulu kuma 'yar'uwar Sarki Sulemanu kaDinuzulu mai ci . A cikin 1923, ta zama mace ta goma amma babba (kuma daga ƙarshe ɗaya daga cikin mata 40) na mahaifin Buthelezi, Mathole Buthelezi. [6] Mathole Buthelezi basarake ne a matsayin sarkin kabilar Buthelezi kuma sarki Sulemanu ne ya shirya aurensa da gimbiya domin magance rashin jituwa tsakanin dangin da gidan sarauta . Buthelezi wani lokaci ana kiransa da sunan danginsa, Shenge, ana amfani da shi azaman girmamawa .[7] [8]

Ilimi

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Buthelezi ya yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Impumalanga da ke Mahashini a Nongoma daga 1935 zuwa 1943, sannan a Kwalejin Adams, wata shahararriyar makarantar mishan da ke Amanzimtoti, daga 1944 zuwa 1946. [9] Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fort Hare a gabashin lardin Cape . A cikin 1948, an zaɓi jam'iyyar National Party ta zama gwamnati a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta fara aiwatar da tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata, kuma Buthelezi ya shiga ƙungiyar matasan Afirka ta National Congress (ANC) mai adawa da wariyar launin fata a 1949. [10] A cikin Janairu 2012, ya ce game da wannan lokacin:

Farfesa ZK Matthews ne ya koyar da ni, na san Dr John Langalibalele Dube, Inkosi Albert Luthuli ne ya ba ni shawara, kuma na yi aiki tare da Mista Oliver Tambo da Mista Nelson Mandela . Ba za a iya fitar da tarihina na sirri daga tarihin gwagwarmayar 'yanci ba, ko kuma daga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka. [11]

Buthelezi ya yi yawancin haɗin gwiwarsa da Pixley ka Isaka Seme, wanda ya kafa ANC, wanda ya auri 'yar uwar mahaifiyarsa. [12] Ya ƙidaya Seme, Albert Luthuli, da Mahatma Gandhi a cikin tasirin siyasarsa; [10] kuma ya samu kwarin gwuiwa daga jagorancin Martin Luther King na kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Amurka . An kore shi daga Fort Hare a cikin 1950 saboda halartar kauracewa ɗalibi yayin ziyarar harabar Gideon Brand Van Zyl, Gwamna-Janar . Daga baya ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Natal kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Sashen Kula da 'Yan Kasa na Gwamnati a Durban . [13]

Shugabancin gargajiya

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Sarkin Zulu Dinizulu kaCetshwayo, Kakan mahaifiyar Buthelezi

A cikin 1953, Buthelezi ya koma Mahlabathini ya zama sarki ( inkosi ) na dangin Buthelezi, matsayi na gado da nadin rayuwa. A cikin asusunsa, ya yi niyyar zama lauya amma shugabannin ANC Albert Luthuli da Walter Sisulu sun ba shi shawarar ya amince da sarautar. [14] Daga baya Buthelezi ya ba da labarin yadda Luthuli ya lallashe shi da kada ya ci amanar mutanena, in nemi son raina daga gare su. [12] Ya kuma ce mahaifiyarsa ta kara masa kwarin gwuiwa wajen daukar wannan aiki. [15] A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin amincewa da matsayin sarakuna, kuma ba a amince da sarautar Buthelezi ba sai a shekara ta 1957, [16] a cewarsa saboda gwamnati ta yi taka-tsan-tsan da yunkurinsa. A wasu bayanan kuma, jinkirin ya biyo bayan fadan da aka yi a gidan Buthelezi, inda daga karshe gwamnati ta fifita Buthelezi a kan babban dan uwansa Mceleli. [17] [18] Daga baya an kore Mceleli daga yankin.

A matsayinsa na shugaba, Buthelezi yana da hannu wajen shirya wani biki don buɗe taron tunawa da Shaka a Stanger a watan Satumba na 1954, wanda wani lokaci ake kira bikin ranar Shaka na farko; Daga baya ya ce bikin shi ne karo na farko da shi ko Sarki Cyprian Bhekuzulu suka taba sanya rigar “gargajiya” ta Zulu, wadda sukan yi akai-akai bayan haka. [19] Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin Zulu na 1964, game da Yaƙin Rorke's Drift, yana taka rawar kakan kakansa na ainihi, King Cetshwayo kaMpande . Ya ce an riga an ba da rawar amma “lokacin da suka zo wurina, musamman don samun ƙarin abubuwan da za a yi a fagen yaƙi, sai suka lura da kamanni na iyali da kakana. Suka ce yaya za ku kasance idan kun taka rawar gani. Na amince." [20]

Firayim Minista na gargajiya

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A cikin 1954, Sarki Cyprian ya nada Buthelezi firaministan gargajiya - Buthelezi ya lissafa cikakken lakabi a matsayin Firayim Minista na Gargajiya ga al'ummar Zulu ( uNdunankulu kaZulu ) da Sarki. [21] An sake nada shi ta hannun magajin Cyprian, King Goodwill Zwelithini, a cikin 1968. [22] A cewar Buthelezi, dangin mahaifinsa ne bisa al'adar alhakin samar da gidan sarauta tare da firaministan ta, [22] ko da yake kalmar kanta a fili wani sabon abu ne kuma yana nufin abin da a baya za a iya kira babban sarki na sarki, babban mai ba shi shawara. cikin shugabannin gargajiya dake karkashinsa. [23] Ya yi nuni musamman ga kakan mahaifinsa, Mnyamana, wanda shi ne babban mai ba da shawara ga kakansa na uwa, Sarki Cetshwayo, a lokacin yakin Anglo-Zulu,[24] kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa an nada mahaifinsa na gargajiya. Firayim Minista ga kawunsa, Sarki Sulemanu, a cikin 1925. [22]

Da'awar gadon Buthelezi a wannan bangaren ba ta da cece-kuce. Musamman ma wasu Zulus sun yi sabani da da'awar Buthelezi na cewa kakansa na uba, Nqengelele Buthelezi, shi ne "mafi babban mashawarci" ga Sarki Shaka, wanda ya kafa daular Zulu ; [22] suna jayayya cewa Ngomane na Mthethwas ne ya cika aikin, kuma sun nuna cewa sarakuna da yawa a cikin lokacin ba su da Buthelezis a matsayin masu ba da shawara. [25] [26] Magoya bayan Buthelezi wani lokaci suna ikirarin cewa Nqengelele babban mai ba da shawara ne "tare da Ngomane". [27] Wasu kuma sun nuna cewa, musamman tun lokacin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da aka siyasantar da tsarin shugabancin gargajiya don taimakawa wajen gudanar da mulkin kai tsaye, mukaman shugabannin gargajiya "ba kasafai ake samun sauki ba na asali ". [28]

Wani ƙalubale na musamman ga ikon Buthelezi ya zo ne bayan mutuwar Sarki Cyprian a shekara ta 1968. Yarima Mcwayizeni Isra'ila Zulu ya nace cewa shi ne babban mashawarcin sarki, a matsayinsa na babban yariman Zulu, kuma gabanin nadin sarautar Zwelithini, ya shiga rikici na tsawon shekaru da dama da Buthelezi. [29] [30] [31] An yi ta rade-radin cewa Buthelezi ya rabu da gidan sarauta daga 1968 zuwa 1970, [32] yayin da matsayinsa na Firayim Minista na gargajiya ya shiga cikin tambaya. [33]

Gwamnatin KwaZulu: 1970-1994

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Kafa KwaZulu

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Yankin Buthelezi na asali, wato yankin Zululand na asali, dokar Bantu mai cin gashin kai ta 1959 ta shafa kuma an kafa hukumomin Bantu na farko a shekara ta 1959, ko da yake yana da tsayin daka daga sassan jama'a da kuma jagorancin kabilanci. [34] A cikin 1970, an kafa Hukumar Zululand, kuma mambobinta 200, yawancinsu shugabannin gargajiya, sun zaɓi Buthelezi gaba ɗaya babban jami'in gudanarwa . Buthelezi ya sake ikirarin cewa shugabannin ANC - Albert Luthuli da Oliver Tambo - sun karfafa masa gwiwar karbar mukamin. [35]

A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Zululand ta zama KwaZulu, mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin bantustans goma (ko "ƙasashen gida") da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin NP na babban wariyar launin fata. A karkashin dokar Bantu kai na Bantu, kowace kabilar Bantu ko bakar fata na Afirka za ta yi mulkin kanta, a karkashin hukumomin Bantu suna bin manufofin ci gaba daban-daban, a cikin yankin da zai zama cikakken 'yancin kai daga Afirka ta Kudu karkashin mulkin farar fata. KwaZulu (ma'ana "wurin Zulus") ita ce bantustan da aka ware wa Zulu 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda, a ƙarƙashin Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa na Black Homelands na 1970, an soke musu zama ɗan ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu don neman zama ɗan ƙasa na KwaZulu. Dangane da Dokar Tsarin Mulkin Bantu na Gida na 1971, an fitar da wani tsarin mulki na daban ga KwaZulu a 1972 don samar da "matakin farko" na mulkin kai na yankin; ta kafa Majalisar Dokokin KwaZulu da aka zaba a kaikaice, wanda shugabannin gargajiya suka mamaye, wanda ya maye gurbin Hukumar Zululand.

A karkashin wannan sabon tsarin, Buthelezi ya zama shugaban bangaren zartarwa a matsayin babban kansilan KwaZulu ; An canza takensa zuwa Babban Minista a cikin Fabrairu 1977 [10] lokacin da aka ayyana yankin cikakke "mai mulkin kansa" kuma aka ba gwamnatinsa ƙarin iko.

Dangantaka da gidan sarauta

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Kundin tsarin mulkin KwaZulu na 1972 ya bai wa dukkan ikon zartaswa a Buthelezi kuma ya ba wa Sarkin Zulu babban matsayi na biki, wanda ke bukatar ya “kare kansa daga siyasar jam’iyya da bangaranci ”. [36] Wannan nasara ce ta siyasa ga Buthelezi. Da aka yi masa kallon mai son zamani, ya yi galaba a kan sarakuna a cikin shugabannin gargajiya na Zulu, wadanda suka ce ya kamata a ba da ikon zartarwa ga masarautar Zulu. [37] Wannan shawara ta jarabci gwamnatin NP, a wani ɓangare saboda "Matsayin da Buthelezi ya yi a hankali". [38] A wasu bayanan, a lokacin wannan gwagwarmaya ne Buthelezi ya fara yin kira ga al'adar danginsa na samar da Firayim Minista na gargajiya, yana neman kafa da'awar zama firayim minista. [12]

 
Buthelezi a 1983

A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin gwamnatin KwaZulu, an samu “rikitattun rikice-rikice” yayin da Buthelezi ya yi yunkurin dorawa Sarki Zwelithini sarautar tsarin mulki tare da hana shi siyasa. [39] [40] A cikin 1979, alal misali, ya zargi sarki da Prince Mcwayizeni da yunkurin kafa jam'iyyar adawa tare; [41] a cikin 1980, jaridu sun ruwaito cewa Zwelithini ya yi yunkurin shiga sojojin wariyar launin fata amma Buthelezi ya tare shi. [42] Duk da haka, a wani bangare kuma masarautar Zulu ta samu ci gaba a lokacin mulkin Buthelezi. Bayan an sha kaye da masarautar Zulu a shekarar 1879, sarakunan Zulu sun zama talakawan gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, kuma karfin sarauta da girmansa ya sha wahala; [43] a cikin 1951 amincewa da Sarki Cyprian daga gwamnatin NP wani abu ne mai ban mamaki. Dangantakar Buthelezi da dangin sarki ta ba da damar samun moriyar juna, kamar yadda Buthelezi ya kebe alamomin masarautar Zulu don samun riba ta siyasa, musamman farfado da su a hidimar kishin Zulu, tare da farfado da al'adun masarautar. [44] [42] [45] Buthelezi ya gaya wa wani taro a 1985:

Ni da Mai Martaba muna yin wani dandali kuma muna nuna alamar hadin kan al’ummarmu. Mai Martaba Sarki yana nuna zurfin ruhin hadin kai ga al'ummar Zulu kuma ina nuna alamar siyasa ta himmatu wajen aiwatar da kyawawan dabi'u na lokaci wadanda a ko da yaushe suna da mahimmanci a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. Ni da Mai Martaba tare muke raba nauyin da aka dora wa al'ummar Zulu. Ba za a taba wargaje mu ba. [46]

A cewar Jo Beall, Buthelezi ya sami damar tattara alamomin Zulu ta wannan hanyar saboda ya ci gaba da kasancewa da goyon baya a tsakanin sauran shugabannin gargajiya na yankin, wadanda suka "sayi kuma suka ba da tabbacin yin amfani da asalin kabilar Zulu don dalilai na siyasa". [44]

Foundation of Inkatha

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Buthelezi ya kafa kungiyar Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement a KwaNzimela a wajen Melmoth a ranar 21 ga Maris 1975 kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. [47] A cikin Zulu, an fara saninsa da Inkatha ya kaZulu (Inkatha na Zulu), sannan aka sake masa suna Inkatha ye Sizwe (Inkatha of the Nation) ko Inkatha ye Nkululeko ye Sizwe (Inkatha of the National Liberation). [48] Sunan "inkatha" ya samo asali ne daga tsattsarkan dutsen Zulu, alamar haɗin kan al'ummar Zulu da kuma tabbatuwa ga Sarkin Zulu. [49] Sunan Inkatha ya kaZulu ya fito ne daga kungiyar da ta gabace ta, wadda kawun mahaifin Buthelezi Sarki Solomon ya kafa a shekarar 1928, wanda Buthelezi ya nemi farfado da shi. Yunkurin da aka yi a baya shi ne, a kalaman Buthelezi, “motsi na kasa don maido da hayyacin kasa da alfahari”; [12] da farko ƙungiyar al'adun gargajiya ce. [39] [48] A cewar Buthelezi, karbar sunan Inkatha ya kasance shawarar Bishop Alphaeus Zulu, wanda ke fatan ba da fifiko kan al'amuran al'adu na iya kare kungiyar daga haramtawa kungiyar da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. [50]

Amma duk da haka sabon Inkatha yana da manufofin siyasa: a bikin cika shekaru 40 na kungiyar a shekara ta 2015 Buthelezi ya ce ya kafa jam'iyyar ne don "sarrafa tarurruka a tsakanin mafi yawan wadanda aka zalunta a cikin tsagaita bude wuta da haramta jam'iyyun siyasa [da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata] ya bari. da farko, mun yi magana game da daidaito, 'yanci, tattaunawa da tsayin daka cikin lumana ". [47] A cikin 1970s, Inkatha ta ayyana makasudin sun hada da 'yantar da 'yan Afirka daga mamayar al'adu daga turawa; kawar da necolonialism da mulkin mallaka ; kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, da bambancin launin fata ; da kuma samar da tsarin raba madafun iko da garambawul na siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. [48]

Wani maƙasudin Inkatha da aka ayyana shi ne kiyaye " haƙƙin da ba za a iya raba su ba " na Zulus zuwa yancin kai da 'yancin kai na ƙasa. [48] A bisa ka'ida, kuma kamar yadda Buthelezi ya sha nanata, Inkatha ba jam'iyyar sashe ba ce amma motsi na kasa da ke budewa ga dukkan baki 'yan Afirka ta Kudu; a aikace mambobinta kusan dukkan Zulu ne daga yankin KwaZulu. [49] [48] Ya kasance yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da kishin Zulu, sau da yawa yana ƙarfafa ta ta tatsuniyoyi na gaskiyar tarihi. [51] [43] Mawallafin tarihin Buthelezi, Gerhard Maré, ya rubuta a cikin 1991:

Inkatha ta dogara da bambancin al'adu da aka sanya siyasa, kan ƙabilar Zulu mai fafutuka, don tara jama'a cikin rukuninta ... Buthelezi ya yi iƙirarin cewa "Zulus," tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya kasance wani abu sai dai a kan lokaci, ya kamata ya kasance yana da tsarin siyasa daban-daban, cewa mambobinsa suna da wasu halaye na musamman, cewa cin mutuncin da aka yi wa wannan ainihi ya cancanci ramuwa, kuma cewa rayuwa ta dace. rikici da wasu kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane. [52]

Wani sanannen fasalin Inkatha shine halinsa na "fiye da mutumtaka": a cikin kalmar RW Johnson, an gane shi "a matsayin ƙungiyar mutum ɗaya ". Buthelezi ya kasance shugaban Inkatha daya tilo a tsawon mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma sama da shekaru ashirin bayan haka. A cewar Marina Ottaway, Buthelezi ya yi hasashen samuwar Inkatha da bunkasuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta tsawaita ikonsa na akida da kungiyarsa ta KwaZulu. [51] An kuma bayyana cewa yana fatan kungiyar za ta taimaka wajen dora ikonsa kan Sarki Zwelithini. [48] Buthelezi ya ce an haifi wannan ra'ayin ne a wata ziyara da ya kai birnin Lusaka na kasar Zambiya a shekarar 1974, lokacin da shugaban kasar Zambiya Kenneth Kaunda, "wanda ke magana a madadin kasashen da ke kan gaba ", ya bukace ni da in samar da wata kungiya mai tushe don sake farfado da harkokin siyasa. "a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma samar da "karfin hadin gwiwa". [50] [53]

Buthelezi ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin gina manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa. A shekara ta 1976, ya kafa kungiyar Black Unity Front don daidaitawa tsakanin shugabannin Bantustan, kuma a cikin Janairu 1978 ya jagoranci kafa kungiyar da ba ta dace ba, kungiyar Black Alliance ta Afirka ta Kudu. [48] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙunshi Inkatha, Jam'iyyar Labour, da Jam'iyyar Reform Party ta Indiya ; An zabi Buthelezi shugabanta. Manufarta ita ce samar da hadin kan bakaken fata da kuma shirya taron kasa mai fa'ida mai fa'ida, tare da dogon buri na zama babbar 'yan adawa ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Duk da haka, tasirinsa ya kasance "ƙanƙara", saboda mahalartansa na launin fata da yawa sun yi taka tsantsan game da "rubutun da Buthelezi ya yi game da dangantakar ƙabilanci". [48]

Mulki

gyara sashe

Ko da yake Buthelezi ya kira KwaZulu a matsayin "yankin da aka kwato", [44] abubuwan gwamnatinsa sun kasance masu iko, kuma an kwatanta shi da kansa yana yin "mallakar karfe" akan KwaZulu. [51] Ya kasance ba kawai babban minista ba har ma da ministan kudi, kuma ya zama ministan ‘yan sanda a shekarar 1980 lokacin da aka kafa ‘yan sandan KwaZulu. [52] Baya ga cin zarafi da ake zargin rundunar ‘yan sandan, wani korafin da aka saba yi shi ne cewa Buthelezi ya takura wa kungiyar siyasa, inda ya mayar da KwaZulu ta zama jiha ta jam’iyya daya tak . [51] [54] Wannan ya samo asali ne sakamakon takunkumin doka da na tilastawa, [54] amma kuma na kusancin dangin Zulu da Inkatha, wanda ya ba wa shugabannin Inkatha damar "ma'anar cewa adawa da motsi yana kama da rashin aminci ga al'ummar Zulu baki daya". [48] An kuma takaita adawa a cikin Inkatha - alal misali, kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar ya tanadi cewa babban ministan KwaZulu ne kadai zai iya zama shugaban jam'iyyar. [48]

Kundin tsarin mulkin Inkatha ya kuma bayyana cewa dukkan Zulus sun zama memba na Inkatha kai tsaye, kodayake ya kuma tsara kudaden shiga; [48] kamar yadda Buthelezi ya bayyana a cikin 1975, "dukkan membobin al'ummar Zulu sun zama membobin Inkatha kai tsaye idan su Zulus ne. Za a iya samun membobin da ba su da aiki saboda babu wanda ya tsira daga zama mamba matukar shi ko ita mamba ne. al'ummar Zulu". [52] An san katin zama memba na Inkatha a matsayin sharadi mai mahimmanci don samun dama ga ayyukan jama'a da, a yawancin sassa, don aiki a cikin sabis na jama'a. [51] [49] [52] A cikin 1978, alal misali, majalisar dokoki ta zartar da hukuncin cewa za a yi la'akari da matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati a Inkatha lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta tantance su don haɓaka; [48] kuma a cikin 1989 malaman makaranta sun koka game da "gayyata" don shiga Inkatha ko kuma hadarin kora. [55] Don haka RW Johnson ya yi nuni da sunan Inkatha na daukar ma'aikata ta hanyar "tilastawa gudanarwa"; New York Times kwatanta shi da Tammany Hall a kololuwar sa. [55]

Sarki Zwelithini shi ne majibincin Inkatha, kuma gaba dayan mambobin Majalisar Dokokin KwaZulu sun yi aiki a Majalisar Inkatha ta kasa, wadda aka nada bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Inkatha a matsayin babbar hukuma ta "al'ummar Zulu". [48] Human Rights Watch ta ce a cikin 1993 cewa cibiyoyin gwamnatin KwaZulu "kusan sun kasance daidai" da cibiyoyin Inkatha, kuma Inkatha yakan ci gajiyar kariya da albarkatun jihar KwaZulu. [54] Daga 1976, Inkatha ya fitar da "ilimi don kasa" a makarantun jama'a, yana gabatar da "falsafa" ta Inkatha a cikin manhaja, [56] da malaman jama'a suna buƙatar ba da lokaci don dalibai su shiga cikin ayyukan matasa na Inkatha., Inkatha Youth Brigade. [48] Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1993 ya kammala:

Ba a mutunta 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro, da ƙungiyoyi duk wanda daftarin tsarin mulkin KwaZulu/Natal ya amince da shi wanda Majalisar Dokokin KwaZulu ta gabatar. An ba ‘yan sandan KwaZulu damar gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da la’akari da abin da suka aikata ba, kuma suna aikata laifukan rashin iya aiki, son zuciya har ma da aikata laifuka... A cikin wannan yanayi, ci gaba da wanzuwar mahaifar KwaZulu ita kanta ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga harkokin siyasa cikin 'yanci a yankin Natal. [54]

Duk da haka, Buthelezi ya taimaka wajen kafa horar da malamai da kwalejojin aikin jinya a cikin ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s. ya jagoranci kafa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mangosuthu a Umlazi ta hanyar tattara kudade, musamman daga babban mai hako ma'adinai Harry Oppenheimer, wanda suke abokantaka. [57] [58]

Dangantaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata

gyara sashe

KwaZulu 'yancin kai

gyara sashe
 
Taswirar da ke nuna wurin KwaZulu (ja) a Afirka ta Kudu. Bantustan ya ƙunshi aljihunan filaye da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin lardin Natal . Ingwavuma ita ce ta arewa.

A duk tsawon mulkin wariyar launin fata, Buthelezi ya ki amincewa da cikakken 'yancin kai na siyasa da na shari'a wanda gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da kuma jihohin TBVC suka amince da su. A cikin 1976, a wani taron tunawa da kisan kiyashin Sharpeville, ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta Kudu kasa daya ce, tana da makoma daya. Wadanda suke yunkurin raba kasar da aka haife mu suna ƙoƙari su dakatar da tarihin tarihi." A cikin Afrilu 1981, ya ƙi "shirye-shiryen Pretoria don wannan 'yancin kai na yaudara", yana mai cewa Zulus "zai fi son ya mutu a cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai fiye da tilastawa zama baki a ƙasarsu ta haihuwa, wadda ita ce Afirka ta Kudu". [59]

kwace Swazi

gyara sashe

A cikin 1982, Buthelezi ya jagoranci yakin siyasa da shari'a don hana gwamnati aiwatar da yarjejeniyar filaye, wanda zai iya ganin yankin Ingwavuma a arewacin KwaZulu - daga kan iyakar Mozambique a yamma zuwa gabar tekun Indiya a gabas - an mika shi zuwa makwabciyar kasar Swaziland . A cikin wannan ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Enos Mabuza, shugaban kaNgwane bantustan, wanda da an mika shi ga Swaziland gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka tsara. Buthelezi ya bayar da hujjar cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi niyyar amfani da yarjejeniyar filaye don fadada tasirin Afirka ta Kudu a Swaziland; da zai ba Swaziland damar yin aiki a matsayin kasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da bangaren hagu, Pro-ANC Frontline State of Mozambique. Masu lura da al'amura sun kuma yi nuni da cewa, za ta ci gaba da manufofin wariyar launin fata na kwace wa bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu izinin zama 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu [4]kuma hakan na iya zama wani nau'i na ramuwar gayya ga Buthelezi saboda kin amincewa da 'yancin kai na KwaZulu.

Buthelezi ya gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yarjejeniyar, ya kuma nemi goyon bayan kungiyar hadin kan Afrika, ya kuma kalubalanci shirin sau hudu a jere a kotu. [60] Yayin da ake kan shari'a ta biyar, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta kawar da shirin. A cikin babban misali na dabarunsa na amfani da manufofin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a kansa (

Gudunmawa a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata

gyara sashe

Kima da sahihanci irin gudummawar da Buthelezi ya bayar a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata wani lamari ne mai cike da rudani a Afirka ta Kudu lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma yana ci gaba da cece-kuce. Babban Bishop Desmond Tutu ya bukaci Buthelezi da ya bar jana'izar Robert Sobukwe a shekarar 1978 saboda magoya bayan kungiyar Pan Africanist Movement sun yi kakkausar suka ga zuwansa, inda suka jefe shi da duwatsu suna kiransa da "mai siyar da kaya" da kuma "bakar gwamnati". Ko da yake Buthelezi ya bar taron ne bisa bukatar Tutu, amma rahotanni sun ce ya gaya wa matasan cewa, "Idan kuna son kashe ni, ku yi haka. Ina shirye in mutu "; Sai ya yi tunani daga baya ya ce, "Na tuna gicciye Ubangijinmu . Shi ma aka tofa masa.

The Black Consciousness Movement yana da mahimmanci musamman; misali kungiyar dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu ta shirya zanga-zanga a jami'ar Zululand a shekarar 1976 don nuna rashin amincewa da baiwa Buthelezi digiri na girmamawa. A ƙarshen 1970s, Tambo na ANC ya gaya wa Herbert Vilakazi cewa "waɗannan 'ya'yan 76" - matasan 'yan ANC sun tayar da hankali a lokacin tashin hankali na Soweto na 1976 da Black Consciousness ya rinjayi - sun nace cewa ya kamata ya "daina dangantaka da Buthelezi" kuma "ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kamata ya daina dangantaka da Buthelezi. shi makiyi". [61] Matsayin su ya rinjayi na Steve Biko, shugaban masu hankali na Black Consciousness, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata na cin zarafin Buthelezi - maimakon akasin haka, kamar yadda Buthelezi ya yi imani - kuma Buthelezi "yana magance matsalolin lamiri da yawa" duka biyu ga farar Kudancin Kudu. 'Yan Afirka da masu sa ido na kasashen waje. [62] Tabbas, a cikin sanannen bayyanarsa na baƙar fata a matsayin shaidar siyasa, Biko ya yi amfani da Buthelezi a matsayin misalinsa na wani wanda ya bayyana baƙar fata amma yana aiki azaman tsawaita tsarin farar fata. [63]

Raba ci gaban

gyara sashe

Domin shi ne shugaban siyasa na Bantustan, zargin da Buthelezi ya yi na "haɗin kai" tare da shirin raya kasa daban, sabili da haka da wariyar launin fata, ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce. Duk da haka, ko da yaushe ya nace cewa rawar da ya taka a cikin tsarin Bantustan ya dace da adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Malami Laurence Piper, inda ya yarda da cewa salon siyasar juriya na Buthelezi ya kasance "na musamman", ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ra'ayin kishin kasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na 'amfani da tsarin a kansa' ta hanyar ciyar da siyasar wariyar launin fata a cikin iyakokin juriyar gwamnati". [1] A wannan yanayin, da yake mayar da martani game da zargin cewa ya sauya sheka, Buthelezi ya ce, "Abin da nake yi shi ne aiki a cikin tsarin". [2] Tabbas, masanin tarihi Stephen Ellis ya rubuta cewa, watakila banda Bantu Holomisa, Buthelezi "ya fi kowane shugaban kasar nasara wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kai" a kan kasar wariyar launin fata.

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "Mangosuthu Buthelezi, South Africa Opposition Leader, Dies at 95". Bloomberg News. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  2. ↑ name="M&G-2001">"Buthelezi fights damning TRC report". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 31 December 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  3. ↑ "Buthelezi will be the oldest parliamentarian". SABC News (in Turanci). 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  4. ↑ "Buthelezi fights damning TRC report". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 31 December 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2022."Buthelezi fights damning TRC report". The Mail & Guardian. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  5. ↑ name="Inkatha-2021a">"Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline". Inkatha Freedom Party (in Turanci). 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  6. ↑ name="Rycroft-1985">Rycroft, David K. (1 January 1985). "Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984". Africa Insight. 15 (4): 244–247.
  7. ↑ "Mangosuthu Buthelezi contracts Covid-19 for second time". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 6 December 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  8. ↑ name="PRSA-2019">"Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi". Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  9. ↑ "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline". Inkatha Freedom Party (in Turanci). 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022."Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline". Inkatha Freedom Party. 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi". Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022."Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi". Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  11. ↑ name="Ngqulunga-2018">Ngqulunga, Bongani (2018-12-14). "A mandate to lead: Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the appropriation of Pixley ka Isaka Seme's legacy". Southern Journal for Contemporary History (in Turanci). 43 (2): 1–14. doi:10.18820/24150509/JCH43.v2.1. ISSN 2415-0509. S2CID 159708757.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Ngqulunga, Bongani (2018-12-14). "A mandate to lead: Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the appropriation of Pixley ka Isaka Seme's legacy". Southern Journal for Contemporary History (in Turanci). 43 (2): 1–14. doi:10.18820/24150509/JCH43.v2.1. ISSN 2415-0509. S2CID 159708757.Ngqulunga, Bongani (14 December 2018). "A mandate to lead: Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the appropriation of Pixley ka Isaka Seme's legacy". Southern Journal for Contemporary History. 43 (2): 1–14. doi:10.18820/24150509/JCH43.v2.1. ISSN 2415-0509. S2CID 159708757.
  13. ↑ name="Ashforth-1991">Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.
  14. ↑ Sithole, Jabulani; Mkhize, Sibongiseni (2000). "Truth or Lies? Selective Memories, Imagings, and Representations of Chief Albert John Luthuli in Recent Political Discourses". History and Theory. 39 (4): 69–85. doi:10.1111/0018-2656.00146. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2678050.
  15. ↑ Rycroft, David K. (1 January 1985). "Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984". Africa Insight. 15 (4): 244–247.Rycroft, David K. (1 January 1985). "Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984". Africa Insight. 15 (4): 244–247. hdl:10520/AJA02562804_739.
  16. ↑ name="Ashforth-1991">Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.
  17. ↑ Nkomo, Mokubung (1990). "Review of Gatsha Buthelezi: Chief with a Double Agenda, Mzala". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 24 (1): 129–132. doi:10.2307/485617. ISSN 0008-3968. JSTOR 485617.
  18. ↑ name="HRW-1993">"'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 23 November 2022."'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  19. ↑ name="Klopper-1996">Klopper, S. (1996). "'He Is My King, but He Is Also My Child': Inkatha, the African National Congress and the Struggle for Control over Zulu Cultural Symbols". Oxford Art Journal. 19 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1093/oxartj/19.1.53. ISSN 0142-6540. JSTOR 1360651.
  20. ↑ name="Smith-2014">Smith, David (30 May 2014). "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi: Thatcher did not support apartheid". The Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  21. ↑ name="Buthelezi-2022">Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (24 June 2022). "Statement". Polity (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (24 June 2022). "Statement". Polity (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (24 June 2022). "Statement". Polity. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  23. ↑ name="Lubisi-1993">Lubisi, Cassius (1993). "Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom'". African Communist. 134.
  24. ↑ name="Mlambo-2021">Mlambo, Yonela (29 April 2021). "Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering". IOL (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  25. ↑ name="Lubisi-1993">Lubisi, Cassius (1993). "Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom'". African Communist. 134.Lubisi, Cassius (1993). "Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom'". African Communist. 134.
  26. ↑ name="Mlambo-2021">Mlambo, Yonela (29 April 2021). "Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering". IOL (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.Mlambo, Yonela (29 April 2021). "Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering". IOL. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  27. ↑ name="Matiwane-2022a">Matiwane, Zimasa (20 May 2022). "IFP denies 'Misuzulu capture' by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, slams 'pedlars of lies'". The Sowetan (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  28. ↑ name="Ashforth-1991">Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.
  29. ↑ name="M&G-1994a">"Zwelithini Nods To An Old Buthelezi Enemy". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 9 September 1994. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  30. ↑ Madlala, Cyril (21 July 2021). "The King and I: Zulu royal house conflict escalates – and at the centre is Buthelezi". Daily Maverick (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  31. ↑ "King Names The Rightful Heir". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 16 September 1994. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  32. ↑ Mlambo, Yonela (29 April 2021). "Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering". IOL (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.Mlambo, Yonela (29 April 2021). "Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering". IOL. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  33. ↑ Ngqulunga, Bongani (2 July 2020). "The Changing Face of Zulu Nationalism: The Transformation of Mangosuthu Buthelezi's Politics and Public Image". Politikon (in Turanci). 47 (3): 287–304. doi:10.1080/02589346.2020.1795992. ISSN 0258-9346. S2CID 221115268.
  34. ↑ "The Buthelezi Factor: Hope for the Bantustans?". Africa Today. 18 (3): 53–61. 1971. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 4185175.
  35. ↑ name Couper, Scott Everett (2007). "Chief Albert Luthuli and the Bantustan Question". Journal of Natal and Zulu History (in Turanci). 25 (1): 240–267. doi:10.1080/02590123.2006.11964143. ISSN 0259-0123. S2CID 140853669.
  36. ↑ name="HRW-1993">"'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 23 November 2022."'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  37. ↑ Piper, Laurence (2002). "Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa's transition to democracy, 1975–99". Nations and Nationalism (in Turanci). 8 (1): 73–94. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00039. ISSN 1354-5078. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  38. ↑ name="Southall-1981">Southall, Roger (1981). "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise". African Affairs. 80 (321): 453–481. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097362. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 721987.Southall, Roger (1981). "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise". African Affairs. 80 (321): 453–481. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097362. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 721987.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Klopper, S. (1996). "'He Is My King, but He Is Also My Child': Inkatha, the African National Congress and the Struggle for Control over Zulu Cultural Symbols". Oxford Art Journal. 19 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1093/oxartj/19.1.53. ISSN 0142-6540. JSTOR 1360651.Klopper, S. (1996). "'He Is My King, but He Is Also My Child': Inkatha, the African National Congress and the Struggle for Control over Zulu Cultural Symbols". Oxford Art Journal. 19 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1093/oxartj/19.1.53. ISSN 0142-6540. JSTOR 1360651.
  40. ↑ Khumalo, Fred (21 August 2022). "A king must take care of his subjects". City Press (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  41. ↑ "Zwelithini Nods To An Old Buthelezi Enemy". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 9 September 1994. Retrieved 22 November 2022."Zwelithini Nods To An Old Buthelezi Enemy". The Mail & Guardian. 9 September 1994. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Timbs, Liz (2018). "The emperor has no clothes". Africa Is A Country (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Lubisi, Cassius (1993). "Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom'". African Communist. 134.Lubisi, Cassius (1993). "Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom'". African Communist. 134.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Beall, Jo (2006). "Cultural Weapons: Traditions, Inventions and the Transition to Democratic Governance in Metropolitan Durban". Urban Studies. 43 (2): 457–473. Bibcode:2006UrbSt..43..457B. doi:10.1080/00420980500416966. ISSN 0042-0980. JSTOR 43197470. S2CID 33966836.Beall, Jo (2006). "Cultural Weapons: Traditions, Inventions and the Transition to Democratic Governance in Metropolitan Durban". Urban Studies. 43 (2): 457–473. Bibcode:2006UrbSt..43..457B. doi:10.1080/00420980500416966. ISSN 0042-0980. JSTOR 43197470. S2CID 33966836. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Beall-2006" defined multiple times with different content
  45. ↑ Matshiqi, Aubrey (2004). "Buthelezi: Adroit Political Survivor". Focus. Helen Suzman Foundation. 33.
  46. ↑ Harries, Patrick (1993). "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History". History and Theory. 32 (4): 105–125. doi:10.2307/2505634. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505634.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Harper, Paddy (31 May 2015). "IFP, a party of contradiction". News24 (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 November 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Harper-2015" defined multiple times with different content
  48. ↑ 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 48.12 48.13 Southall, Roger (1981). "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise". African Affairs. 80 (321): 453–481. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097362. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 721987.Southall, Roger (1981). "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise". African Affairs. 80 (321): 453–481. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097362. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 721987. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Southall-1981" defined multiple times with different content
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ashforth-1991" defined multiple times with different content
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (1 June 2015). "On 40 years of Inkatha". Politicsweb (in Turanci). Retrieved 24 November 2022.Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (1 June 2015). "On 40 years of Inkatha". Politicsweb. Retrieved 24 November 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Buthelezi-2015" defined multiple times with different content
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 Ottaway, Marina (1991). "Opposition Parties and Democracy in South Africa". Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 20 (1): 15–22. doi:10.2307/1166769. ISSN 0047-1607. JSTOR 1166769.Ottaway, Marina (1991). "Opposition Parties and Democracy in South Africa". Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 20 (1): 15–22. doi:10.2307/1166769. ISSN 0047-1607. JSTOR 1166769. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ottaway-1991" defined multiple times with different content
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Maré, Gerhard (1991). "History and Dimension of the Violence in Natal: Inkatha's Role in Negotiating Political Peace". Social Justice. 18 (1/2 (43–44)): 186–208. ISSN 1043-1578. JSTOR 29766603.Maré, Gerhard (1991). "History and Dimension of the Violence in Natal: Inkatha's Role in Negotiating Political Peace". Social Justice. 18 (1/2 (43–44)): 186–208. ISSN 1043-1578. JSTOR 29766603. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mare-1991" defined multiple times with different content
  53. ↑ Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (31 August 2022). "Hope for a change of heart in KZN to heal the IFP-ANC wound". IOL (in Turanci). Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 "'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 23 November 2022."'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 23 November 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HRW-1993" defined multiple times with different content
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wren-1991
  56. ↑ Mdluli, Praisley (1987). "Ubuntu-Botho: Inkatha's 'People's Education'". Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa (in Turanci) (5): 60–77.
  57. ↑ "Give us another opportunity – IFP president". News24 (in Turanci). 10 June 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  58. ↑ "Now it's Zuma vs Buthelezi". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). 19 April 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  59. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ottaway-1990
  60. ↑ Senftleben, Wolfgang (1984). "Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South Africa – The Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 17 (4): 493–501. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-1984-4-493. ISSN 0506-7286. JSTOR 43109383. S2CID 134721964.
  61. ↑ Vilakazi, Herbert (31 May 2007). "Continuing antipathy between ANC and IPF stems from lack of guidance for 1976 generation". The Sowetan (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  62. ↑ "The Black Face of Apartheid". South African History Online. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  63. ↑ Berger, Guy (28 February 2000). "Over the rainbow: the contribution of Black Consciousness thinking to identifying and countering racism in the media". Rhodes University. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
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