Harshen Zulu

Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), ko isiZulu a matsayin endonym, yare ne na Kudancin Bantu na reshen Nguni da ake magana a Kudancin Afirka. [1] Mutanen Zulu ne, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 13.56 da ke magana da asali, wadanda suka fi zama a lardin KwaZulu-Natal a Afirka ta Kudu. Zulu ita yaren gida da aka fi magana a Afirka ta Kudu (24% na yawan jama'a), kuma sama da kashi 50% na yawan jamaʼarta sun fahimta. zama ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 12 na hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1994.

Zulu
isiZulu
Furucci	Samfuri:IPA-zu
Asali a	South Africa, Lesotho
Yanki	KwaZulu-Natal and southern Mpumalanga; scattered communities elsewhere
Ƙabila	Zulu people
'Yan asalin magana	Samfuri:Sigfig million (2022 census) L2 speakers: Samfuri:Sigfig million (2002)
Dangin harshen	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Southern Bantu Nguni-Tsonga Nguni Zunda Zulu
kasafin harshe	KwaZulu Natal Zulu Transvaal Zulu Qwabe Cele
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Latin (Zulu alphabet) Zulu Braille Ditema tsa Dinoko
Signed forms	Signed Zulu
Official status
Babban harshe a	Samfuri:RSA
Regulated by	Pan South African Language Board
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1	zu
ISO 639-2	zul
ISO 639-3	zul
Glottolog	zulu1248
Guthrie code	S.42
Linguasphere	99-AUT-fg incl. varieties 99-AUT-fga to 99-AUT-fge
Proportion of the South African population that speaks Zulu at home   0–20%   20–40%   40–60%   60–80%   80–100%

Zulu
Mutum	umZulu
Mutane	amaZulu
Harshe	isiZulu
Ƙasa	kwaZulu

A cewar Ethnologue, ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan yarukan Bantu, bayan Swahili . Kamar sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa, an rubuta shi da haruffan Latin .

A cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu, ana kiran yaren sau da yawa a cikin asalinsa, isiZulu .

Rarraba yanki

Rarraba yanki na Zulu a Afirka ta Kudu: yawa, na masu magana da harshen gida na Zulu. 

Al'ummar Zulu 'yan ci-rani sun kai shi zuwa yankuna makwabta, musamman Zimbabwe, inda harshen Northern Ndebele ( isiNdebele ) ke da alaƙa da Zulu.

Xhosa, babban yare a Gabashin Cape, ana ɗaukar sa da fahimtar juna tare da Zulu, kamar yadda Northern Ndebele yake.

Maho (2009) ya lissafa yaruka huɗu: tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal Zulu, arewacin Transvaal Zulu, gabashin Qwabe na gabar teku, da Cele na bakin teku na yamma.

Tarihi

Zulu, kamar Xhosa da sauran mutanen Nguni, sun rayu a Afirka ta Kudu tsawon daruruwan shekaru. Harshen Zulu yana da sautunan dannawa da yawa irin na harsunan Kudancin Afirka, ba a samun su a sauran Afirka. Mutanen Nguni sun kasance tare da sauran ƙabilun Kudu kamar San da Khoi

Zulu, kamar yawancin harsunan Kudancin Afirka, ba rubutaccen harshe ba ne sai zuwan ’yan mishan daga Turai, waɗanda suka rubuta harshen ta amfani da rubutun Latin . An buga littafin nahawu na farko na harshen Zulu a cikin Norway a cikin shekarar 1850 ta dan mishan na Norwegian Hans Schreuder . Daftarin da aka fara rubuta a Zulu ita ce fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki da ta bayyana a shekara ta 1883. A cikin 1901, John Dube (1871-1946), Zulu daga Natal, ya kirkiro Cibiyar Ohlange, cibiyar ilimi ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne mawallafin Insila kaShaka, littafi na farko da aka rubuta a Zulu (1930). Wani marubucin Zulu na farko shine Reginald Dhlomo, marubucin litattafan tarihi da yawa na shugabannin karni na 19 na Zulu: U-Dingane (1936), U-Shaka (1937), U-Mpande (1938), U-Cetshwayo (1952) ) da U-Dinizulu (1968). Sauran mashahuran masu ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen Zulu sun hada da Benedict Wallet Vilakazi da, kwanan nan, Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali .

Hukumar Kula da Harshen Zulu ta KwaZulu-Natal ce ke sarrafa Rubutacciyar hanyar Zulu. Hukumar Harshen Afirka ta Kudu ta Pan South African Language Board ta rushe kuma ta maye gurbin wannan kwamiti wanda ke habaka amfani da duk harsunan hukuma goma sha daya na Afirka ta Kudu.

Amfani na zamani

Turanci, Dutch da kuma daga baya Afrikaans sun kasance kawai harsunan hukuma da duk gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da su kafin 1994. Duk da haka, a cikin Kwazulu bantustan, yaren Zulu yana da amfani sosai. Duk ilimin da ake yi a kasar a matakin sakandare na Ingilishi ne ko Afrikaans. Tun bayan guguwar mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, Zulu ta kasance tana jin dadin farfadowa. Hukumar SABC ce ta bullo da gidan talabijin na harshen Zulu a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma tana watsa labarai da shirye-shirye da yawa a Zulu. Rediyon Zulu ya shahara sosai kuma ana samun jaridu irin su isoLezwe, Ilanga da UmAfrika a cikin yaren Zulu a lardin Kwazulu-Natal da Johannesburg . A cikin Janairu 2005 fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi a Zulu, Jiya, an zabi shi don Oscar .

Fahimtar fahimtar juna na yawancin harsunan Nguni ya Kara yuwuwar Zulu ya zama harshen yare na gabashin rabin kasar.

A cikin fim din 1994 The Lion King, a cikin wakar " Circle of Life ", kalmomin Ingonyama nengw' enamabala (Turanci: Zaki da leopard spots ), Nans' ingonyama bakithi Baba (Turanci: Ga zaki, Uba ) da kuma An yi amfani da Siyonqoba (Turanci: Za mu ci nasara ). A wasu wakokin fim, kamar "Kasar nan", muryar ta ce Busa leli zwe bo ( Rule this land ) da Busa ngothando bo ( Rule with love ) an kuma yi amfani da su.

Wakar Siyahamba waƙa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wadda aka rubuta ta asali da yaren Zulu wanda ya shahara a majami'un Arewacin Amirka a cikin 1990s.

Remix na 2019 a duk duniya hit Jerusalema ya kunshi wakoki a cikin harshen Zulu.

Standard vs Urban Zulu

Standard Zulu kamar yadda ake koyarwa a makarantu, wanda kuma ake kira "zulu mai zurfi" ( isiZulu esijulile ), ya bambanta ta fuskoki daban-daban daga yaren da mutanen da ke zaune a birane (Urban Zulu, isiZulu sasedolobheni ). Standard Zulu yana son ya zama mai tsarki, yana amfani da abubuwan da aka samo daga kalmomin Zulu don sabbin dabaru, yayin da masu magana da harshen Zulu na Urban suna amfani da kalmomin lamuni sosai, galibi daga Ingilishi. Misali:

Standard Zulu	Urban Zulu	Turanci
umakhalekhukhwini	icelula	wayar hannu (cell).
Ngiyezwa	Ngiya-andastenda	Na gane

Wannan lamarin ya haifar da matsaloli a fannin ilimi domin sau da yawa matasa ba sa fahimtar ma'aunin Zulu.

Wasula

Tassin wasali na Zulu, daga Wade (1996)

Tsarin wasali na Zulu ya kunshi wasula biyar.

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i		u
Tsakar	ɛ		ɔ
Bude		a

/ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are pronounced [e] and [o], respectively, if the following syllable contains the [+ATR] vowels /i/ or /u/. They are [ɛ] and [ɔ] otherwise:

• umgibeli "fasinja", da sauti [úm̩̀ɡìɓé(ː)lì]
• ukupheka "don dafa", da sauti [ùɠúpʰɛ̀(ː)ɠà]

Akwai iyakacin tsayin wasali a cikin Zulu, sakamakon raguwar wasu lafuzza. Misali, kalmar ithambo /íːtʰámbó/</link> "kashi", nakuda ne na farkon ilithambo /ílítʰámbó/</link> , wanda har yanzu wasu masu magana za su iya amfani da su. Hakanan, uphahla /úːpʰaɬa/</link> "rufin" kankara ce ta farkon uluphahla /ulúpʰaɬa/</link> . Bugu da Karin, wasalin madaukakin madaukaki shine tsayin jimla gabadaya- ko jimla-karshe.

Consonants

Zulu phonemes</link>

		Labial	Dental / Alveolar		Postalveolar	Velar	Glottal
			central	lateral
Danna	plain		ᵏǀʼ	ᵏǁʼ	ᵏǃʼ
	aspirated		ᵏǀʰ	ᵏǁʰ	ᵏǃʰ
	nasalised		ᵑǀ	ᵑǁ	ᵑǃ
	slack-voiced oral		ᶢǀʱ	ᶢǁʱ	ᶢǃʱ
	slack-voiced nasal		ᵑǀʱ	ᵑǁʱ	ᵑǃʱ
Nasal	modally voiced	m	n		ɲ
	slack-voiced	m̤	n̤			( ŋ̈ )
M	plain	pʼ	tʼ			kʼ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
	slack-voiced	bʱ	dʱ			ɡʱ
	implosive & modal voice	ɓ				ɡ
Haɗin kai	plain		tsʼ		tʃʼ	k𝼄ʼ
	slack-voiced
Ƙarfafawa	voiceless	f	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
	slack-voiced	v̤	z̤	ɮ̈			ɦ̥
Ruwa			( r )	l l̤
Semi wasali	modally voiced				j	w
	slack-voiced

1. Kwakwalwar murya marasa murya, masu hadaka da dannawa ana gane su ta hanyar waya azaman maballin [ pʼ ], [ tʼ ], [ kʼ ], [ tsʼ ], [ tʃʼ ] [ kxʼ ] .
2. Lokacin da hanci bai riga ya gabace shi ba, /ɠ/</link> kusan yana cikin rabawa tare da /k/</link> da /kʰ/</link> . Wayoyin wayoyi biyu na Karshe suna faruwa kusan tushen-da farko, yayin da /ɠ/</link> yana bayyana na musamman a tsaka-tsaki. Kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan sun ƙunshi /k/</link> da /kʰ/</link> a wasu mukamai, misali isekhondi /iːsekʰoːndi/</link> "na biyu", ibhayisikili /iːbajisikiːli/</link> "keke".
3. Bakake masu radadi su ne bakin ciki . Wadannan suna da tasiri na ragewa a kan sautin muryar su.
4. Bakin /ŋ/</link> yana faruwa a wasu yarukan azaman raguwar tari /nɡ/</link> lokacin da ba a cikin matsayi na farko ba, don haka koyaushe yana jinkirin murya.
5. Trill /r/</link> Ba dan asalin Zulu ba ne kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomi masu bayyanawa da kuma a cikin aro kwanan nan daga harsunan Turai.

• Denti-alveolar /ǀ/</link> , kwatankwacin tsotsar hakora, kamar yadda sautin da mutum ke yi don "tsk tsk".
• Postalveolar /!/ /!/</link> , kwatankwacin kwalabe "pop".
• Na baya /ǁ/</link> , kwatankwacin dannawa wanda mutum zai iya yi don dokin tafiya.

Kowace magana ta kunshi bakaken dannawa biyar, tare da bambance-bambancen kamar yadda ake yin surutai, mai buri ko nasalised, don jimlar 15.

Wasan kwaikwayo

Harsunan Zulu na canonical (N)C(w)V , kuma dole ne kalmomi su Kare a cikin wasali. Tarin bak'i ya kunshi kowane bak'i, wanda ba nasa ba ne wanda ake kira "prenasalisation" (wanda ake kira "prenasalisation", wanda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a kasa) kuma ba tare da zabin bakon /w/ ya biyo baya ba.</link> .

Bugu da kari, syllabic /m̩/</link> yana faruwa azaman raguwar tsohon /mu/</link> , kuma yana aiki kamar sila na gaskiya: yana iya zama syllabic ko da ba farkon kalma ba, kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauti na musamman kamar cikakken harafi. Ba lallai ba ne ya zama homorganic tare da bakon mai zuwa, kodayake bambanci tsakanin homorganic nonsyllabic /mC/</link> da syllabic /m̩C/</link> yana da bambanci, misali upetshisi /um̩pétʃiːsi/</link> "Bishiyar peach" ( 5 syllables ) da impoko /ímpoːɠo/</link> "furan ciyawa" (3 syllables). Haka kuma, jerin syllabic m da homorganic m na iya faruwa, misali ummbila /úm̩mbíːla/</link> "Maize" (4 ma'ana).

Kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan daga yaruka kamar Ingilishi na iya keta wadannan kakkarfan, ta hada da Karin gungu masu bakar fata wadanda ba na Zulu ba, kamar su igremu /iːgreːmu/</link> " gram ". Za a iya samun dan bambanta tsakanin masu magana dangane da ko gungu sun karye ta hanyar wasali na epenthetic ko a'a, misali ihompiyutha /iːkʰompijuːtʰa/</link> ko ihompyutha /iːkʰompjuːtʰa/</link> "kwamfuta".

Prosody

Damuwa

Damuwa a cikin kalmomin Zulu galibi ana iya tsinkayar su kuma yawanci suna faɗowa kan madaidaicin sakon kalma. Yana tare da wani allophonic tsawo na wasali. Lokacin da wasalin karshe na kalma ya dade saboda kankancewa, sai ta sami damuwa maimakon madaukakin madaukakiyar da ta gabata.

Tsawaita baya faruwa akan duk kalmomin da ke cikin jumla, duk da haka, amma kawai waɗanda suke jimla- ko jimla-karshe. Don haka, ga kowace kalma da ke da akalla haruffa biyu, akwai nau'i biyu daban-daban, ɗaya mai tsayi mai tsayi kuma ɗaya ba tare da ita ba, yana faruwa a cikin rabawa. A wasu lokuta, akwai sauye-sauyen yanayin da ke faruwa a sakamakon matsayin kalma kuma. Maganganun nuni na nesa na iya bayyana tare da kari -ana lokacin jimla-karshe, amma kawai kamar yadda -ā akasin haka. Hakazalika, jimlar fi'ili na baya-bayan nan yana karewa a -ile jimla-karshe, amma an rage shi zuwa -ē tsaka-tsaki. Bugu da kari, sautin faduwa zai iya faruwa akan dogon wasali kawai, don haka gajarta yana da tasiri akan sautin kuma.

Wasu kalmomi, irin su akida ko shiga tsakani, na iya samun damuwa wanda ya kauce daga tsarin yau da kullun.

Sautin

Kamar kusan duk sauran Bantu da sauran harsunan Afirka, Zulu tonal ce . Akwai manyan tonemes guda uku: kananan, babba da faduwa. Ana rubuta Zulu bisa al'ada ba tare da wata alamar sauti ba, amma sautin na iya bambanta a cikin Zulu. Misali, kalmomin “firist” da “malami” duk an rubuta su umfundisi, amma ana furta su da sautuka daban-daban: /úm̩fúndisi/</link> don ma'anar "firist", da /úm̩fundísi/</link> ga ma'anar "malami".

A ka'ida, kowane ma'auni za a iya furta shi da ko dai babba ko karami. Duk da haka, kananan sautin ba ya yin daidai da sauran biyun, saboda manyan sautunan suna iya "yada" zuwa kananan sautin sauti yayin da baya faruwa. Kananan sautin don haka an fi kwatanta shi azaman rashin kowane sautin sauti; wani nau'in sautin tsoho ne wanda sautuna masu tsayi ko faduwa suka mamaye su. Sautin faduwa jeri ne na kasa-kasa kuma yana faruwa ne kawai akan dogayen wasulan. Har ila yau, madaukakin madaukaki na iya daukar sautin faduwa idan ya dade saboda matsayin kalmar a cikin jimlar. Koyaya, idan ya gajarta, sautin faduwar ya zama an hana shi a wannan matsayi. 

A ka'ida, kowane nau'in morpheme yana da tsarin sauti na asali wanda baya canzawa ko da kuwa inda ya bayyana a cikin kalma. Duk da haka, kamar sauran yarukan Bantu, Zulu yana da sautin kalma, ma'ana cewa tsarin sautunan suna aiki kamar samfuri don sanya sautunan ga kowane bakake, maimakon wakilcin sautunan da aka furta da kansu. Saboda haka, alakar da ke tsakanin kirar sautin da ke kasa da sautunan da ake furtawa na iya zama mai sarkakkiya. Karkashin manyan sautunan da ke kasa suna fitowa zuwa dama daga sakon inda suke a zahiri, musamman a cikin dogon kalmomi.

Consonants na damuwa

Wayoyin wayoyi masu numfashi a cikin Zulu su ne bakin ciki ko damuwa a takaice. Consonants na bakin ciki suna da tasiri mai raguwa a cikin sauti, suna Kara karamar sautin mara sauti zuwa daidaitaccen sautin sakon. Don haka, a cikin kalmomin da ke da bakar magana, ana gane manyan sautuna kamar tashi, kuma sautunan faduwa kamar tashi-sai faduwa. A cikin nau'i biyu, farar ba ya kai kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin da ba su da karfi. Sautunan da za a iya yi akan harafi tare da bakar murya kamar hla sune [ɬá ɬâ ɬà]</link> , da yuwuwar sautunan harafin baƙar magana mai numfashi, kamar dla, sune [ɮǎ̤ ɮa̤᷈ ɮà̤]</link> . Mai radadi baya rinjayar syllable wanda ya riga ya yi kasa kadan, amma yana toshe habakarwa zuwa babban sautin da ya gabata ta yadda sautin muryar bakin ciki da duk wasu kananan sautin da ke biyo baya su tsaya kasa.

Hanyoyin sauti

Prenasalisation

Prenasalisation yana faruwa a duk lokacin da bakon ya rigaya da hanci mai dabi'a, ko dai a cikin lexical ko kuma sakamakon prefixation. Mafi shaharar lamarin na karshen shine prefix class 9 in-, wanda ke karewa a cikin hanci mai kama. Prenasalisation yana haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin bakon mai zuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sauti ne wasu kuma allophonic. Ana iya takaita canje-canje kamar haka:

Na al'ada	Prenasalised	Mulki
/pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/	/mp/, /nt/, /ŋk/	Buri ya ɓace akan abubuwan da ke hana su.
/ǀʰ/, /ǁʰ/, /ǃʰ/	/ᵑǀ/, /ᵑǁ/, /ᵑǃ/	Ana maye gurbin buri da nasalisation na dannawa.
/ǀ/, /ǁ/, /ǃ/	/ᵑǀʱ/, /ᵑǁʱ/, /ᵑǃʱ/	Dannawa a fili ya zama numfashi mai numfashi.
/ɓ/	/mb/	Implosive ya zama numfashi.
/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /ɬ/ /v/, /z/, /ɮ/	[ɱp̪fʼ], [ntsʼ], /ntʃ/, [ntɬʼ] [ɱb̪vʱ], [ndzʱ], [ndɮʱ]	Fricatives sun zama abokantaka. Sautin sauti kawai, kuma don haka ana nunawa ta orthographically, don /ntʃ/</link> .
/h/, /ɦ/, /w/, /wʱ/	[ŋx], [ŋɡʱ], [ŋɡw], [ŋɡwʱ]	Kimanin an karfafa . Wannan canji shine allophonic, kuma ba a nuna shi a cikin rubutun ba.
/j/	/ɲ/	Palatal kusan zama palatal hanci.
/l/	/l/ ko da wuya /nd/	Sakamakon /nd/</link> sakamakon burbushin halittu daga lokacin da /d/</link> kuma /l/</link> Har yanzu suna waya daya. Duba harshen Proto-Bantu .
/m/, /n/, /ɲ/	/m/, /n/, /ɲ/	Babu wani canji lokacin da baƙar fata mai zuwa ita kanta hanci.

Sautin assimilation

Zulu yana da assimilation na tonic: manyan sautunan suna yaduwa gabadaya zuwa bin kananan sautin sauti, suna habaka sautin su zuwa matakin da ke kasa da na madaukakin sautin da ke kusa. Harafin mara sauti tsakanin babban sautin sauti da wani sautin tonic yana kama da wannan babban sautin. Wato idan harafin da ya gabata ya kare da babban sautin sautin da ke biye kuma ya fara da sauti mai girma (domin yana da girma ko fadowa), matsakaicin sautin mara sauti shima yana daga sautinsa. Lokacin da kalmar da ta gabata ta yi girma amma mai biyo baya ba ta da sauti, saitin sautin tsaka-tsaki yana daukar babban sautin farawa daga farkon sakon da ya gabata, yana haifar da faduwar juzu'i.

Misali, an aro kalmar turanci cokali a cikin Zulu a matsayin isipunu, ta hanyar waya /ísipúnu/</link> . Harafi na biyu si yana kamanceceniya da manyan sautunan da ke kewaye, yana ɗaga sautinsa, har ana furta shi [ísípʼúːnù]</link> hukunci-karshe. Idan an nuna sautin sauti tare da lambobi, tare da 1 mafi girma da 9 mafi kaskanci, sa'an nan kuma za a iya nuna filaye na kowane sautin a matsayin 2-4-3-9. Har ila yau harafin na biyu yana da kasa a cikin sauti fiye da duka kalmomin da ke kusa.

Sautin murya

Consonants na damuwa suna da tasirin da ake kira sauya sautin . Sautin sautin yana faruwa a duk lokacin da abin bakin ciki ya faru tare da babban sautin, kuma yana haifar da sautin da ke kan sill din don matsawa dama zuwa ga sako na gaba. Idan harafin na gaba yana da tsayi, yana samun sautin faduwa, in ba haka ba babban sauti na yau da kullun. Idan harafin ya zama babba (ba faduwa ba), kalmar karshe ta rabu kuma ta zama kasa idan ba ta riga ta kasance ba. An toshe sauya sautin a karkashin yanayi masu zuwa:

• Lokacin da harafin yana da dogon wasali.
• Lokacin da mabuɗin mai zuwa yana da baƙin bakin ciki.
• Lokacin da kalmar da ke gaba ita ce ta karshe kuma gajere.

A duk lokacin da aka toshe sauya sautin, wannan yana haifar da syllable syllable tare da babban sautin, wanda zai sami ƙananan sautin farawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Lokacin da harafin da ke gaba ya riga ya sami sauti mai girma ko faɗuwa, sautin yana bacewa daga sautin kamar an cire shi, amma sautin maɗaukakin mai zuwa ba a gyara shi ba.

Wasu misalai:

• izipunu "cokali", jam'in isipunu daga sashin da ya gabata, ta hanyar waya ne /ízipúnu/</link> . Domin /z/</link> bakar fata ce, an hana hadakar sautin. Saboda haka, ana furta kalmar a matsayin [ízìpʼúːnù]</link> jimla-ƙarshe, tare da karamar sautin murya a cikin sila ta biyu.
• izintombi "'yan mata" ta hanyar waya ne /izíntombí/</link> . /z/</link> mai damuwa ne, kuma ba a toshe shi ba, don haka sautin ya koma sila ta uku. Wannan ma'anar na iya zama ko dai tsayi ko gajere ya danganta da matsayin jumla. Lokacin da tsawo, lafazin shine [ìzìntômbí]</link> , tare da faduwar sautin. Koyaya, idan harafi na uku ya kasance gajere, sautin yana da tsayi, kuma rarrabuwa na harafin karshe yana faruwa, yana haifar da [ìzìntómbì]</link> .
• nendoda "tare da mutum" ana yin sauti ta hanyar sauti /nʱéndoda/</link> . /nʱ/</link> yana rage damuwa, amma haka /d/</link> , don haka an toshe motsin sautin. Saboda haka, lafazin lafazin shine [nʱěndɔ̀ːdà]</link> , tare da tashin farar a farkon syllable saboda karancin farawa.

Palatalization

Palatalization wani canji ne da ke shafar baƙon labial da alveolar a duk lokacin da /j/ ya bi su nan da nan.</link> . Yayin da palatalization ya faru a tarihi, har yanzu yana da fa'ida kuma yana faruwa a sakamakon ƙarin kari da aka fara da /j/</link> . Misali akai-akai shine ƙaramar ƙarami -yana .

Bugu da ƙari, Zulu ba ya jure wa jeri na baƙar magana da /w/ gabaɗaya.</link> . Duk lokacin da /w/</link> yana bin harafin labial, yana canzawa zuwa /j/</link> , wanda sannan yana haifar da ɓacin rai na baƙar fata. Ana iya ganin wannan tasirin a cikin nau'ikan sunaye masu ƙarewa a -o ko -u, waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa -weni da -wini bi da bi a cikin wurin. Idan harafin labial ya rigaya nan da nan, ɓacin rai yana jawo. Canjin kuma yana faruwa a cikin sunaye waɗanda suka fara a ubu- tare da kara mai farawa da wasali.

Canje-canje masu zuwa suna faruwa a sakamakon ɓacin rai:

Na asali </br> baki	Palatalized </br> baki	Misalai
pʰ	ʃ	impuphu → impushana (rauni) izipho → ezisheni (locative)
tʰ		umuthi → umshana (diminutive; also umthana )
p	tʃʼ	umtapo → emtatsheni (locative)
t		ikati → ikatshana (diminutive)
bʱ		intaba → intatshana (diminutive) ingubo → engutsheni (locative) ubu- + -ani → utshani (ubu- + wasali)
b	dʒ	isigubhu → isigujana (diminutive)
d		incwadi → incwajana (diminutive; kuma incwadana )
m	ɲ	inkomo → inkonyana (diminutive) umlomo → emlonyeni (locative)
n		inyoni → inyonyana (diminutive)
mp	ntʃʼ	inswempe → inswentshana (rauni)
nt		umkhonto → umkhontshwana (mai rahusa)
mb	ndʒ	ithambo → ethanjeni (locative)
nd		isondo → isonjwana (diminutive; also isondwana )

Rubutun Rubutu

Zulu yana amfani da haruffa 26 na ainihin haruffan Latin na ISO . Koyaya, wasu haruffan suna da furci daban-daban fiye da na Ingilishi. Ana rubuta ƙarin wayoyi ta amfani da jerin haruffa masu yawa. Sautin, damuwa da tsayin wasali ba a nuna su ba.

Letter(s)	Phoneme(s)	Example
a	/a/	amanzi /ámáːnzi/ "water"
b	Samfuri:IPAslink	ubaba /úɓaːɓá/ "my/our father"
bh	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukubhala /úɠubâːla/ "to write"
c	Samfuri:IPAslink	icici /îːǀíːǀi/ "earring"
ch	/ǀʰ/	ukuchaza /uɠúǀʰaːza/ "to fascinate/explain"
d	Samfuri:IPAslink	idada /íːdaːda/ "duck"
dl	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukudla /úɠuːɮá/ "to eat"
e	/e/	ibele /îːɓéːle/ "breast"
f	Samfuri:IPAslink	ifu /íːfu/ "cloud"
g	Samfuri:IPAslink	ugogo /úɡóːɡo/ "grandmother"
gc	/ᶢǀʱ/	isigcino /isíᶢǀʱiːno/ "end"
gq	/ᶢǃʱ/	uMgqibelo /umúᶢǃʱiɓéːlo/ "Saturday"
gx	/ᶢǁʱ/	ukugxoba /uɠúᶢǁʱoːɓa/ "to stamp"
h	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukuhamba /úɠuháːmba/ "to go"
hh	Samfuri:IPAslink	ihhashi /îːɦáːʃi/ "horse"
hl	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukuhlala /uɠúɬaːla/ "to sit"
i	/i/	imini /ímíːni/ "daytime"
j	Samfuri:IPAslink	uju /úːdʒu/ "honey"
k	Samfuri:IPAslink	ikati /îːkáːti/ "cat"
	/ɠ/	ukuza /uɠúːza/ "to come"
kh	/kʰ/	ikhanda /îːkʰâːnda/ "head"
kl	Samfuri:IPAslink	umklomelo /umukxómeːlo/ "prize"
l	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukulala /úɠuláːla/ "sleep"
m	Samfuri:IPAslink	imali /ímaːlí/ "money"
	/mʱ/	umama /úmʱáːma/ "my/our mother"
mb	/mb/	imbube /ímbuːɓé/ "lion"
n	Samfuri:IPAslink	unina /úniːna/ "his/her/their mother"
	/nʱ/	nendoda /nʱéndoːda/ "with a man"
nc	/ᵑǀ/	incwancwa /íᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa/ "sour corn meal"
ng	/ŋ(ɡ)/	ingane /ínɡáːne/ "child"
ngc	/ᵑǀʱ/	ingcosi /íᵑǀʱoːsí/ "a bit"
ngq	/ᵑǃʱ/	ingqondo /íᵑǃʱoːndo/ "brain"
ngx	/ᵑǁʱ/	ingxenye /íᵑǁʱéːɲe/ "part"
nj	/ɲdʒ/	inja /îːɲdʒá/ "dog"
nk	/ŋk/	inkomo /íŋkoːmó/ "cow"
nq	/ᵑǃ/	inqola /íᵑǃóːla/ "cart"
ntsh	/ɲtʃ/	intshe /îːɲtʃé/ "ostrich"
nx	/ᵑǁ/	inxeba /íːᵑǁeːɓa/ "wound"
ny	Samfuri:IPAslink	inyoni /íɲoːni/ "bird"
o	/o/	uphondo /úːpʰoːndo/ "horn"
p	Samfuri:IPAslink	ipipi /îːpíːpi/ "pipe for smoking"
ph	/pʰ/	ukupheka /uɠúpʰeːɠa/ "to cook"
q	Samfuri:IPAslink	iqaqa /íːǃaːǃá/ "polecat"
qh	/ǃʰ/	iqhude /îːǃʰúːde/ "rooster"
r	Samfuri:IPAslink	iresiphi /iːrésiːpʰi/ "recipe"
s	Samfuri:IPAslink	isisu /isíːsu/ "stomach"
sh	Samfuri:IPAslink	ishumi /îːʃûːmi/ "ten"
t	Samfuri:IPAslink	itiye /îːtíːje/ "tea"
th	/tʰ/	ukuthatha /úɠutʰáːtʰa/ "to take"
ts	Samfuri:IPAslink	itswayi /íːtswaːjí/ "salt"
tsh	Samfuri:IPAslink	utshani /útʃaːní/ "grass"
u	/u/	ubusuku /úɓusûːɠu/ "night"
v	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukuvala /uɠúvaːla/ "to close"
w	Samfuri:IPAslink	ukuwela /uɠúweːla/ "to cross"
	/wʱ/	wuthando /wʱúːtʰâːndo/ "It's love."
x	Samfuri:IPAslink	ixoxo /íːǁoːǁo/ "frog"
xh	/ǁʰ/	ukuxhasa /úɠuǁʰáːsa/ "to support"
y	Samfuri:IPAslink	uyise /újiːsé/ "his/her/their father"
	/jʱ/	yintombazane /jʱintómbazâːne/ "It's a girl"
z	Samfuri:IPAslink	umzuzu /umúzuːzú/ "moment"

Ayyukan tunani da tsofaffin rubutu na iya amfani da ƙarin haruffa. Wata tsohuwar al'ada ta gama gari ita ce nuna rashin ƙarfi /ɓ/</link> ta amfani da harafi na musamman ɓ, yayin da digraph bh za a rubuta shi azaman b . Wasu nassoshi na iya rubuta h bayan haruffa don nuna cewa suna cikin nau'ikan damuwa, misali mh, nh, yh, al'adar da ta dace a cikin rubutun Xhosa .

Rubuce-rubucen farko, tun daga farkon karni na 20 ko kuma kafin haka, sun kasance suna ƙetare bambance-bambance tsakanin baƙaƙe na fili da waɗanda ba su da murya, suna rubuta na ƙarshe ba tare da h .

Ana rubuta sunayen suna tare da prefixes a matsayin kalma ɗaya na orthographical. Idan prefix ɗin ya ƙare da wasali (kamar yadda akasarin su ke yi) kuma tushen suna kuma yana farawa da wasali, ana shigar da ƙara a tsakanin, misali i-Afrika . Wannan yana faruwa ne kawai tare da kalmomin lamuni.

Ilimin Halitta

Ga wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan Zulu:

• Tsarin kalma jigo ne – fi’ili – abu .
• Ta fannin ilimin dabi'a, harshe ne na agglutinative .
• Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu, ana rarraba sunayen Zulu zuwa azuzuwan ilimin halittar jiki ko jinsi (16 a cikin Zulu), tare da mabambantan mabambantan mabambantan ra'ayi na guda ɗaya da jam'i. Daban-daban na magana da suka cancanci suna dole ne su yarda da suna gwargwadon jinsinsa. Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin yawanci suna nuna ɓangaren ainihin ajin da suke yarda da su. Misali shine amfani da ajin "aba-":

B onke aba ntu aba qatha ba sepulazini ba yagawula.

Duk masu karfi da ke gonar suna sare (bishiyoyi).

Ana iya ganin yarjejeniyoyin da suka cancanci kalmar "abantu" (mutane) a cikin tasiri.

• Tsarinsa na magana yana nuna haɗe-haɗe na ɗan lokaci da na gani a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayin su. Yawanci kalmomi suna da tushe guda biyu, ɗaya don yanzu-wanda ba shi da iyaka kuma wani don cikakke. Ana iya maƙala maɓalli daban-daban zuwa ga waɗannan tushe na magana don ƙayyadaddun yarjejeniyar jigo da digiri daban-daban na abin da ya gabata ko na gaba. Alal misali, a cikin kalmar uyathanda ("yana son"), tushen fi'ili na yanzu shine -thanda, prefix u - yana bayyana jigo na mutum na uku kuma -ya - filler ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin gajeren jimloli.

Ana kuma sanya suffixes a cikin amfani gama gari don nuna nau'i na haddasawa ko maimaita ma'anar kalmar fi'ili.

• Yawancin kalmomin dukiya (kalmomin da aka sanya su azaman sifa a cikin Ingilishi) dangi ne ke wakilta. A cikin jimlar umuntu ubomvu ("mutum ja ne"), kalmar ubomvu (tushen -bomvu ) tana aiki kamar fi'ili kuma tana amfani da prefix na yarjejeniya u- . duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambance masu hankali; misali, baya amfani da prefix ya- .

Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam na tushen Zulu

Ana iya haɗa tushen tare da prefixes da yawa don haka ƙirƙirar wasu kalmomi. Misali, ga tebur mai wasu kalmomi da aka gina daga tushen tushen – Zulu da -ntu (tushen mutum/mutane ):

Prefix	- zulu	-tu
uwa(u)	Um Zulu (mutum Zulu)	mutum (mutum)
ina, aba	ama Zulu (Zulu)	aba ntu (mutane)
isi	isi Zulu (harshen Zulu)	isi ntu (al'adu, al'adun gargajiya, ɗan adam)
ubu	ubuZulu (zabi na mutum-mutumi/kamar Zulu)	ubu ntu (mutum, tausayi)
kwa	kwa Zulu (wurin mutanen Zulu)	-
i (li)	i zulu ( weather/sky/ sama)	-
pha	phe zulu (a saman)	-
e	e zul wini (in, a, zuwa, daga sama)	-

Misalin jumla da rubutu

Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yankin wanda babban yaren su shine Zulu:

Zulu	Turanci
Sawubona	Sannu, ga mutum daya
Sanibonani	Sannu, zuwa ga rukunin mutane
Unjani? / Ninjani?	Yaya kake (waƙa)? / Yaya kake (pl.)?
Ngiyaphila / Siyaphila	Ina lafiya / Muna lafiya
Ngiyabonga (kakhulu)	Na gode (mai yawa)
Ngubani igama lakho?	Menene sunanka?
Igama lami ngu...	Sunana shi ne...
Menene menene?	Menene lokaci?
Menene?	Zan iya taimaka muku?
Uhla kuphi?	Ina kuke zama?
Uhumaphi?	Daga ina kake?
Hamba kahle / Sala kahle	Tafi da kyau / zauna lafiya, amfani dashi azaman bankwana. Mutumin da ke zaune ya ce " Hamba kahle ", wanda ya fita ya ce " Sala kahle ". Sauran fassarorin sun haɗa da Tafi a hankali da Yi tafiya cikin aminci .
Hambani kahle / Salani kahle	Tafi da kyau / Kasance lafiya, zuwa ƙungiyar mutane
Eish!	Kai! (Babu ainihin Turai daidai, ana amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu ) (zaku iya gwada ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kamar oh my gosh ko menene heck . Yana bayyana ra'ayi na gigita da mamaki)
Hhaybo	A'a! / Dakata! / Babu hanya! (an yi amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu kuma)
Yebo	Ee
Cha	A'a
Angazi	Ban sani ba
Uyasikhuluma isiNgisi na?	Ana jin Turanci?
Ngisaqala ukufunda isiZulu	Na fara koyon Zulu
Me kuke tunani?	Me kuke nufi?
Ngiyakuthanda.	"Ina son ku."

Mai zuwa yana daga gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu :

Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyakukhumbula ukucekelwa phansi kwamalungelo okwenzeka eminyakeni eyadlula; Sibungaza labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko kulo mhlaba withu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzela ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikhholelwa ekutheni iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani.

Fassara:

Mu al’ummar Afirka ta Kudu, mun san irin zaluncin da aka yi mana a baya; Ka girmama waɗanda suka sha wahala don neman adalci da ’yanci a ƙasarmu; Mu girmama wadanda suka yi aikin gina kasarmu da bunkasa; kuma ku yi imani cewa Afirka ta Kudu na duk waɗanda ke zaune a cikinta, sun haɗa kai a cikin bambancin mu.

Ƙidaya a cikin isiZulu

Ana ƙidaya daga 1 zuwa 10

Da'a na ƙidayar lambobi na dijital akan yatsu yana farawa da ɗan yatsan hannun hagu zuwa babban yatsan hannu na hagu sannan a ci gaba da babban yatsan hannun dama zuwa ƙaramin yatsa na dama. An fara da rufaffiyar hannun hagu, kowane yatsa yana ƙarawa da kowace lamba ta gaba daga ɗaya zuwa biyar. Da zarar hannun hagu ya buɗe, sannan a ci gaba da kirgawa a hannun dama tare da buɗe kowane yatsa bi da bi. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin isiZulu, sunayen lambobi shida zuwa tara suna nuna ko dai sunan ɗan adam na lambobi (shida, isithupha, na nufin "yatsa"), aiki (bakwai, isikhombisa, yana nufin "wanda ya nuna"). ko matsayi / wuri (takwas ko isishiyagalombili, yana nufin "raura biyu", da tara ko isishiyagalolunye, yana nuna "saura ɗaya").

IsiZulu	Turanci
Kunye	Daya
Kubili	Biyu
Kuthathu	Uku
Kune	Hudu
Isihlanu	Biyar
Isithupha	Shida
Isikhombisa	Bakwai
Isishiyagalombili	Takwas
Isishiyagalolunye	Tara
Ishumi	Goma

Watanni

Watanni a Zulu

Turanci	Zulu
Janairu	uMasingana
Fabrairu	uhlolanja
Maris	uNdasa
Afrilu	u Mbaso
Mayu	uNhlaba
Yuni	uhlangulana
Yuli	uNtulikazi
Agusta	uNcwaba
Satumba	ku Mandulo
Oktoba	uMfumfu
Nuwamba	uLwazi
Disamba	uZibandlela

Kalmomin Zulu a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu

Turancin Afirka ta Kudu ya ɗauki kalmomi da yawa daga harshen Zulu. Wasu, kamar sunayen dabbobin gida ( impala da mamba duka sunayen Zulu ne) sun yi hanyar zuwa Turanci daidai. Misalai kaɗan na kalmomin Zulu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu:

• muti (daga umuthi ) - magani
• donga (daga udonga ) - rami (udonga yana nufin "bango" a cikin Zulu kuma shine sunan ramukan da zaizayar ƙasa ke haifarwa)
• indaba - taro (yana nufin "wani abu na labarai" a cikin Zulu)
• induna - shugaba ko shugaba
• songololo (daga isongolo ) - millipede
• ubuntu - tausayi / ɗan adam.

Duba kuma

 

• Impi
• Shaka kaSenzangakhona
• Tsotsitaal – yaren Creole na tushen Zulu ana magana a cikin Soweto
• Harshen Xhosa
• Harshen Northern Ndebele

Sources

• Aikin Kayayyakin Harshe na UCLA – Zulu Archived 2014-07-03 at the Wayback Machine

 

 

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

 

•  
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Zulu
• South African Languages: IsiZulu
• A short English–isiZulu–Japanese phraselist incl. sound file
• Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary wordРЬs (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Counting in Zulu

Darussa

• TeachMe! Zulu – PDF Littafin aikin Zulu
• Zulu Tare da Dingani - Kos ɗin farkon kan layi Archived 2016-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
• Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, kwas ɗin kan layi kyauta
• Sifunda IsiZulu!

Nahawu

• Zulu Grammar tare da Audio!

• isiZulu.net Zulu – Turanci Kan layi Dictionary
• Kamus na Zulu-Turanci

Jaridu

• Isolezwe
• Ilanga
• UmAfrika
• Labaran Izindaba24

Software

• Mai duba haruffa don OpenOffice.org da Mozilla, OpenOffice.org, Mozilla Firefox web-browser, da Mozilla Thunderbird email shirin a cikin Zulu
• Translate.org.za Project don fassara Software na Kyauta da Buɗewa zuwa duk harsunan hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Zulu
• PanAfrican L10n shafin wiki akan Zulu

Adabi da al'adu

• Taswirar Adabin KwaZulu-Natal