Wikipedia

Kabewa

 

Daban-daban na kabewa cultivars. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na tsakiya da dama sune Cucurbita pepo, duk sauran su ne Cucurbita maxima


Kabewa ita ce shukar ciyawar hunturu a cikin jinsin Cucurbita . An fi amfani da kalmar zuwa zagaye, nau'in kabewa masu launin lemu, amma ba shi da ma'anar kimiyya. Ana iya amfani da shi dangane da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan cucurbita . [1]

Ana tsammanin amfani da kalmar "kabewa" ya samo asali ne daga New England a Arewacin Amirka, an samo shi daga kalmar guna, ko kalmar asali don zagaye. Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta tare da " squash " ko "squash na hunturu", kuma ana amfani da ita don wasu cultivars na Cucurbita argyrosperma, Cucurbita ficifolia, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata, da Cucurbita pepo .

C. pepo pumpkins suna cikin sanannun tsire-tsire na gida, tare da shaidar noman su tsakanin 7000 KZ da 5500 KZ. Dabbobin daji na Cucurbita da na farko na cikin gida sun fito ne daga Arewacin Amurka (sassan arewa maso gabashin Mexico da kudancin Amurka ), amma yanzu ana girma da cultivars a duniya don kayan abinci, kayan ado, da wasu dalilai na musamman na al'adu. [2]

Harsashi mai kauri na kabewa yana ƙunshe da tsaba masu cin abinci da ɓangaren litattafan almara. Pumpkin kek wani yanki ne na gargajiya na Abincin Godiya a Kanada da Amurka kuma ana yawan amfani da kabewa azaman kayan ado na lokacin kaka kuma an sassaƙa su azaman jack-lanterns don ado a kusa da Halloween. Kayan kabewa gwangwani na kasuwanci da cikawa yawanci ana yin su ne da nau'ikan kabewa daban-daban daga waɗanda aka yi nufin amfani da su na ado.[1]

Etymology da terminology

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A cewar ƙamus na Turanci na Oxford, kalmar Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar tsohuwar Girka ta πέπων</link> ( romanized pepōn ), ma'ana 'guna'. [3] [4] A karkashin wannan ka'idar, kalmar ta canza ta hanyar kalmar Latin peponem</link> da kalmar pompon ta Tsakiya ta Faransa</link> zuwa ga pompion Turanci na Farko na Zamani</link> , wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila na karni na 17 suka canza zuwa kabewa, jim kadan bayan da suka ci karo da kabewa a lokacin da suka isa yankin arewa maso gabashin Amurka a yanzu. [3]

Akwai wani tsari na daban da aka tsara don kabewa daga kalmar Massachusett pôhpukun</link> , ma'ana 'girma zagaye'. [5] Mutanen Wampanoag (waɗanda ke magana da Wôpanâak sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar</link> yaren Massachusett) lokacin gabatar da kabewa ga Mahajjata Turanci a Plymouth Colony, wanda ke Massachusetts a yau. ( Kalmar ta Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Massachusett, an fassara ta daban-daban azaman askꝏtasquash</link> , ashk8tasqash</link> , ko, a cikin yaren Narragansett mai alaƙa, askútasquash</link> .) [6]

Masu bincike sun lura cewa kalmar kabewa da kalmomin da ke da alaƙa kamar ayote da calabaza ana amfani da su a kan kewayon ciyawar hunturu masu girma da siffa. Kalmar kabewa a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita don kabewa cultivars na nau'in Cucurbita moschata . [7]

Bayani

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Sashin ketare na Cucurbita maxima kabewa

'Ya'yan itacen kabewa nau'in berry ne da aka sani da pepo . Halayen da aka saba amfani da su don ayyana kabewa sun haɗa da fata mai santsi da ɗan haƙarƙari [8] da zurfin rawaya zuwa launin lemu, [8] ko da yake fari, kore, da sauran launukan kabewa suma suna wanzu. [9]

Yayin da cucurbita pepo pumpkins gabaɗaya suna yin nauyi tsakanin 6 and 18 pounds (3 and 8 kg), manyan kabewa na iya wuce tonne a cikin taro. [10] [11] Yawancin nau'ikan C. maxima ne waɗanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin tsirrai da manoma masu kishi. [10] Mafi yawan cultivars akai-akai suna kai nauyi sama da 75 pounds (34 kg) ku. A cikin Oktoba 2023, an saita rikodin don kabewa mafi nauyi a 1,246.9 kg (2,749 lbs.). [12]

Tarihi

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  Tsohuwar shaidar Cucurbita pepo ita ce gutsutsayen kabewa da aka samu a Mexico waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan tsakanin 7,000 zuwa 5,500. BC [13] Kabewa da sauran nau'ikan kabewa, tare da masara da wake, suna cikin tsarin dasa shuki ' yan'uwa mata uku da yawancin al'ummomin Arewacin Amurka ke yi. [14] Koyaya, manyan kabewa na zamani galibi ana cire su, saboda nauyinsu na iya lalata sauran amfanin gona. [15] A cikin shekaru da yawa bayan da Turawa suka fara mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amirka, an buga misalai na kabewa irin na zamani na zamani Small Sugar kabewa da Connecticut Field kabewa a Turai.

Noma

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Kabewa shuka ne mai dumi-dumi da ake shukawa a farkon watan Yuli a Arewacin Hemisphere. Kabewa na buƙatar zafin ƙasa 3 inches (8 cm) zurfin aƙalla 15.5 °C (60 °F) da kuma cewa ƙasa tana riƙe da ruwa da kyau. Noman kabewa na iya wahala idan babu ruwa, saboda yanayin zafi kasa da 65 °F (18 °C), ko kuma idan an girma a cikin ƙasa wanda ya zama ruwan sama. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, ana ɗaukar kabewa da ƙarfi, kuma ko da an cire ganye da yawa na itacen inabi ko kuma sun lalace, shuka zai iya girma da sauri na biyu don maye gurbin abin da aka cire. [16]

Kabewa suna samar da furen namiji da na mace, tare da hadi da ƙudan zuma galibi ke yin su. [16] A cikin Amurka, kudan zuma na asali, Peponapis pruinosa, sun lalata kabewa a tarihi, amma wannan kudan zuma ya ƙi, watakila wani ɓangare na maganin kashe qwari ( imidacloprid ) hankali. [17] Kudan zuma na tushen ƙasa, irin su ƙudan zuma na squash da bumblebee na gabas, sun fi dacewa don sarrafa manyan ƙwayoyin pollen da kabewa ke haifarwa. [18] [19] Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar hive ɗaya a kowace kadada (kadada 0.4, ko amya biyar a kowace kadada 2). Idan akwai rashin isassun kudan zuma don pollination, masu lambu na iya yin amfani da pollinate . Kabewan da ba su da kyau yakan fara girma amma sun kasa girma.

Production

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Samar da kabewa



</br> 2022, (miliyoyin tan)



</br>
  China</img>  China 7.3
</img> Ukraine 1.1
</img> Rasha 1.1
</img> Amurka 1.0
  Mexico</img>  Mexico 0.7
  Ispaniya</img>  Ispaniya 0.7
Duniya 22.8
Source: FAOSTAT na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [20]

A cikin 2022, samar da kabewa a duniya (ciki har da kabewa da gourds) ya kai tan miliyan 23, yayin da China ke lissafin kashi 32% na jimillar. Ukraine, Rasha, da Amurka kowanne ya samar da kusan tan miliyan daya. [20]

A Amurka

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Facin kabewa a Winchester, Oregon

A matsayin ɗayan shahararrun amfanin gona a Amurka, a cikin 2017 sama da 1.5 billion pounds (680×10^6 kg) na kabewa aka samar. [16] Jihohin da ke samar da kabewa sun haɗa da Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, da California . [2] Kabewa ita ce squash ta jihar Texas .

A cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Illinois, kashi 95 cikin 100 na amfanin gonar Amurka da aka yi niyya don sarrafawa ana noman su ne a Illinois. [21] Lalle ne, kashi 41 cikin 100 na yawan amfanin gona na kabewa ga duk amfanin ya samo asali ne a cikin jihar, fiye da sau biyar na mafi kusa da fafatawa a gasa, California, wanda masana'antun kabewa ke tsakiya a cikin San Joaquin Valley ; kuma mafi yawansu sun fito ne daga kananan hukumomi biyar da ke tsakiyar jihar. [22] Nestlé, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan alamar Libby's, yana samar da kashi 85 na kabewa da aka sarrafa a Amurka a masana'antar su a Morton, Illinois .

A cikin kaka na 2009, ruwan sama a Illinois ya lalata noman kabewa na Libby, wanda, tare da rashin ƙarfi na 2008 amfanin gona da ke raguwar ajiyar wannan shekarar, ya haifar da ƙarancin da ya shafi ƙasar baki ɗaya a lokacin hutun godiya. Wani rashi, wanda ba shi da ɗan ƙaranci, ya shafi amfanin gona na 2015. [23] [24]

Noman kabewa a yammacin Amurka, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi uku zuwa huɗu na amfanin gona na ƙasa, ana noma shi ne da farko don kasuwar ƙwayoyin cuta . Terry County, Texas, yana da ƙwararren masana'antar kabewa, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙananan kabewa. [22] Manomin Illinois Sarah Frey ana kiranta "Sarauniyar Kabewa ta Amurka" kuma tana sayar da kabewa kusan miliyan biyar a shekara, galibi don amfani da ita azaman Jack-o-lanterns.

Abinci mai gina jiki

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A cikin 100 grams (3.5 oz) adadin, danyen kabewa yana samar da 26 kilocalories (110 kJ) na makamashi na abinci kuma shine kyakkyawan tushe (20% ko fiye da darajar Daily, DV) na provitamin A beta-carotene da bitamin A (47% DV) (tebur). Vitamin C yana cikin matsakaicin abun ciki (10% DV), amma babu wasu ma'adanai da ke cikin adadi mai yawa (kasa da 10% DV, tebur). Kabewa shine 92% ruwa, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% mai da furotin 1% (tebur).

Amfani

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Dafa abinci

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Pumpkin kek shine sanannen hanyar shirya kabewa
 
Gasasshen kabewa

Yawancin sassan shukar kabewa ana ci, gami da harsashi na jiki, tsaba, ganye, da furanni. Idan ya girma, ana iya dafa kabewar, ko tururi, ko gasa shi.

Harsashi da nama

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A Arewacin Amirka, kabewa wani ɓangare ne na girbi na kaka na gargajiya, ana cinye su da gasashe, kamar kabewa da aka daka kuma a cikin miya da burodin kabewa . Pumpkin kek wani al'ada ne na al'ada na bukukuwan godiya na Kanada da Amurka. Pumpkin purée wani lokaci ana shirya shi kuma a daskare shi don amfani daga baya. [25]

Fure-fure

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Furen kabewa, ɗaya daga cikin sassan shukar da ake ci

Ana kuma cin ganyen kabewa a kasar Zambiya, inda ake kiransa chibwabwa ana dafa shi a dafa shi da man gyada a matsayin abinci a gefe. [26]

Tsaba

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Kabewa tsaba (balagagge)

Kwayoyin kabewa, kuma aka sani da pepitas, suna da wadataccen abinci da abinci mai gina jiki. Su kusan 1.5 ne cm (0.5 a) dogo, lebur, mai asymmetrically m, launin kore mai haske kuma yawanci farar husk yana rufe shi, kodayake wasu nau'ikan kabewa suna samar da tsaba ba tare da su ba. Kwayoyin kabewa sanannen abun ciye-ciye ne da za a iya samun su a dunkule ko kuma a kai a kai a shagunan abinci. Kowane oza hidima, kabewa tsaba ne mai kyau tushen gina jiki, magnesium, jan karfe da kuma zinc . [27]

Man kabewa mai kauri ne da ake matse shi daga gasasshen tsaba wanda ya bayyana ja ko kore a launi. [28] [29] Idan aka yi amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko a matsayin miya, ana haɗa man kabewa da sauran mai saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ɗanɗanon sa. Man iri na kabewa ya ƙunshi fatty acid kamar su oleic acid da alpha-linolenic acid . [30]

  1. ↑ "Horticulture Questions and Answers". Garden Help FAQ. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wolford, Ron; Banks, Drusilla (2008). "Pumpkins and More". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Pumpkin". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper Ltd. 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  4. ↑ Paris, Harry S. (1989). "Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany. New York Botanical Garden Press. 43 (4): 423–443. Bibcode:1989EcBot..43..423P. doi:10.1007/bf02935916. JSTOR 4255187. S2CID 29052282.
  5. ↑ "Fun With Words". Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  6. ↑ "Definition of Squash". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  7. ↑ Andres, T.C. (2004). "Diversity in tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata): cultivar origin and history" (PDF). Progress in Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding Research.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Pumpkins in Florida". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
  9. ↑ "White Pumpkins Hit the Halloween Market". NBC News. Associated Press. October 26, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Borrell, Brenda (October 2011). "The Great Pumpkin". The Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  11. ↑ Bruno Waterfield (2021-10-01). "Belgian Mario Vangeel hopes to squash Italian's giant pumpkin record at world championship". The Times. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  12. ↑ "Pumpkin weighing 2,749 pounds wins contest and sets world record for biggest gourd". NBC News (in Turanci). 2023-10-10. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  13. ↑ "Pick a Pumpkin from Massachusetts". Mass.gov. Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources.
  14. ↑ Mt.Pleasant, Jane (2016-11-10). "Food Yields and Nutrient Analyses of the Three Sisters: A Haudenosaunee Cropping System". Ethnobiology Letters (in Turanci). 7 (1): 87–98–87–98. doi:10.14237/ebl.7.1.2016.721. ISSN 2159-8126. S2CID 67774658.
  15. ↑ "Plant a Three Sisters Garden: Corn, Beans, and Squash | The Old Farmer's Almanac". www.almanac.com (in Turanci). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Astill, Gregory (2018). "Pumpkins: Background & Statistics". United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  17. ↑ Williams, Roger (2009). "Effects of imidacloprid-based Insecticides on the Native Cucurbit Pollinator, Peponapis pruinosa". US Interagency IPM Projects. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  18. ↑ Canto-Aguilar, M.L.; Parra-Tabla, V. (2000). "Importance of Conserving Alternative Pollinators: Assessing the Pollination Efficiency of the Squash Bee, Peponapis limitaris in Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae)". Journal of Insect Conservation. 4 (3): 201–208. Bibcode:2000JICon...4..201C. doi:10.1023/A:1009685422587. S2CID 9891755.
  19. ↑ Tepedino, V. J. (April 1981). "The pollination efficiency of the squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) and the honey bee (Apis mellifera) on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 54 (2): 359–377. JSTOR 25084168.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Pumpkin production in 2022 (includes squash and gourds), Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  21. ↑ Illinois Department of Agriculture (October 22, 2004). "Illinois Leads Nation in Pumpkin Production".
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ramos, Elliot (October 22, 2021). "Map: Where America's pumpkins come from". NBC News. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  23. ↑ "News - Pumpkin shortage in the U.S. has Canada to the rescue - The Weather Network". www.theweathernetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  24. ↑ "Here's What Happened to the Great Pumpkin Shortage of 2015". Fortune.
  25. ↑ Roberts, Tammy. "Many uses for pumpkin". MissouriFamilies. University of Missouri Extension. Archived from the original on 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  26. ↑ "Pumpkin Leaves Chibwabwa". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Nutrition facts for pumpkin seeds, whole, roasted, without salt". SELF Nutritiondata. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  28. ↑ Kreft, S.; Kreft, M. (2007). "Physicochemical and physiological basis of dichromatic colour". Naturwissenschaften. 94 (11): 935–939. Bibcode:2007NW.....94..935K. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0272-9. PMID 17534588. S2CID 33069967.
  29. ↑ Kaernbach, C.; Dörre, C. (2006). "On the color of transparent substances, in Current Psychological Research in Austria" (PDF). Proceedings of the 7th Scientific Conference of the Austrian Psychological Society (ÖGP). Klagenfurt. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2009.
  30. ↑ "Oil Pumpkins: Niche for Organic Producers" (PDF). Issues in new crops and new uses. Purdue University Agriculture, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
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