Harsunan Savannas
Harsunan Savannas, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Gur–Adamawa ko Adamawa–Gur, reshe ne na harsunan Nijar – Kongo wanda ya hada da dangin Gur na Greenberg da na Adamawa–Ubangui .
| Harsunan Savannas | |
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| Linguistic classification |
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Tarihin rarrabawa gyara sashe
An nuna hanyar haɗin Gur-Adamawa a cikin Kleinewillinghöfer (1996) [1] kuma an yarda da ita kamar yadda masu bincike daga baya suka kafa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da lura da cewa harsunan Adamawa da Gur da kansu ba su kafa ƙungiyoyi masu jituwa kuma ba lallai ba ne su kasance da dangantaka ta kusa. na ciki fiye da yadda suke da juna.
Bennett (1983), ya kuma ambaci reshen Arewa ta Tsakiya Nijar-Congo wanda ya ƙunshi Gurunsi, “Ubangian”, da ƙungiyoyin Trans-Benue, tare da ƙungiyar Trans-Benue da ta ƙunshi Burak-Jen (watau Bikwin-Jen ), Yungur ( watau, Bena-Mboi ), da Tula - Longuda ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. [2]
Akwai tarin harsunan Adamawa da dama; a cikin harsunan Gur, kawai jigon wannan shawara (Central Gur) an kiyaye shi, kodayake yana yiwuwa wasu daga cikin harsunan 'na gefe' na iya zama alaƙa da juna. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) lura cewa sake gina azuzuwan proto-Central Gur suna buƙatar haɗa da iyalai da yawa na Adamawa. [3]
Senufo (tsohon Gur) da Fali (tsohon Adamawa) ba a cire su daga Savannas, saboda da alama wasu daga cikin rassan Nijar – Kongo.
Dimmendaal (2008), ya ware dangin Ubangian daga Nijar – Kongo gabaɗaya, yana mai cewa “wataƙila ya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa wanda ba zai iya ko kuma ba za a iya nuna yana da alaƙa da Nijar – Kongo (ko wani iyali),” kodayake Ubangian Harsuna su kansu ba ƙungiya mai inganci ba ne, kuma reshen Gbaya na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da Gur.
Ban da irin wannan banda, DimAdaal bayanin kula da Savannna "ana iya nuna shi da alaƙa da kowane irin yanayi mai mahimmanci. [4]
Roger Blench (2012), [5] ya ɗauki Gur-Adamawa a matsayin ci gaba da harshe ( haɗin kai ) maimakon ainihin reshe mai daidaituwa.
Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) ya lura cewa yawancin harsunan “Adamawa” a haƙiƙa suna da kamanceceniya da harsunan Gur daban-daban (Central) fiye da sauran harsunan Adamawa, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa masu magana da harshen Gur-Adamawa na farko sun noma masara da gero a cikin wani yanayi na savanna daji. [6]
Harsuna gyara sashe
Harsunan Savannas, tare da tsarin agnostic don rarraba cikin gida, sune kamar haka: Yaren Oblo da ba a san shi ba ya kasance a cikin Adamawa, kuma ba a yi magana da shi a Savannas ba.
Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012), lura cewa sake gina tsarin suna ya nuna cewa Waja ('Tula-Waja') da Leko-Nimbari ('Sama-Duru') (da yiwuwar sauran kungiyoyin Adamawa) suna tare da Tsakiyar Gur, kuma sunan suna. Tsarin aji da suke sake ginawa don waɗannan harsuna yayi kama da na Bantu, Senufo, Tiefo, Vyemo, Tusya, da "Samu".
Güldemann (2018). gyara sashe
Güldemann (2018), ya gane ma'anar "raka'o'in asali" masu zuwa (8 Gur, 14 Adamawa, da 7 Ubangi) amma ba su da masaniya game da matsayinsu a cikin Niger-Congo.
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rassa da wurare (Nijeriya) gyara sashe
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan rassan Savannas (Adamawa) da wurarensu na farko (cibiyoyin bambancin) a cikin Najeriya dangane da Blench (2019).
| Reshe | Wurare na farko |
|---|---|
| Duru (Vere) | Fufore LGA, Adamawa State |
| Leko | Jihohin Adamawa da Taraba ; Kamaru |
| Mumuye | Jihar Taraba |
| Yendang | Mayo Belwa and Numan LGAs, Jihar Adamawa |
| Waja | Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo da Balanga, Jihar Gombe |
| Kam | Bali LGA, Taraba State |
| Ba | Numan LGA, Adamawa State |
| Laka | Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State and Yola LGA, Adamawa State |
| Jen | Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State |
| Bikwin | Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State |
| Yungur | Song and Guyuk LGAs, Jihar Adamawa |
Nassoshi gyara sashe
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1996. 'Relationship between Adamawa and Gur: The case of Waja.' Gur Papers / Cahiers Voltaiques 1.25–46.
- ↑ Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: problems and prospects. - in: Dihoff, I. R. (ed.) Current Approaches to African Linguistics. Vol. 1: 23-48.
- ↑ Miehe, Kleinewillinghöfer, von Roncador, & Winkelmann, 2012. "Overview of noun classes in Gur (II) Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine"
- ↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008, "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:841.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Niger-Congo: an alternative view.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje gyara sashe
- Blench (2004) Jerin harsunan Adamawa
- Binciken kima cikin sauri da ƙididdigar lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF) na Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048.
- Vocabulaires comparés des instruments aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun, Tourneaux
- Harsunan Adamawa-Gur