Deforestation by region
Yanke sare dazuzzuka Ƙididdiga da abubuwan da ke haifar da sare itatuwa a muhallin su sun bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki a duniya. A cikin 2009, 2/3 na gandun daji na duniya suna cikin ƙasashe 10 kawai: 1) Rasha, 2) Brazil, 3) Kanada, 4) Amurka, 5) China, 6) Australia, 7) Congo, 8) Indonesia, 9 ) Indiya da 10) Peru . [1]
 Deforestation by region |
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An kiyasta sare itatuwa na shekara -shekara na duniya kamar hekta miliyan 13.7 a shekara, daidai da yankin Girka. Rabin rabin wannan yanki ne ake biyan diyya ta sabbin gandun daji ko haɓaka gandun daji. Baya ga sare bishiyoyin da dan adam ke jawowa, gandun dajin da ke tsiro kuma ya shafi canjin yanayi, da kara hadarin hadari, da cututtuka. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta da yarjejeniya don hana sare itatuwa amma ba ayyukan aiwatar da shi ba. [1]
Binciken duniya
gyara sasheA cikin wani labarin mallakar mallakar da ya fito wanda mujallar kimiyya ta sake dubawa kuma ta sake nazari a cikin 2021, ƙwararrun masana kimiyya sun bincika bayanai daga ɗakunan bayanai na jama'a da yawa don ƙirƙirar wakilcin yanki na matakan sare itatuwa na duniya wanda ƙasashe 'yan kwanan nan, galibi ba a canza su ba, kasuwanci-, samarwa- da tsarin amfani, wanda ke nuna misali ƙasashen G7 suna yin asarar matsakaicin asarar bishiyu 3.9 a kowace shekara kuma Indiya da China sun haɓaka sare bishiyoyin da ke cikin shigo da su.
Har izuwa shekara ta 2008, Afurka na fama da kashe dajuka fiye da ko ina a fadin duniya (UNEP).[2][3] Some sources clai.[4]
Binciken da WWF International ta gudanar a shekarata 2006 ya nuna cewa a Afirka, yawan shiga ta haramtacciyar hanya ya bambanta daga kashi 50% a Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea zuwa 70% a Gabon da 80% a Laberiya - inda kudaden shiga na katako suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa Yakin basasar Saliyo da sauran rikice -rikicen makamai na yanki har sai kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sanya dokar hana duk katako na Laberiya a 2003.
An yi sanadiyyar sare itatuwa a Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo ta hanyar gungume da hakar ma'adinan da ba a kayyade ba, amma galibi s aboda buƙatun da ayyukan talauci na talakawa ke yi. A gabacin ƙasar, alal misali, sama da mutane miliyan 3 suna rayuwa ƙasa da tafiyar kwana ɗaya daga gandun dajin Virunga . Da yawa daga cikin mutanen gandun dajin suna amfani da itace kamar itace, itace don yin gini, da kuma samar da gawayi. Gandun daji da ke haifar da rayuwa ta yau da kullun babbar barazana ce ga wurin shakatawa gaba ɗaya, da kuma mazaunin gorilla na musamman da ke cikin haɗari. [5] Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 yawan sare itatuwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo ya ninka.
Babban abin da ke haifar da sare itatuwa a ƙasar Habasha ta Gabashin Afirka shine yawan jama'a da kuma yawan buƙatun noma, samar da dabbobi da itacen mai. [6] Sauran dalilan sun hada da karancin ilimi da rashin aiki daga gwamnati, [7] kodayake gwamnati mai ci yanzu ta dauki wasu matakai don magance sare itatuwa. [8] Ƙungiyoyi irin su Farm Africa suna aiki tare da tarayya da ƙananan hukumomi don ƙirƙirar tsarin kula da gandun daji. [9] Habasha, kasa ta uku mafi girma a Afirka ta yawan jama'a, ta sha fama da yunwa sau da yawa saboda karancin ruwan sama da karancin albarkatun kasa. Gandun dazuzzuka ya rage damar samun ruwan sama, wanda ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka yana haifar da yaƙe -yaƙe. Bercele Bayisa, wani manomi dan kasar Habasha, ya ba da misali guda daya da ya sa ake sare itatuwa. Ya ce gundumar sa tana dazuzzuka kuma tana cike da namun daji, amma yawan mutane ya sa mutane sun zo wannan ƙasar sun share ta don shuka amfanin gona, tare da yanke duk bishiyoyi don sayarwa azaman itace. [10]
Habasha ta yi asarar kashi 98% na yankunan dazuzzuka a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. [9] A farkon karni na 20, kusan 420,000 km 2 ko 35% na ƙasar Habasha an rufe shi da gandun daji. Rahotannin baya -bayan nan sun nuna cewa gandun daji sun rufe ƙasa da 14.2% [9] ko ma kawai 11.9% As of 2005[update] . Tsakanin shekarun 1990 zuwa 2005, kasar ta rasa kashi 14% na dazuzzukanta ko dubu 21,000 km 2.
Kenya
gyara sasheA 1963 Kenya tana da gandun daji na kusan kashi 10; ta 2006 tana da kashi 1.7 kawai.
Madagaskar
gyara sasheYanke ciyawa [11] tare da haifar da kwararowar hamada, lalacewar albarkatun ruwa da asarar ƙasa ya shafi kusan kashi 94% na ƙasar Madagascar a baya. Tun zuwan mutane shekaru 2000 da suka gabata, Madagascar ta rasa fiye da kashi 90% na ainihin gandun dajin ta. Yawancin wannan asarar ta faru ne tun samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa, kuma sakamakon mutanen yankin ne ta hanyar amfani da dabarun noma da ƙonawa yayin da suke ƙoƙarin ci gaba da rayuwa. Yawanci saboda sare itatuwa, a halin yanzu ƙasar ba ta iya samar da isasshen abinci, ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli don yawan mutanen da ke haɓaka cikin sauri.
Najeriya
gyara sasheA cewar hukumar ta kungiyar FAO, Najeriya ce ta fi yawan gandun dazuzzukan firamare a duniya. Ta yi asarar fiye da rabin babban gandun dajin ta a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Dalilan da aka kawo sune gungumen itace, aikin noma na rayuwa, da tarin katakon mai. Kusan kashi 90% na gandun dajin Afirka ta Yamma sun lalace.
Asiya
gyara sasheKasar Rasha
gyara sasheRasha na da most yanki na gandun daji na kowace ƙasa a duniya, tare da kewaye miliyan 12 km 2 na boreal gandun daji, ya fi girma fiye da Amazon Rainforest . Dazukan Rasha sun ƙunshi 55% na conifers na duniya kuma suna wakiltar 11% na biomass a Duniya. An kiyasta cewa 20,000 km 2 ana sare itatuwa kowace shekara. Yankunan da ke kusa da China sun fi fama da cutar, saboda ita ce babbar hanyar katako. Yanke daji a Rasha yana da illa musamman saboda gandun daji suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin girma saboda tsananin sanyi saboda haka zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci kafin ya murmure.
Kudu maso gabashin Asiya
gyara sasheAsarar gandun daji tana da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, [12] na biyu na manyan wuraren rayayyun halittu na duniya. [13] Dangane da rahoton 2005 da FAO ta gudanar, Vietnam ita ce ta biyu mafi girman yawan sare bishiyoyin dazuzzuka a duniya, na biyu sai Najeriya . Fiye da kashi 90% na tsofaffin gandun daji na Tsibirin Philippine an yanke su. Sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya inda ake ci gaba da sare itatuwa sune Kambodiya da Laos . A cewar wani shirin fim na TelePool, lalatattun gandun dajin na sojoji da gwamnati ne (ayyukan gandun daji).
Kasar Cambodiya
gyara sasheIndonesia
gyara sasheKasar Indonesiya ta yi asarar sama da kashi 72% na gandun dajin da ba a cika ba da kuma 40% na dukkan gandun daji gaba daya a 2005. An yi amfani da gandun dajin ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin wuraren shakatawa 37 daga cikin 41 na kasa. Itacen da ba bisa ka'ida ba yana kashe dala biliyan 4 a shekara. Dazuzzukan tsaunukan Sumatra da Borneo sun kasance cikin haɗarin halaka su nan da 2022. A cewar Transparency International, yawancin hukunce -hukuncen kotu a wannan yanki sun tayar da damuwa game da amincin sashen shari'a.
Maleshiya
gyara sashePhilippines
gyara sasheThailand
gyara sasheVietnam
gyara sasheJapan
gyara sasheYoichi Kuroda ya zana tarihi da fasali na yanzu na 'babban sikelin ƙasa da lalata shimfidar wuri' a nan Duba kuma Mudslides da Erosion .
Sri Lanka
gyara sasheTurai
gyara sashe
Turai ta rasa fiye da rabin dazuzzukanta a cikin shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda faɗaɗa aikin gona da buƙatar man itace. Dangane da bayanan tauraron dan adam, asarar biomass a cikin gandun dajin EU ya karu da kashi 69% a cikin lokacin daga 2016 zuwa 2018, idan aka kwatanta da lokacin daga 2011 zuwa 2015.
Finland
gyara sasheIceland
gyara sasheKasar Iceland ta samu gandun daji da yawa tun lokacin da 'yan Scandinavia suka zauna a karni na tara. A lokacin sasantawar mutane kimanin shekaru 1150 da suka gabata, gandun daji na birch da gandun daji sun rufe 'aƙalla 25%' na yankin ƙasar Iceland. Mazauna sun fara ne ta hanyar sare dazuzzuka da kone kurmus don ƙirƙirar filayen da filin kiwo. An daina sare itatuwa a Iceland har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. Noman gandun daji da farfadowa ya dawo da ƙananan yankunan ƙasa. Koyaya, aikin gona shine babban dalilin dajin birch da gandun daji ba su yi girma ba.
Italiya
gyara sasheSicily misali ne da aka ambata da yawa na gandun daji na ɗan adam, wanda ake yi tun zamanin Romawa, lokacin da tsibirin ya zama yankin noma, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan sannu a hankali ya daidaita yanayin, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ruwan sama da bushewar koguna. A yau, dukkan lardunan tsakiya da kudu maso yamma kusan babu gandun daji. Wannan kuma ya shafi gandun daji na Sicily, wanda kadan ya rage a wuraren kiwo da gonaki na tsibirin. [14]
Rasha
gyara sasheƘasar Ingila
gyara sasheKusan dukkan gandun daji a Burtaniya an mayar da su wuraren kiwo a cikin ƙarnuka. Wani wuri mai faɗi, mai jujjuyawa ya maye gurbin ra'ayin gandun daji na gaskiya a cikin zukatan yawancin 'yan Biritaniya.
Netherlands
gyara sasheNetherlands da ta kasance gida ga gandun daji da fadama, an mayar da ita cikin kwandon burodi. Ƙananan gandun daji da raƙuman ruwa an tsara su sosai kuma an ratsa su ta hanyoyin sabis da hanyoyin hawan keke.
Amurka ta Arewa
gyara sasheKanada
gyara sashe
A cikin 2005, an kiyasta hekta 56,000 a cikin daji a Kanada. Gandun daji ya shafi ƙasa da 0.02% na gandun dajin Kanada a 2005. Bangaren aikin gona ya kai kusan rabin sare itatuwa a shekarar 2005, sakamakon dazuzzuka da aka share don ciyayi ko amfanin gona. Ragowar ci gaban birane, hanyoyin sufuri, da nishaɗi ne suka haifar (19%); ci gaban wutar lantarki (10%); bangaren gandun daji (10%); da sauran masana’antun hakar albarkatun ƙasa (8%). Kimani n kashi biyu bisa uku na wannan sare bishiyoyin sun faru ne a cikin gandun daji na Kanada, galibi a Alberta, Saskatchewan, da Manitoba inda gandun dajin ke iyaka da Prairies.
A Kanada, kafin 2000, kasa da kashi 8% na gandun daji ya kare daga ci gaba kuma an ware sama da kashi 50% ga kamfanonin shiga don yanke. [15]
British Columbia
gyara sasheAmurka
gyara sashe
A cikin 1600, kafin isowar Turawan Amurkawa, kusan rabin yankin ƙasar Amurka ta yanzu shine daji-kusan 4,000,000 square kilometres (990,000,000 acres) . A cikin shekaru 300 masu zuwa an share fili, akasarinsu don aikin gona, a ƙimar da ta yi daidai da ƙimar yawan jama'a. Ga kowane mutum da aka ƙara wa yawan jama'a, an noma hekta ɗaya zuwa biyu na ƙasa. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1920 lokacin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya daidaita duk da ci gaban da ake samu na yawan jama'a. Yayin da gonar da aka yi watsi da ita ta koma daji, yawan gandun daji ya karu daga 1952, ya kai kololuwa a 1963 na 3,080,000 square kilometres (760,000,000 acres) . Tun daga 1963 aka sami raguwar gandun daji a kai a kai ban da wasu nasarori daga 1997.
Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean
gyara sasheTarihin mafi yawan ƙasashen Amurka ta Tsakiya ya haɗa da hawan dazuzzuka da sake sare bishiyoyi. Zuwa karni na goma sha biyar, aikin gona mai karfi na Mayan ya rage gandun daji sosai. Kafin Turawa su isa, gandun daji sun rufe murabba'in kilomita 500,000 - kusan kashi 90% na yankin. Daga ƙarshe, tilasta "tattalin arzikin kuɗi na Turai akan Latin Amurka" ya haifar da buƙatar fitar da samfuran firamare, wanda ya gabatar da buƙatar yawan wuraren aikin gona da aka share don samar da waɗannan samfuran. [16] Tun daga shekarun 1960, kiwon shanu ya zama babban dalilin share fili. Shanun ciyawar da ciyawar ciyawa ta tsakiyar Amurka ta samar (sabanin shanun da ake kiwon hatsi a wani wuri) ya dace da gidajen abinci na Amurka da sauri kuma wannan kasuwa da ake ganin ba ta da tushe ta haifar da abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" wanda ke danganta "mai amfani" salon rayuwa a A/rewacin Amurka tare da sare itatuwa a Amurka ta Tsakiya ". [16]
Haiti
gyara sasheKudancin Amurka
gyara sasheDajin Rain Amazon
gyara sasheBrazil
gyara sashe
Babu wata yarjejeniya kan abin da ke haifar da sare itatuwa a Brazil, kodayake akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa fadada filayen amfanin gona da wuraren kiwo suna da mahimmanci. Ƙara farashin kayayyaki na iya ƙara yawan sare itatuwa. [17] Haɓaka sabon nau'in waken soya na baya -bayan nan ya haifar da ƙaura daga wuraren kiwon shanu da gonaki na wasu albarkatun gona, waɗanda, daga baya, suka yi nisa zuwa cikin dajin. Wasu yankunan kamar Ruwa na Guguwar Atlantika sun ragu zuwa kashi 7% na girman su na asali. Kodayake an yi aikin kiyayewa da yawa, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko wuraren ajiya ana aiwatar da su yadda yakamata. Wasu 80% na shiga cikin Amazon ba bisa doka ba ne .
A cikin 2008, gwamnatin Brazil ta ba da sanarwar adadin yawan sare itatuwa a cikin Amazon. Yawan sare itatuwa ya yi tsalle da kashi 69% a 2008 idan aka kwatanta da watanni goma sha biyu na 2007, bisa ga bayanan gwamnati na hukuma. Gandun daji na iya gogewa ko lalata kusan kashi 60% na gandu n dajin Amazon nan da 2030, a cewar rahoton 2007 daga WWF . [18]
Chile
gyara sasheDuk da ra'ayoyin zamani na hamadar Atacama kamar babu cikakken ciyayi a zamanin jahiliyya da lokacin mulkin mallaka babban yanki mai filaye da aka sani da Pampa del Tamarugal ya kasance daji, tare da buƙatar itace da ke haɗe da azurfa da hakar gishirin da ke haifar da sare bishiyu. Yayin da Tarapacá har yanzu yana cikin buƙatun itace na Peru ta hanyar sarrafa salpeter ta amfani da hanyar aljanna ya haifar da sare bishiyoyin da yawa a kusa da La Tirana da Canchones da wasu yankuna a kudu na waɗannan yankunan. An fara ƙoƙarin shuka bishiyar a Pampa del Tamarugal acikin 1963 kuma tun daga 1987 an kiyaye wuraren da aka sake shuka a cikin Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve . [19]
Colombiya
gyara sashePeru
gyara sasheOceania
gyara sasheSakamakon mulkin mallaka na baya -bayan nan, Ostiraliya tana da yawan sare itatuwa, musamman saboda sharewa don amfanin gona. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan[yaushe?] yawancin sharewa ya faru a Tasmania da Queensland. [20] A cikin 2007, ana tsammanin raguwar farashin zai kasance tare da aiwatar da sabbin dokoki. A shekara ta 1998, ana tunanin sare itatuwa shine ke da alhakin kusan kashi 12% na yawan iskar carbon da ke gurɓata.
Wani ƙarin abin da ke haifar da asarar gandun daji a halin yanzu shine faɗaɗa birane . Littoral Rainforest girma tare jihar bakin teku wuraren gabashin Australia yanzu rare saboda kintinkiri ci gaba don saukar da bukatar da seachange rayuwa.
Ana ci gaba da samun adadi mai yawa a Ostiraliya duk da barnar da aka yi a lokacin bazara na baz ara a cikin 2019-2020.
New Zealand
gyara sasheA cikin shekaru 800 na mamayar ɗan adam na New Zealand 75% na gandun daji sun ɓace. Da farko ta hanyar ƙonewa ne ta turawan Ingila amma ragowar dazuzzukan sun kasance sun yi amfani da katako don yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 2000 an dakatar da duk guntayen itatuwa na asali a filayen jama'a Ana sarrafa shiga cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa tare da tsarin izini kuma tare da Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu.
Papua New Guinea
gyara sashePapua New Guinea (PNG) tana daya daga cikin gandun daji mafi girma a duniya. Shiga ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana cikin mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2007, wanda aka kiyasta kamar 70-90% na duk fitar da katako.
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa
- Jerin batutuwan muhalli
- Rage hayaki daga gandun daji da lalata daji (REDD)
- Majalisar Bincike da Ilimi ta Indiya
Kara karantawa
gyara sasheHanyoyin waje
gyara sasheManazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Al Gore: Our Choice, A plan to solve the climate crises, Bloomsbury 2009, Chapter 9 Forests 170-195; pages 174, 192, 184, 186, 192, 172
- ↑ Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa, The Independent, June 11, 2008
- ↑ Africa's deforestation twice world rate, says atlas, Reuters, June 10, 2008
- ↑ Agyei, Yvonne. Deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Technology Forum, Volume 8, Number 1. Retrieved on May 31, 2009.
- ↑ These deforesting activities have been amply documented by numerous authors (Accion contra el Hambre, 1999; Biswas & Tortajada-Quiroz, 1996; Fuelwood Crisis Consortium, 1994; Henquin & Blondel, 1996; Lodhi et al., 1998; Blondel, 1997; Leusch, 1995; and Languy, 1995).
- ↑ Sucoff, E. (2003). "Deforestation". Environmental Encyclopedia. pp. 358-359. Detroit: Gale.
- ↑ Mccann, J.C. (1999). Green land, Brown land, Black land: An environmental history of Africa 1800-1990. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- ↑ Maddox, G.H. (2006). Sub-Saharan Africa: An environmental history. Santabarbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Parry, J. (2003).
- ↑ Haileselassie, A. Ethiopia's struggle over land reform. World press Review 51.4 (April 2004):32(2). Expanded Academic ASAP
- ↑ Saving the Wildlife of Madagascar, TIME, September 25, 2008
- ↑ "China is black hole of Asia's deforestation", Asia News, March 24, 2016
- ↑ SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate, BBC News
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfrommers - ↑ Global Forest Watch Canada 2000. Canada's Forests At A Crossroads — An Assessment in the Year 2000
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Myers, Norman, and Richard Tucker. "Deforestation in Central America: Spanish Legacy and North American Consumers." Environmental Review 11, no. 1 (1987): 55-71.
- ↑ Amazon rainforest threatened by new wave of oil and gas exploration, guardian.co.uk, August 13, 2008
- ↑ "More than half of Amazon will be lost by 2030, report warns", guardian.co.uk, December 6, 2007
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCastro2020 - ↑ [1] Australian Greenhouse Office 2000, Land Clearing: A Social History, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.