Wikipedia

'Yancin Dan Adam a Birni

Birnin Human Rights City birni ne da ke aiki da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Akwai wasu ma'anoni na birnin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ake da su waɗanda suka fi ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma suna kallon birnin na haƙƙin ɗan adam ta wani ƙusurwa. Wani ya ce City Rights City birni ne da ke magana a kai a kai ga Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da sauran ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da/ko a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu. Wata ma'anar ita ce birnin kare haƙƙin bil'adama 'birni ne wanda aka tsara bisa ka'idoji da ƙa'idojin ƴancin ɗan adam'. Wannan ma'anar zamantakewa tana jaddada birnin 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin tsari wanda wakilai daban-daban suna ba da gudummawar zuwa mataki daban-daban: daga masu fafutuka, masana da malamai zuwa ƙungiyoyin duniya, gwamnatocin jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi da jami'ai. Har ila yau, wannan ma'anar ba ta cancanci haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin kasa da kasa ba, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa wasu lokuta garuruwa suna bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sharuɗɗan nasu ta hanyoyin da ba su da wani tsari na yau da kullun ko kuma nan da nan a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma suna iya tsammanin rabon su daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da haɗawa cikin su. dokokin kasa da kasa. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ma'anar ta fi ɗaukar mafi kyawun hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda biranen ke hulɗa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma shiga cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ba kawai a matsayin masu karɓa ba har ma da wakilan haƙƙin ɗan adam.

A cikin 2015, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta amince da rahoton A/HRC/30/49 "Gudunwar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam". A cikin hoton, Patrick Braouezec ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin UCLG game da Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam.

Masu sharhi sun lura da karuwar adadin irin waɗannan biranen tun 2000. [1] [2] [3] Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ba koyaushe suke bayyana kansu a matsayin haka ba amma galibi ana kiransu garuruwan Hakkokin Dan Adam bisa la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A faɗin gaskiya, garuruwan kare hakkin ɗan adam sun fito a ƙarshen 1990s daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma ƙungiyoyin gundumomi. Suna nuna ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi don inganta mutunta ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin ƙaramar hukuma ko al'umma. Saboda mayar da hankalinsu kan yanayin gida, Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam suna jaddada haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu yayin da suke shafar rayuwar mazauna garuruwa da sauran al'ummomi da kuma damar su na more yancin ɗan adam na farar hula da na siyasa . Har ila yau, ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam yana haɗe da wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda aka taso a matakin gida, kamar Haƙƙin Birni . [4]

Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana birnin Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a matsayin “Wanda mazaunansa da hukumomin gida, ta hanyar koyo game da dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun (wanda kwamitin gudanarwa), ya shiga cikin ci gaba da koyo, tattaunawa, nazari na tsari da tunani mai zurfi a matakin al'umma, don bin tsarin musayar ra'ayi da kuma tsara tsarin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, farar hula da al'adu." [5] An bayyana biranen 'yancin ɗan adam a 2011 World Human Rights Cities Forum of Gwangju ( Koriya ta Kudu ) a matsayin "dukkan jama'ar gari da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin mahallin gida inda 'yancin ɗan adam ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mahimman dabi'u da jagoranci. ka'idoji." [6] Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama a cikin Birni [7] da Tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni [8] kuma sun ba da tsarin da ya dace don ayyuka daban-daban da suka jagoranci birane daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya.

Tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama

gyara sashe

Shirin City Rights City sakamako ne na dogon lokaci na ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙungiyoyin jama'a don kare da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka yana wakiltar wani bangare na gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Ana kuma iya ganin hakan a sakamakon karuwar matakan raba kan al'umma da 'yancin cin gashin kai na gida a fadin duniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da yunkurin siyasa a tsakanin kananan hukumomi.

Asalin: Daga Haƙƙin Birni zuwa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyan Haƙƙin Dan Adam

gyara sashe

Shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani ya girma kai tsaye daga tsarawa da farko game da da'awar haƙƙin a cikin birane. Yaɗuwar yanayin matsalolin birane da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun da rayuwar mutane ya haifar da irin martani iri ɗaya a wurare a duniya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar lokaci guda tare da haɓaka da'awar sanannen ' yancin birni . " [9] A cewar David Harvey, " don kiran haƙƙin birni yana nufin 'da'awar wani nau'i na ikon tsara tsarin tafiyar da birane, a kan hanyoyin da aka yi da kuma sake gina garuruwanmu da kuma yin haka a cikin mahimmanci kuma hanyar radical."

Ra'ayoyin da ke ƙarfafa wannan motsi sun fara bayyana a cikin 1970s, tare da rinjaye da yawa daga littafin Henri Lefebvre na 1968, Le Droit à la ville . Yunkurin ya fadada kuma ya sami ci gaba a duniya tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. [10] Yaɗuwar rikice-rikicen kuɗi na duniya, daɗaɗɗen birane, da lalacewar muhalli sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yawan biranen duniya waɗanda ke magana dalla-dalla ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu.

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta People's Movement for Human Rights Learning (PDHRE) ce ta kaddamar da shirin da aka yi wa lakabi da "Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam", wanda a da aka fi sani da shekaru goma na jama'a don Ilimin 'Yancin Dan Adam, a sakamakon taron 1993 na duniya kan 'yancin dan Adam a Vienna, Austria. . Yunkurin yana da nufin tara mutane a cikin al'ummomi don "biyan tattaunawa a tsakanin al'umma da kaddamar da ayyuka don inganta rayuwa da tsaro na mata, maza da yara bisa ka'idoji da ka'idoji na 'yancin ɗan adam." Wannan hanya ta bambanta da hanyar gargajiya ta yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma amfani da shi saboda ba da fifiko ga shaharar ilimi, haɗa kai, da al'adu a matsayin abin da ya dace da aiwatar da gwamnati.

Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam sun girma a wani bangare saboda yunƙurin da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar UN Habitat ke yi na haɗa tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen birni. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, biranen duniya suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya na birane, da suka haɗa da rashin gidaje masu araha, cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma rashin isassun hidimomin jama'a . Biranen sun kalli taron kasa da kasa kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsugunan Dan Adam da Kungiyoyin Birane da Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi [11] don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin. Shulamith Koenig, [12] wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam (PDHRE), ya yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da masu shirya 'yancin ɗan adam a wasu garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka keɓe, ciki har da Rosario Argentina, wanda ya zama birni na farko na 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya. a cikin 1997 [13] da Birnin Washington, DC na farko da ke tushen Amurka [14]

Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam Haɗin Kan Duniya

gyara sashe
 
Birnin Gwangju ya kasance majagaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin biranen kare hakkin bil'adama a Koriya ta Kudu da Asiya, kuma tun a shekarar 2011 ne aka shirya taron dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.

1998 zai yi tsammanin samun ci gaba ga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam duka ta fuskar ƙarfafa hukumomi da kuma isar da sako na duniya.

A matakin Turai, babban taron birnin Barcelona na kare hakkin bil adama ya tara hukumomin kananan hukumomi fiye da 400 tare da yin kira da a kara tabbatar da siyasa a matsayin masu taka rawa wajen kare hakkin dan Adam. [15] Wannan tsari zai ƙare bayan shekaru 2 a birnin Saint Denis na Faransa ta hanyar amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni (2000).

A lokaci guda kuma, motsi na biranen kare hakkin bil'adama yana ci gaba da karuwa a Asiya, yayin da kungiyoyin fararen hula na yanki ke shirin kaddamar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Asiya [16] ( Gwangju, 1998). Dukkan yarjejeniyoyin biyu za su ba da haske game da rawar da 'yan wasan gida ke takawa wajen inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa dimokraɗiyya na cikin gida da kuma matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan duniya.

Bayan kafuwar Rosario a matsayin birni na farko na Haƙƙin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1997, wasu ƙananan hukumomi a Kudancin Amirka sun rungumi tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata ta hanyar ba da fifiko na musamman kan alakar ta tare da ra'ayin ' yancin birnin . A shekara ta 2001, mutum-mutumi na birnin Brazil ya ba da wani sabon tsari don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ayyukan zamantakewa na birni a matakin ƙasa. [17] Birnin Mexico kuma yana daga cikin majagaba wajen bunkasa ra'ayin biranen 'yancin ɗan adam: a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ta inganta Yarjejeniya ta Birnin Mexico don Haƙƙin Birni, [18] ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin sa ido kan 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin gida ya amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki musamman bisa tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam. Har ila yau, birnin Bogotá ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da aiwatar da manufar Bogotá Humana (2013-2016) wanda ya ɗauki wani muhimmin mahimmanci game da hakkin mutane marasa gida, mata da tsofaffi. [19]

A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, misalai da dama a duniya sun nuna zurfafa kan tunani da kuma abubuwan da biranen kare hakkin bil'adama ke yi. A Koriya ta Kudu, Gwangju ya fara aikin kafa tsarin kula da hakkin ɗan adam (2009) [20] wanda birane kamar Seoul (2012) [21] da Busan suka bi da sauri. Gwangju ya kuma kasance babban mai shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya wanda ya tara daruruwan garuruwan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk shekara. [22] A duk faɗin Turai, birane irin su Barcelona, Madrid, Graz ko Utrecht sun kafa hanyoyin tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lura da alhakinsu ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Misalai na musamman game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan ƙananan hukumomi kamar shirin "City of Rights" na Barcelona (2016) [23] ko Madrid's "Strategic Plan for Human Rights Cities" (2017). [24]

Garuruwan kare hakkin Dan Adam a Arewacin Amurka

gyara sashe

A Arewacin Amurka, Montreal ta kasance majagaba na yanki tare da kafa Yarjejeniya ta Hakki da Hakki na Montreal na gida (2006). [25] San Francisco ta aiwatar da manufofin fassara da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin gida na gida kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata tun 1998. [26] Masu shirya haƙƙin ɗan adam a Amurka duk da haka sun fuskanci ƙalubale na musamman saboda rawar da Amurka take takawa a duniya da kuma rashin amincewa da yawancin manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Koyaya, a cikin 2000s, ƙarin masu fafutuka na Amurka suna aiki don wayar da kan duniya game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka, gami da wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, take haƙƙin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki, da haƙƙin yara . A cikin 2014 mazauna Detroit waɗanda suka rasa samun ruwa mai tsafta sun kawo ƙararsu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta aika da Wakilin Musamman [27] zuwa birnin kuma ta ba da sanarwar yin Allah wadai da ayyukan da suka hana mazauna ' yancin samun ruwa . [28] Wannan fitowar da wasu sun ƙarfafa ƙarin biranen Amurka, gami da Baltimore Maryland, Mountain View California, [29] Columbia South Carolina, don yin la'akari da ƙirar birni na haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Atlanta's Human Rights City Initiatives

A Atlanta, masu fafutuka da kungiyoyi na gida na Georgia sun yi kira ga birnin da ya ayyana kansa a hukumance a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. A cikin Afrilu 2019, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gudanar da wani taro a Atlanta mai da hankali kan adalcin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, da batutuwan ƙaura da motsin ɗan adam. Sama da mahalarta 50 daga Atlanta da sauran sassa na ƙasar sun tattauna dabarun tushen tsarin yancin ɗan adam da yadda za su zama birni na kare hakkin ɗan adam a garuruwansu daban-daban. Taron na 2019 ya kuma ƙaddamar da "Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Cities Project" wanda ke ba da kayan aiki don taimakawa birane su shiga cikin tattaunawa game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na gida. Wannan yunƙurin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ƙasar Amurka, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin al'umma da masu ba da shawara a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan hanyar sadarwar tana ba da taimako da albarkatu ga sauran gundumomi masu burin samun matsayin Garuruwan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da bin ƙa'idodin City Rights . Aikin yana da nufin ba da gudummawa ga "rahoton inuwa" na ƙasa don tsarin bita na lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UPR) wanda ke nazarin tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka.

Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida (NGOs) a Atlanta kamar Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kudancin sun ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyaren aikata laifuka ta hanyar yunkurin majalisa da kuma adawa da shirye-shirye kamar shirin horar da 'yan sanda na " Cop City " a Atlanta. Matakan adalci na tattalin arziki kamar Shirin Tsaro na Gida don magance korar jama'a yayin bala'in A cikin Disamba 2022, Majalisar Birnin Atlanta ta zartar da wani kuduri na ayyana Atlanta a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" tare da yin kira ga manufofi don kare hakkin dan adam ( 22-R-4708 ). Duk da haka, masu suka da masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa har yanzu birnin ya gaza a fannoni kamar rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, aikin 'yan sanda na nuna wariya, da kuma kare 'yancin walwala ga al'ummomin da aka ware ko da bayan kudurin hukuma. Ci gaba, masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kudancin sun jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, samar da isassun kudade don shirye-shirye, yunƙurin samar da mafi girman lissafin 'yan sanda da sa ido, da ba da fifiko ga samun dama da juriya a cikin tsare-tsaren birane da kayayyakin more rayuwa. [30]

Dayton Human Rights City Movement

Dayton, Ohio ta yi fama da ƙalubalen rashin adalci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da aikata laifuka. A cikin birnin Dayton, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai suna Uniting Dayton for Human Rights ta fara a cikin 2022. Ƙungiyar Uniting Dayton don Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam sune Mary Tyler shugabar Mary E. Tyler Consulting, LLC. da kuma tsohon babban darektan taron kasa don Al'umma & Adalci Greater Dayton tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Hulɗa da Jama'a da Jami'ar Dayton Human Rights Center. Makasudin wannan yunkuri shi ne ya zama birni na kare hakkin bil'adama na hukuma wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya, ta hanyar amincewa da kiyaye haƙƙoƙi na asali ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Dayton.

Birane da dokokin duniya

gyara sashe

Duk dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa sun dogara ne a cikin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, wadda aka amince da ita a cikin 1948. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zayyana yancin ɗan adam waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba waɗanda ke da kariya ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata, aji, yanayin jima'i, addini, ko wani abu na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin UDHR ba su da alaƙa da doka, amma an san su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada, kuma suna ba da izinin haɓaka yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu ɗaure, waɗanda ƙasashe za su zaɓi su rattaba hannu da tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin sa ido, duk da haka, tana ba gwamnatocin ƙasa dama kuma suna iyakance rawar da jami'an gida ke takawa, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu wajen aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukan yau da kullun na aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sau da yawa yana kan wuyan hukumomi na gida da na yanki. Su ma wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun daure su. Hukumomin gida da na yanki galibi suna da alhakin ayyukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, samar da ruwa, muhalli, aikin sanda da kuma, a yawancin lokuta, haraji. [31] [32]

Yadda birane ke aiwatar da manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta daga birni zuwa birni. Wannan yana ba kowane birni damar haɓaka tsarin da ya keɓanta da ƙarfinsa, buƙatunsa, matsalolinsa, da damuwarsa. “Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam” da aka keɓe a hukumance suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar jagoranci da ta ƙunshi masu fafutukar al'umma, mazauna, da jami'an jama'a (ko waɗanda aka nada) suna aiki tare. [33] Wasu garuruwa na iya ɗaukar yaren haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙa'idodi ba tare da ɗaukar sunan City Rights City a hukumance ba. Misali, Barcelona babbar birni ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai, kuma ta ƙirƙiri Ofishin Ban Wariya don aiwatar da manufar nuna wariyar launin fata ta EU a cikin iyakokinta a zaman wani ɓangare na zama birni na yancin ɗan adam. [33]

San Francisco wani irin misalin ne, tun lokacin da 1998 ta amince da dokar birni [34] tana nuna ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Kawar da duk wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata . Misalin San Francisco ya taimaka wajen tsara aikin da masu fafutuka suka shirya wani kamfen na "Cities for CEDAW" [35] don shawo kan biranen Amurka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar CEDAW duk da gazawar gwamnatin kasa don amincewa da yarjejeniyar.

Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam akan "rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin bil'adama"

gyara sashe

A cikin shekaru da suka gabata, an tantance ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama ta hanyar kudurori da maganganun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ko Majalisar Turai . Wani ci gaba a wannan fanni shi ne amincewa da Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara A/HRC/30/49 kan "Gudunwar da Kananan Hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin dan Adam". Rahoton ya yi la'akari da nauyin da ke wuyan kananan hukumomi bisa dokokin kasa da kasa na kare hakkin bil'adama, amma mafi mahimmanci, ya jaddada damar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka bayar wajen inganta da kare hakkin bil'adama saboda alaka ta kut da kut da bukatu da buri na mazauna birnin. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar kananan hukumomi wajen tsara dabarun kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa, ya kuma yi kira da su tabbatar da ikon da ake bukata da albarkatun kudi domin kananan hukumomi su sami damar yin aiki da hakkin dan adam. An tsara shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyuka na shirye-shiryen kananan hukumomi daban-daban da kuma inganta sadarwar yanar gizo a matsayin hanyar da za ta ciyar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da wasu misalai da ayyuka mafi kyau irin su dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya na Gwangju ko Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam. a cikin Garin. Rahoton na 2015 ya samu gagarumin bibiyar mazabar Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa da na kananan hukumomi da ke aiki don ci gaban kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama. A matsayinsa na wakilin duniya na kananan hukumomi da na yanki, kwamitin UCLG kan Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam misali ya gabatar da bayanai daban-daban ga Majalisar tare da raba shawarwarin Rahoton a tsakanin mazabar ta. [36] A cikin 2016, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta amince da wani kuduri (A/HRC/RES/33/8) "Gane da rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam" da kuma "ba da kusanci ga mutane da kasancewa a ciyawa. -matakin tushen, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan kananan hukumomi shi ne samar da ayyuka na jama'a wadanda suka dace da bukatun gida da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su dangane da tabbatar da hakkin dan adam a matakin kananan hukumomi". [37] A shekara ta 2017, wannan Majalisar ta shirya taron tattaunawa kan Rahoton da kuma ci gaban da aka samu na aiwatar da shi. [38]

Haɗin gwiwar ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam

gyara sashe
 
A cikin 2017 ne birnin Madrid ya gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na biranen kare hakkin dan adam da hakkin mallakar birnin

Ayyukan masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da masu tsara manufofi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya taimaka wajen yada ra'ayoyi game da yadda gwamnatocin birni zasu inganta aiwatar da hakkin dan adam. A shekara ta 2004, UNESCO ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya [39] don taimakawa shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi musayar ra'ayi da inganta manufofin yaki da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki da kuma wariya . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Turai (ECCAR) [40] ta girma daga wannan ƙoƙarin, kuma a yanzu tana da fiye da gundumomi 104 a cikin membobinta kuma ta ɗauki tsarin aiki mai maki goma. [41]

A cikin 2005, Kwamitin UCLG akan Haɗin Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam [42] an ƙirƙira shi a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar mafi girma da wakilin duniya na ƙananan hukumomi: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Hukumomi . Kwamitin yana wakilta da sauƙaƙe musayar tsakanin hukumomin gida na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan ajanda kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ( Birnin Mexico City da Gwangju misali biyu daga cikin kujerun sa a cikin 2018). A matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na fiye da shekaru 10 na aiki don inganta ra'ayi da kuma amincewa da biranen 'yancin ɗan adam, kwamitin ya kasance mai kula da bin tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin birni kuma ya ƙirƙira da haɓakawa. Ajandar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da shawarwarin siyasa mai karfi a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don amincewa da kananan hukumomi a matsayin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam, tare da shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya duk shekara.

Wani misali mai dacewa dangane da ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ajandar biranen haƙƙin ɗan adam shine abin da ake kira "cibiyoyin bincike-aiki". A wannan yanayin, cibiyar bincike na gida gabaɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen zaburar da ƙananan hukumomi don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙananan hukumomi. [43] Misalai masu dacewa game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan Turai [44] [45] [46] da Arewacin Amurka . Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi dacewa kan yadda cibiyar bincike ta gida za ta iya haɓakawa da kuma zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a cikin inganta tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama shine Cibiyar Raoul Wallenberg . Ko da yake tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Lund tun 1984, duk da haka, wayar da kan Cibiyar ta wuce matakin gida ko ma na ƙasa, saboda a yanzu tana aiwatar da ayyuka a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. [47]

Garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na yanzu

gyara sashe

Garuruwa masu zuwa an sanya su a matsayin Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam:

Afirka

gyara sashe
  • Wales, Ghana
  • Korogocho, Kenya
  • Ta, Senegal
  • Timbuktu, Mali
  • Musha, Rwanda
  • Mogale, Afirka ta Kudu

Asiya

gyara sashe

Turai

gyara sashe

Amirka ta Arewa

gyara sashe

Kudancin Amurka

gyara sashe

Duba kuma

gyara sashe

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Grigolo, Michele (2011). "Incorporating Cities into the Eu Anti-Discrimination Policy: Between Race Discrimination and Migrant Rights". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 34 (10): 1751–69. doi:10.1080/01419870.2010.538422. S2CID 143622759.
  2. ↑ "Towards a Decentralization of Human Rights: The Rise of Human Rights Cities" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  3. ↑ "About this Work Area | CISDP". uclg-cisdp.org. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  4. ↑ "About this Work Area | CISDP". uclg-cisdp.org. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  5. ↑ "Human Rights Learning and Human Rights Cities. Achievements Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  6. ↑ "2011 World Human Rights Cities Forum" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  7. ↑ UCLG-CSIPDHR. "European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City" (PDF).
  8. ↑ UCLG-CSIPDHR (2011). "Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City" (PDF).
  9. ↑ name=":1">Meyer, Margit (2009). "The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements". City. 13 (2–3): 362–74. Bibcode:2009City...13..362M. doi:10.1080/13604810902982755. S2CID 73628732.
  10. ↑ Meyer, Margit (2009). "The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements". City. 13 (2–3): 362–74. Bibcode:2009City...13..362M. doi:10.1080/13604810902982755. S2CID 73628732.Meyer, Margit (2009). "The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements". City. 13 (2–3): 362–74. Bibcode:2009City...13..362M. doi:10.1080/13604810902982755. S2CID 73628732.
  11. ↑ "Statement by WACLAC at the International Conference on Financing for Development; Monterrey, Mexico; 18 March 2002". www.un.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  12. ↑ "Shulamith Koenig". www.pdhre.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  13. ↑ "PDHRE: Human Rights Communities". pdhre.org. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  15. ↑ "European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City". UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "Asia Human Rights Charter" (PDF). Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  17. ↑ "The City Statute of Brazil: A Commentary | Cities Alliance". www.citiesalliance.org (in Turanci). 2011-08-09. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  18. ↑ "Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City" (PDF). UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights.
  19. ↑ "The Rights Approach through the "Bogotá Humana" Development Plan | CISDP". www.uclg-cisdp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 세계인권도시포럼. "세계인권도시포럼". www.whrcf.org (in Harshen Koreya). Retrieved 2018-06-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "In Seoul, a municipal government division works to mainstream the rights approach in local public action | CISDP". www.uclg-cisdp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ "World Human Rights Cities Forum (WHRCF) of Gwangju, South Korea | CISDP". www.uclg-cisdp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  23. ↑ "Mesura de govern "Barcelona Ciutat de Drets"" (PDF). City Council of Barcelona.
  24. ↑ "Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos de Madrid" (PDF). City Council of Madrid.
  25. ↑ "Montreal City Charter of Rights and Responsibilities" (PDF). City of Monreal.
  26. ↑ "Implementing the UN convention on women's rights locally | CISDP". www.uclg-cisdp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  27. ↑ "Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  28. ↑ Graham, David A. (22 October 2014). "Detroit and the Evaporating Right to Running Water". The Atlantic (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  29. ↑ Noack, Mark (20 July 2015). "Dispute over human rights measure in Mountain View". www.mv-voice.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  30. ↑ The Southern Center for Human Rights. "Southern Center for Human Rights Resources". Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  31. ↑ Meyer, Margit (2009). "The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements". City. 13 (2–3): 362–74. Bibcode:2009City...13..362M. doi:10.1080/13604810902982755. S2CID 73628732.
  32. ↑ Mayer, Margit. 2012. "The 'Right to the City' in Urban Social Movements." pp. 63–85 in Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City, edited by N. Brenner, P. Marcuse and M. Mayer. New York: Routledge.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Karen, Dolan (March 2009). "Human Rights City Toolkit". Institute for Policy Studies. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
  34. ↑ "Cities for CEDAW | Department on the Status of Women". sfgov.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  35. ↑ "Cities for CEDAW". citiesforcedaw.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  36. ↑ "United Nations Agenda on Local Governments and Human Rights: From Recognition to Partnership". www.uclg-cisdp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  37. ↑ "OHCHR - Session 33: Resolutions, decisions and President's statements". www.ohchr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  38. ↑ "OHCHR - HRC: Panel discussion on role of local government, 4 September 2017". www.ohchr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  39. ↑ "International Coalition of Cities against Racism | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  40. ↑ "ECCAR". ECCAR. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  41. ↑ "10 Points Action Plan". ECCAR (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  42. ↑ "CISDP | CISDP". www.uclg-cisdp.org. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  43. ↑ "Human rights cities: Motivations, mechanisms and implications" (PDF). Kennis voor Krachtige Steden (KKS).
  44. ↑ "York: Human Rights City - York Human Rights City". York Human Rights City (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  45. ↑ "Lund Can Become Sweden's First Human Rights City". rwi.lu.se (in Turanci). 8 September 2016. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  46. ↑ "ETC Graz: Human Rights City of Graz". www.etc-graz.at. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  47. ↑ "Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights". rwi.lu.se (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  48. ↑ "Declaration of Bandung Human Rights City". fihrrst.org. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  49. ↑ "Leitbild der Stadt Nürnberg" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  50. ↑ "Willkommen in Graz!". Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  51. ↑ "Barcelona Ciutat de Drets" (PDF). City Council of Barcelona.
  52. ↑ "Barcelona, ciutat de drets | Drets de Ciutadania i Diversitat | Ajuntament de Barcelona". ajuntament.barcelona.cat (in Kataloniyanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  53. ↑ "Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid - Ayuntamiento de Madrid". www.madrid.es (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  54. ↑ "Un Plan de Derechos Humanos a través de un proceso de consulta y participación - Ayuntamiento de Madrid". www.madrid.es (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  55. ↑ "Promoció dels Drets Humans - Ajuntament de Terrassa". www.terrassa.cat (in Kataloniyanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  56. ↑ "Vienna as a Human Rights City". City Council of Vienna.
  57. ↑ "Local Human Rights in Utrecht". humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be (in Holanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  58. ↑ "Lund Becomes Sweden's First Human Rights City". Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  59. ↑ "Boston: Human Rights City". Spare Change News (in Turanci). 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  60. ↑ "City of Edina". Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  61. ↑ "WHILE TECH LEADERS MEET WITH TRUMP, CITY COUNCIL APPROVES HUMAN RIGHTS CITY RESOLUTION IN SILICON VALLEY" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  62. ↑ "City of Pittsburgh Human Rights Proclamation". American Friends Service Committee (in Turanci). 2011-03-18. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  63. ↑ "Richmond becomes 'Human Rights City'". Richmond Confidential (in Turanci). 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  64. ↑ "Home". Seattle Weekly (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  65. ↑ "Montevideo reaffirms its commitment to turn the Right to the City into a guiding principle of its urban agenda | CISDP". www.uclg-cisdp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Yancin_Dan_Adam_a_Birni&oldid=459197"