Wariyar launin fata
Wariyar launin fata ita ce imani cewa ƙungiyoyin mutane suna da halaye daban-daban waɗanda suka dace da halayen gado kuma ana iya raba su bisa fifikon wata kabila akan wani. [1] Hakanan yana iya nufin nuna kyama, wariya, ko gaba da wasu mutane suke yi saboda suna da wata wariyar launin fata ko ƙabilanci dabam.[2] Bambance-bambancen zamani na wariyar launin fata galibi suna dogara ne a cikin fahimtar zamantakewa game da bambance-bambancen halittu tsakanin mutane. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin na iya ɗaukar nau'i na ayyuka na zamantakewa, ayyuka ko imani, ko tsarin siyasa wanda jinsi daban-daban ke matsayi a matsayin mafi girma ko ƙasa da juna, bisa ga halaye, iyawa, ko halaye waɗanda ake zato. [3][4] An yi yunƙurin halatta gaskatawar wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kimiyya, irin su wariyar launin fata na kimiyya, wanda aka nuna cewa ba su da tushe. Dangane da tsarin siyasa (misali wariyar launin fata) da ke goyan bayan nuna son kai ko kyama cikin ayyuka ko dokoki na wariyar launin fata, akidar wariyar launin fata na iya haɗawa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa kamar son zuciya, kyamar baki, bangaranci, wariya, matsayi na mukami, da fifiko.
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| Iri |
political ideology (en)  aiki type of crime (en) |
|---|---|
| Yana haddasa |
racial discrimination (en) racial segregation in the United States (en) apartheid (en) racial segregation (en) supremacism (en) |
| Has part(s) (en) | |
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aversive racism (en) other (en) symbolic racism (en) implicit stereotypes (en) institutional racism (en) color blindness (en) cultural racism (en) scientific racism (en) | |
Yayin da ake ɗaukar ra'ayoyin wariya da kabilanci a matsayin dabam a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na zamani, sharuɗɗan biyu suna da dogon tarihi na daidaito a cikin mashahurin amfani da tsofaffin adabin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Ana amfani da "wariya" sau da yawa a ma'anar kusa da wanda aka danganta da "kabila" a al'adance, rarrabuwar ƙungiyoyin ɗan adam bisa halayen da ake ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ko na asali ga ƙungiyar (misali zuri'a ɗaya ko ɗabi'a ɗaya). Ana amfani da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci sau da yawa don bayyana wariya ta kabilanci ko al'ada, ba tare da la'akari da waɗannan bambance-bambancen a matsayin launin fata ba. A cewar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, babu bambanci tsakanin kalmomin "wariya" da "kabilanci". Ya kara da cewa fifiko kan bambancin launin fata karya ce a kimiyance, abin la'anta ta dabi'a, rashin adalci a cikin al'umma, kuma yana da hadari. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma bayyana cewa babu wata hujjar nuna wariyar launin fata, a ko'ina, a ka'ida ko a aikace.[5]
Wariyar launin fata wani ra'ayi ne na zamani, wanda ya taso a zamanin Turai na mulkin mallaka, ci gaban jari-hujja na gaba, kuma musamman cinikin bayi na Atlantic, wanda ya kasance babban motsa jiki. [6] Har ila yau, wani babban karfi ne bayan wariyar launin fata a Amurka a cikin karni na 19 da farkon 20th, da kuma mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ; Wariyar launin fata na ƙarni na 19 da na 20 a cikin al'adun Yamma an yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kuma ya zama batun tunani a cikin nazari da jawabai game da wariyar launin fata. Wariyar launin fata ta taka rawa wajen kisan kare dangi irinsu Holocaust, kisan kiyashin Armeniya, kisan kiyashin Rwanda, kisan kiyashin da Sabiyawan suka yi a kasar Crotia, da kuma ayyukan mulkin mallaka da suka hada da turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka, Afirka, Asiya, da dai sauransu. canja wurin yawan jama'a a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ciki har da fitar da 'yan tsiraru na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun kasance—kuma suna—yawanci cikin halin wariyar launin fata.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDennis - ↑ Dennis, R. M. (2004). "Racism". In Kuper, A.; Kuper, J. (eds.). The Social Science Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-35969-1. Racism [is] the idea that there is a direct correspondence between a group's values, behavior and attitudes, and its physical features ... Racism is also a relatively new idea: its birth can be traced to the European colonization of much of the world, the rise and development of European capitalism, and the development of the European and US slave trade.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedGhani - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNewman p405 - ↑ Newman, David M. (2012). Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-4129-8729-5. Racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
- ↑ Fredrickson, George M. 1988. The arrogance of race: historical perspectives on slavery, racism, and social inequality. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press