Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ( Larabci: زين العابدين بن علي </link> ; 3 Satumba 1936 - 19 Satumba 2019), wanda aka fi sani da Ben Ali ( Larabci: بن علي </link> ) ko Ezzine ( Larabci: الزين </link> ), ɗan siyasan Tunisiya ne wanda ya zama shugaban Tunisiya na 2 daga 1987 zuwa 2011. A wannan shekarar ne a lokacin juyin juya halin Tunusiya ya gudu zuwa Saudiyya.
An nada Ben Ali Firayim Minista a watan Oktoba 1987. Ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kasar ne a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1987 a wani juyin mulki wanda ya hambarar da shugaba Habib Bourguiba ta hanyar bayyana shi a matsayin wanda bai iya ba. An sake zabar Ben Ali da ɗimbin rinjaye, a duk lokacin da ya zarce kashi 90% na ƙuri'un; sake zabensa na karshe yana zuwa ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2009. Ben Ali shi ne shugaban da ya tsira daga juyin mulkin Larabawa ; Hosni Mubarak na Masar ya rasu a watan Fabrairun 2020.
A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, bayan wata zanga-zangar adawa da mulkinsa, ya gudu zuwa Saudiyya tare da matarsa Leila Ben Ali da 'ya'yansu uku. Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta rikon kwarya ta bukaci Interpol da ta bayar da sammacin kama shi na kasa da kasa, tana tuhumar sa da laifin safarar kudade da safarar muggan kwayoyi . Wata kotu a Tunisiya ta yanke wa Ben Ali da matarsa hukuncin daurin shekaru 35 a gidan yari a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2011 bisa zargin sata da kuma mallakar kudade da kayan adon ba bisa ka'ida ba, wadanda aka shirya yin gwanjo. A watan Yunin 2012, wata kotu a Tunusiya ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a gidan yari saboda tada tarzoma da kisan kai da kuma wani hukuncin daurin rai da rai da wata kotun soji ta yi a watan Afrilun 2013 saboda murkushe zanga-zangar da aka yi a Sfax . Bai yi ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen ba, daga baya ya mutu a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019 yana da shekaru 83 bayan kusan shekaru goma yana gudun hijira.
Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aikin soja
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An haifi Ben Ali a cikin 1936 zuwa iyaye masu matsakaicin kuɗi a matsayin na huɗu na yara goma sha ɗaya a cikin iyali. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gadi a tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sousse .
Ben Ali ya shiga fafatawa da sojojin Faransa yan mulkin mallaka kuma aka daure shi. [1] Korar da aka yi masa daga makarantar sakandare ne ya sa bai kammala karatunsa na sakandare ba. Ya yi karatu a Sousse Technical Institute amma ya kasa samun takardar shedar sana'a kuma ya shiga sabuwar rundunar sojojin Tunisiya a shekarar 1958. [2] Duk da haka, bayan da aka zaba a matsayin an ba shi horo a Faransa a École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr a Coëtquidan da School of Applied Artillery a Châlons-sur-Marne, kuma a cikin United Jihohi a Babban Makarantar Leken Asiri a Maryland da Makarantar Makarantun Fagen Fagen Jirgin Sama a Texas . Ya kuma yi difloma a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga wata jami'a ta gida. Ya koma Tunisiya a shekara ta 1964, ya fara aikin soja na ƙwararru a wannan shekarar a matsayin jami'in ma'aikatan Tunisiya. A lokacin da yake aikin soja, ya kafa ma’aikatar tsaron soji kuma ya jagoranci ayyukanta na tsawon shekaru 10. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin hadimin soja a ofishin jakadancin Tunisiya na Morocco da Spain kafin a nada shi babban darektan tsaron kasa a shekarar 1977.
A cikin Afrilu 1980, Ben Ali an nada shi jakadan Poland, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru hudu. [3] Ya kuma rike mukamin babban hafsan leken asiri na soji daga 1964 zuwa 1974 sannan ya rike babban darakta na tsaron kasa tsakanin watan Disamba 1977 zuwa 1980 har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi ministan tsaro. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tarzomar burodin Tunisiya a watan Janairun 1984, an sake nada shi babban darekta na tsaron ƙasa. Daga baya Ben Ali ya zama karamin minista mai kula da harkokin cikin gida kafin a nada shi ministan cikin gida a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1986 sannan shugaba Habib Bourguiba ya zama firaminista a watan Oktoba 1987.
Tashi shugaban kasa
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A safiyar ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1987, likitocin da ke halartar shugaba Bourguiba sun gabatar da rahoton likita a hukumance inda suka bayyana cewa ba shi da lafiya kuma ya kasa cika aikin shugaban kasa. Ben Ali, wanda ke kan kujerar shugaban kasa, ya cire Bourguiba daga mukaminsa, ya kuma karbi shugabancin da kansa. [4] An yi bikin ranar hawansa karagar mulki kowace shekara a kasar Tunisia a matsayin ranar sabon zamani. Biyu daga cikin sunayen da aka ba wa Ben Ali hawan kujerar shugabancin kasar sun hada da "juyin mulki na likitanci" da "juyin juya halin Tunisiya". Ben Ali ya fifita na karshen. [5] Daukar Ben Ali a matsayin shugaban kasa ya yi daidai da sashi na 57 na kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya. Kasar ta fuskanci hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da kashi 10%, bashin waje ya kai kashi 46% na GDP da kuma adadin hidimar bashi na kashi 21% na GDP.
A cikin 1999, Fulvio Martini, tsohon shugaban hukumar leken asirin sojan Italiya SISMI, ya bayyana wa kwamitin majalisar cewa "daga 1985 zuwa 1987, mun shirya wani nau'in golpe [6] a Tunisiya, inda muka sanya shugaba Ben Ali a matsayin shugaban kasa, ya maye gurbin Burghiba. (harshen Italiyanci na sunan) wanda ya so ya gudu". Bourguiba, duk da cewa wata alama ce ta adawa da mulkin mallaka, amma ana ganin ba zai iya jagorantar kasarsa ba, kuma martanin da ya yi game da karuwar rikon addinin Musulunci da Martini ya yi yana kallonsa "mai matukar kuzari"; Barazanar da Bourguiba ya yi na zartar da hukuncin kisa na iya haifar da mummunan martani a cikin kasashe makwabta. A karkashin umarnin Firayim Ministan Italiya Bettino Craxi da Ministan Harkokin Waje Giulio Andreotti, Martini ya yi ikirarin cewa sun kulla yarjejeniyar da ta kai ga mika mulki cikin lumana.
A cewar Martini, SISMI ba ta da rawar aiki wajen hawan Ben Ali karagar mulki, amma ta shirya wani yunkuri na tallafa wa sabuwar gwamnatinsa ta fuskar siyasa da tattalin arziki, tare da hana Tunisiya fada a fili da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kamar yadda ya faru a Aljeriya a cikin haka. shekaru.
Shugaban kasa (1987-2011)
gyara sasheSiyasa
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Alan Cowell, fitaccen dan jaridar New York Times, ya yi imani da alkawuran farko da Ben Ali ya yi na tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya fiye da yadda aka yi a karkashin Bourguiba. Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko da ya hau kan karagar mulki shi ne ya sassauta takunkumin da aka yi wa manema labarai; a karon farko jaridun da ke karkashin ikon gwamnati sun buga bayanai daga 'yan adawa. [4] Ben Ali ya kuma saki wasu fursunonin siyasa tare da yi musu afuwa. A cikin 1988, ya canza sunan jam'iyyar Destourian Socialist Party mai mulki zuwa Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), sannan ya tura ta hanyar gyaran kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya iyakance shugaban kasa zuwa shekaru uku na shekaru biyar, ba tare da fiye da biyu ba a jere.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDostor - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBiography39445 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bourguiba Described in Tunis The New York Times, 9 November 1987
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedjasmin87_ayari_geisser - ↑ Golpe: a military coup or putsch.