Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit ( née Swarup Nehru ; An haife ta 18 ga Agusta 1900 - Ta mutu a 1 ga Disamba 1990) ƴar gwagwarmayar ƴancin Indiya ce, jami'ar diflomasiyya kuma ƴar siyasa. Ta kasance shugabar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 8 daga 1953 zuwa 1954, mace ta farko da aka naɗa kan wannan muƙamin. Ta kasance Gwamna na 3 na Maharashtra daga 1962 zuwa 1964. An lura da ta shiga cikin motsin 'yancin kai na Indiya, an daure ta a kurkuku sau da yawa a lokacin motsi.
Wanda ya fito daga fitaccen dangin siyasar Nehru-Gandhi, dan uwanta Jawaharlal Nehru shine Firayim Minista na farko na Indiya mai cin gashin kansa, yayanta Indira Gandhi ita ce Firayim Minista mace ta farko a Indiya kuma kakanta Rajiv Gandhi shi ne Firayim Minista na shida kuma ƙarami. Indiya. An tura ta zuwa Landan a matsayin babbar jami'ar diflomasiyya a Indiya bayan ta zama wakiliyar Indiya a Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Lokacinta a London yana ba da haske game da faffadan yanayin canje-canje a dangantakar Indiya da Burtaniya . [1]
Rayuwar farko
gyara sasheMahaifin Vijaya Lakshmi (an haife shi Swarup) , Motilal Nehru (1861 – 1931), hamshakin lauya ne wanda ke cikin al'ummar Kashmiri Pandit, [2] ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin Indiya a lokacin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai . Mahaifiyarta, Swaruprani Sosu (1868-1938), wanda ya fito daga sanannen dangin Kashmiri Pandit ya zauna a Lahore, [3] ita ce matar Motilal ta biyu, ta farko da ta mutu a lokacin haihuwa. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara uku; Jawaharlal tana da shekara goma sha ɗaya (b. 1889), yayin da ƙaninta Krishna Hutheesing (b. 1907-1967) ta zama fitacciyar marubuci kuma ta rubuta littattafai da yawa akan ɗan'uwansu.
Sana'a
gyara sashe
Ta halarci zaman majalisa na 1916 wanda ya faru a Lucknow. Sarojini Naidu da Annie Besant sun burge ta.
A cikin 1920, ta yi lokaci a ashram na Mahatma Gandhi kusa da Ahmedabad . Ta shiga ayyukan yau da kullun da suka haɗa da aikin kiwo da kaɗa. Ta kuma yi aiki a ofishin da ke buga Young India .
Pandit ita ce macen Indiya ta farko da ta rike mukamin minista a Indiya kafin samun 'yancin kai. A 1936, ta tsaya a babban zaɓe kuma ta zama memba na majalisa a 1937 don mazabar Cawnpore Bilhaur. A shekara ta 1937, an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta larduna ta United kuma aka nada ta ministar kananan hukumomi da lafiyar jama'a. Ta rike mukamin na karshe har zuwa 1938 da kuma daga 1946 zuwa 1947.
Ta shafe lokaci mai yawa a gidan yari saboda shigarta cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya. An daure ta tsawon watanni 18 daga 1931-1933. An sake daure ta na tsawon watanni 6 a shekarar 1940 kafin a daure ta a shekarar 1942 na tsawon watanni 7 saboda shiga cikin kungiyar Quit India Movement . Bayan da aka sake ta, ta taimaka wa wadanda bala'in yunwa na Bengal ya shafa a 1943 kuma ta zama shugabar Kwamitin Asusun Save the Children wanda ya ceci yara matalauta daga tituna. [4]
Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekara ta 1944, ta fuskanci dokokin gado na Indiya ga matan Hindu da mazansu suka mutu, kuma ta yi kamfen tare da Babban taron Mata na Indiya don kawo canje-canje ga waɗannan dokoki.
A cikin 1946, an zabe ta zuwa Majalisar Zartarwa daga Lardunan United. [5]
Bayan Indiya ta sami 'yancin kai daga mulkin Birtaniya a 1947 ta shiga aikin diflomasiyya kuma ta zama jakadiyar Indiya a Tarayyar Soviet daga 1947 zuwa 1949, Amurka da Mexico daga 1949 zuwa 1951, Ireland daga 1955 zuwa 1961 (a lokacin kuma ta kasance Babban Kwamishinan Indiya a Burtaniya), [6] da Spain daga 1956 zuwa 1961. [7] A tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1968, ta jagoranci tawagar Indiya zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 1953, ta zama mace ta farko Shugabar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [8] (an shigar da ita a matsayin memba na girmamawa na Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority a 1978 don wannan cikar [9] ). A wannan shekarar ta kasance 'yar takarar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .
Hon. Membobi Shrimati Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit ta yi murabus daga kujerarta a majalisar tare da aiki daga 17 Disamba 1954.
A Indiya, ta yi Gwamna a Maharashtra daga 1962 zuwa 1964. Ta dawo a matsayin 'yar majalisa daga 1964 zuwa 1968 tare da nasarar zabenta a Phulpur . Pandit ya kasance babban mai sukar shekarun Indira Gandhi a matsayin Firayim Minista musamman bayan Indira ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a 1975.
Pandit ya yi ritaya daga harkokin siyasa bayan da dangantaka ta yi tsami a tsakaninsu. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, ta ƙaura zuwa Dehradun a cikin kwarin Doon a cikin tsaunin Himalayan. [10] Ta fito daga ritaya a cikin 1977 don yaƙi da Indira Gandhi kuma ta taimaka wa Jam'iyyar Janata ta lashe zaben 1977. [11] An ruwaito cewa ta yi tunanin tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar, amma a karshe Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe zaben ba tare da hamayya ba. [12]
A cikin 1979, an nada ta wakiliyar Indiya a Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, bayan haka ta yi ritaya daga rayuwar jama'a. Rubuce-rubucenta sun haɗa da Juyin Halitta na Indiya (1958) da Matsakaicin Farin Ciki: Memoir na sirri (1979).
Rayuwa ta sirri
gyara sasheA cikin 1921, ta auri Ranjit Sitaram Pandit (1921–1944), babban barrister daga Kathiawar, Gujarat kuma masani na gargajiya wanda ya fassara tarihin almara Kalhana Rajatarangini zuwa Turanci daga Sanskrit . Mijinta wani Maharashtrian Saraswat Brahmin ne, wanda danginsa sun fito daga ƙauyen Bambuli, a bakin tekun Ratnagiri, a Maharashtra. An kama shi saboda goyon bayansa na samun 'yancin kai na Indiya kuma ya mutu a kurkukun Lucknow a 1944, ya bar matarsa da 'ya'yansu mata uku Chandralekha Mehta, Nayantara Sehgal da Rita Dar.
Ta rasu a shekara ta 1990. Ta rasu ta bar ‘ya’yanta mata, Chandralekha da Nayantara Sahgal .
Malamai
gyara sashe
Ta kasance mamba a majalisar zartarwa ta Jami'ar Muslim Aligarh . [13]
Ta kasance ƙwararren ɗan'uwa na Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, inda 'yar yayarta ta karanta Tarihin Zamani. Hoton ta na Edward Halliday yana rataye a cikin Laburaren Kwalejin Somerville . [14]
Nassoshi
gyara sasheHanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashe- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Mme. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
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- ↑ Rakesh Ankit, "Between Vanity and Sensitiveness: Indo–British Relations During Vijayalakshmi Pandit’s High-Commissioner (1954–61)." Contemporary British History 30.1 (2016): 20–39.
- ↑ Moraes 2008.
- ↑ Zakaria, Rafiq A Study of Nehru, Times of India Press, 1960, p. 22
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedhelen - ↑ Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi (1979).
- ↑ O'Malley, Kate (2011). "Ireland and India: Post-independence Diplomacy". Irish Studies in International Affairs. Royal Irish Academy. 22: 152–153. doi:10.1353/isia.2011.0004. JSTOR 41413198. Retrieved 12 September 2022 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Oxford Dictionaries, online. "Vijay Lakshmi Pandit". Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ↑ "Alpha Kappa Alpha 1978". Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ↑ Indira Gandhi's Aunt Says She Is 'Profoundly Troubled' at Direction India Is Taking, NY Times, 31 October 1976
- ↑ Sister Burnishes Nehru's Image, Lest India Forget, NY Times, 22 May 1989
- ↑ Nehru's Sister Campaigning for Presidency of India, NY Times,
- ↑ Batori (10 December 2015). "Nayantara Sahgal delivers 6th K P Singh Memorial Lecture". Batori. Batori.in. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ↑ "Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit". Equality and Diversity Unit, University of Oxford. 11 September 2022.