Wikipedia

Plunketts Creek (Loyalsock Creek tributary)

Plunketts Creek kusan kilomita 6.2 ne mai tsawon kilomita 10 na Loyalsock Creek a cikin yankunan Pennsylvania" inoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming da Sullivan a cikin jihar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. ƙauyuka biyu da ba a haɗa shi ba da suna kan rafin, kuma ruwan da ke kewaye da shi yana da murabba'in kilomita 23.6 (61 ) a sassa na garuruwa biyar. Kogin wani bangare ne na kwandon ruwa na Chesapeake Bay ta hanyar Loyalsock Creek da West Branch Susquehanna da Susquehana Rivers.

Plunketts Creek
Plunketts Creek looking upstream, just north of the mouth in Plunketts Creek Township
Map of Plunketts Creek showing named tributaries and settlements along the creek
Page Module:Location map/styles.css has no content.
Plunketts Creek (Loyalsock Creek tributary) is located in Pennsylvania
Plunketts Creek (Loyalsock Creek tributary)
Location of the mouth of Plunketts Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Location
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
Counties Lycoming, Sullivan
Physical characteristics
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
Source Loyalsock State Forest
 • location Near Hillsgrove, Hillsgrove Township, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
 • coordinates Page Module:Coordinates/styles.css has no content.41°26′41″N 76°44′48″W / 41.44472°N 76.74667°W / 41.44472; -76.74667
 • elevation 1,440 ft (440 m)
Mouth Loyalsock Creek
 • location
 Barbours, Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
 • coordinates
 Page Module:Coordinates/styles.css has no content.41°23′55″N 76°47′45″W / 41.39861°N 76.79583°W / 41.39861; -76.79583[1]
 • elevation
 725 ft (221 m)[1]
Length 6.2 mi (10.0 km)[2]
Basin size 23.6 sq mi (61 km2)

Sunan Plunketts Creek ya fito ne daga mai mallakar ƙasar na farko ciki har da baki rafin, kuma rafin ya ba da sunansa ga garuruwa biyu (ko da yake ɗayan ya canza sunansa). Kogin yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma sannan kuma kudu ta hanyar Allegheny Plateau, ta hanyar dutse daga lokacin Mississippi da lokacin Devonian. Yawancin kwarin Plunketts Creek ya ƙunshi nau'o'in ajiya daban-daban, galibi alluvium.

Kodayake ruwan Plunketts Creek ya kasance a bayyane kuma gida ne ga Ginin fata, sawmills, da ma'adinin kwal a cikin karni na sha tara, a yau yana da itatuwa sosai kuma an san shi da ingancin ruwa, kamun kifi, da sauran damar nishaɗi. Rashin ruwa yanzu ya haɗa da sassa na gandun daji na Jihar Loyalsock, Pennsylvania State Game Lands, da kuma Gidan Gida na Jihar don kiwon pheasant. Yawon shakatawa, farauta, da kamun kifi sun daɗe suna da mahimmanci a yankin, kuma yawan mutanen Plunketts Creek Township na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da na Lycoming ko Sullivan County.

Sunan

gyara sashe

An sanya sunan Plunketts Creek ne ga Colonel William Plunkett, likita, wanda shine Alƙali shugaban farko na Northumberland County bayan an Kanal shi a 1772. A lokacin rikice-rikice tare da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya kula da mazauna da suka ji rauni kuma ya yi yaƙi da' yan asalin. Plunkett ya jagoranci balaguron Pennsylvania a cikin Pennamite-Yankee War don tilasta cire mazauna daga Connecticut, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin kuma suka zauna a ƙasashen da Pennsylvania ta yi. Don ayyukansa, an ba Plunkett yankuna shida na ƙasa wanda ya kai kadada 1,978 (8.00 a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1776, kodayake ba a bincika ƙasar ba har sai Satumba 1783. Ƙasar Plunkett ta haɗa da baki rafin, don haka an ba Plunketts Creek sunansa.

A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, Plunkett bai goyi bayan juyin juya hali ba kuma saboda haka ana zarginsa da jin tausayi ga Daular Burtaniya. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1791, yana da shekaru kimanin 100, kuma an binne shi a Northumberland, ba tare da alamar kabari ko abin tunawa ba (sai dai kogin da ke ɗauke da sunansa). An kafa yankin Lycoming daga yankin Northumberland a cikin shekara ta 1795. Lokacin da aka kafa Garin Plunketts Creek a cikin Lycoming County a cikin 1838, sunan asali da aka gabatar shine "Plunkett Township" amma zargin da ke ci gaba da nuna tausayi na Burtaniya ya haifar da kin amincewa da wannan sunan. Sunayen garin don rafin ya kasance mai karɓa.

Garin Plunketts Creek da farko ya fi girma fiye da yadda yake yanzu, kuma an kafa wasu garuruwa biyu daga sassa. Lokacin da aka kafa Sullivan County daga Lycoming County a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1847, an raba garin Plunketts Creek tsakanin yankuna, kowannensu yana da garin mai suna iri ɗaya. Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice kuma a cikin 1856 'yan ƙasa na Sullivan County sun yi kira ga majalisar dokoki ta jihar da ta canza sunan garin Plunketts Creek zuwa Hillsgrove_Township,_Pennsylvania" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hillsgrove Township, Pennsylvania">Garin Hillsgrove, don Hillsgrove، babban ƙauyen da ofishin gidan waya a cikin garin. A cikin 1866, an kafa Garin Cascade daga wasu sassan Hepburn da Plunketts Creek Townships a cikin Lycoming County.

A cewar Meginness (1892), Colonel Plunkett a zahiri ya rubuta sunansa na karshe "Plunket", amma an kafa rubutun yanzu "ta hanyar al'ada da kotuna". Ya zuwa 2018, ita ce kawai rafi da ake kira "Plunketts Creek" a hukumance a kan taswirar USGS na Amurka da kuma a cikin USGS Geographic Names Information System.[1] (Akwai "Plunkett Creek" a Tennessee wanda ke da "Pluntetts Creek" a matsayin sunan bambancin hukuma). [3] apostrophe mai mallaka ba wani ɓangare ne na sunan hukuma na rafin ba, kodayake rubuce-rubuce daga karni na 19 sau da yawa suna rubuta shi a matsayin "Plunkett's Creek".[4] Babu sunan 'yan asalin Amurka da aka sani don Plunketts Creek.[5] Koguna biyu a cikin ruwa sun ba da sunayensu ga hanyoyi a cikin garin Plunketts Creek: Engle Run Drive da Mock Run Road.

Hanyar da ake ciki

gyara sashe

tushe Plunketts Creek yana da 1440 ft (439 m) sama da matakin teku, arewa maso yammacin ƙauyen Hillsgrove da ba a haɗa shi ba kuma kawai kudu da gandun daji na Jihar Loyalsock a Hillsgrove Township, Sullivan County . [6]   Tushen tafki ne da ke arewacin Pennsylvania Route 4010 (hanya tsakanin ƙauyukan Proctor da Hillsgrove) da Plunketts Creek sun haye hanya sau biyu, sannan ya sami masu ba da suna a bankin dama yayin da yake gudana gabaɗaya kudu maso yammacin kusan kilomita 1.5 (2.4) zuwa layin Lycoming County.  

 
haɗuwa Plunketts Creek (a gaba) tare da mafi girma Loyalsock Creek a ƙauyen Barbours.

Kogin ya ci gaba da kudu maso yamma yayin da ya shiga garin Plunketts Creek kuma ya karbi Reibsan Run a 2" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:left bank">gefen hagu, kilomita 4.70 (7.56 km2) daga sama daga bakin.   Daga bisani ya karbi Mock Creek a ƙauyen Hoppestown (4.24 miles (6.82 km) daga bakin), sannan Wolf Run (2.72 miles (4.38 km) daga baki), duka biyu a bakin dama.     A ƙauyen Proctor, Plunketts Creek ya karɓi King Run (1.66 miles (2.67 km)) a bakin dama, sannan ya juya kudu zuwa Loyalsock Creek.   Yana gudana ta hanyar Gidan Wasanni na Arewacin Pennsylvania, sannan yana karɓar mai ba da suna a cikin Coal Mine Hollow a bakin dama da Dry Run a bakin hagu (0.82 miles (1.32 km) da 0.17 miles (0.27 km), bi da bi.     Daga ƙarshe ya shiga ƙauyen Barbours, inda bakinsa yake a gefen dama na Loyalsock Creek a ƙafa 725 (221 m).[1][7]  

Lycoming County yana da kimanin mil 130 (209 km) arewa maso yammacin Philadelphia da mil 165 (266 km) gabashin arewa maso gabashin Pittsburgh.     Kodayake Plunketts Creek yana da tsawon kilomita 6.2 (10.0 km), [8] nesa kai tsaye tsakanin tushe da baki shine kawai mil 4.1 (6.6 km). [9]     Daga bakin Plunketts Creek yana da mil 19.50 (31.38 km2) tare da Loyalsock Creek zuwa haɗuwa da West Branch Susquehanna River a Montoursville . [7]   Tsayin da ke maɓuɓɓugar yana da ƙafa 1440 (439 m), yayin da bakin yake da tsawo na ƙafa 725 (221 m).     Bambanci a tsawo, 715 feet (218 m), raba ta tsawon rafin na 6.2 miles (10.0 km) yana ba da matsakaicin saukowa a tsawo a kowane ɗayan tsawon rafin ko rabo na taimako na 115.3 feet / mile (21.8 m / km).       Don kwatanta, rabo na taimako na Wallis Run (ƙasa ta gaba zuwa kudu maso yamma) shine 110.9 feet / mile (21.0 m / km), yayin da Loyalsock Creek kawai 28.0 feet / mile (5.33 m / km).     

Ambaliyar ruwa

gyara sashe
 
Rugujewar bankin rafi da rushewar ƙasa a arewacin Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 2, daga ambaliyar Satumba 2011

Plunketts Creek na iya bambanta sosai a zurfin, dangane da lokacin da ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan. Matsayinta na ruwa yawanci shine mafi girma (watakila 3 feet (1 m) zurfi) a cikin bazara ko na 'yan kwanaki bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙarshen lokacin rani, lokacin da zai iya raguwa zuwa ruwa.   Duk da yake babu ma'aunin rafi a kan Plunketts Creek, ana iya samun ƙididdigar matakin ruwa na rafi daga ma'auni na rafi a gadar Loyalsock Creek a Barbours, kawai a ƙasa da bakin. Gundumar Lycoming tana aiki da wannan ma'auni a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gargadi na ambaliyar ruwa na gundumar. Yana auna tsawo na ruwa ne kawai (ba fitarwa ba), kuma ya auna tsaunin ma'auni na 34 feet (10 m) a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2011. [10]

Ambaliyar Satumba 2011 ta haifar da ragowar Tropical Storm Lee, wanda ya zubar da ruwan sama a ƙauyen Shunk da ke kusa da shi a cikin Fox Township a cikin Sullivan County (kawai arewacin asalin rafin). [11] Ambaliyar 2011 ta haifar da lalacewa mai yawa a cikin Proctor da Barbours kuma ta lalata karamin gadar dutse a kan Wallis Run Road a Proctor a kan King Run, mai ba da gudummawa ga Plunketts Creek. Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Barbours ya zama "cibiyar agaji ta gaggawa da ke ba da abinci, mafaka da kayan aiki ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa". Ci gaba da raguwa a kan Loyalsock, ambaliyar ta lalata tarihin Hillsgrove Covered Bridge, ta wanke sassan Pennsylvania Route 87 tare da rafin, kuma ta lalata Pennsylvania Route 973 da Lycoming Valley Railroad gadoji a kan rafin kusa da kuma a Montoursville.

Ruwan da ya gabata ya kai 24.9 feet (7.6 m) a kan ma'aunin ambaliyar Loyalsock a Barbours a ranar 19-20, 1996. Wannan babban ambaliyar ruwa ta samo asali ne daga ruwan sama mai yawa, dusar ƙanƙara, da madatsar ruwan kankara, wanda ya haifar da miliyoyin daloli na lalacewa a duk yankin Lycoming, da mutuwar mutum shida a Lycoming Creek a ciki da kusa da Williamsport.[12] A kan Plunketts Creek, ambaliyar ta lalace sosai kuma daga baya ta haifar da rushewar Plunketts River Bridge No. 3, gadar dutse ta tsakiyar karni na 19 da aka jera a cikin National Register of Historic Places . [13] Ruwan ambaliyar ya kasance mai zurfi 4 feet (1.2 m) a Barbours kuma an kira shi "ambaliyar da ta fi muni a tarihi" a ƙauyen a lokacin.  

Ilimin ƙasa

gyara sashe
 
Taswirar taimako na ruwa na Plunketts Creek a cikin Allegheny Plateau da aka rarraba

Plunketts Creek yana cikin gefen kudancin Allegheny Plateau, kusa da Allegheny Front . Dutsen da ke ƙasa shine sandstone da shale, galibi daga lokacin Mississippi, tare da dutse daga zamanin Devonian a arewacin ruwa.[14][15] Yankin arewacin tafkin Plunketts Creek ya samo asali ne daga Burnetts Ridge da Popple Ridge. Plunketts Creek yana gudana a gefen arewacin Camp Mountain kuma, a kan juyawa kudu a Proctor, yana samar da rata ta ruwa tsakanin shi da Cove Mountain (zuwa yamma).

Rashin ruwa ba shi da man fetur ko filayen iskar gas na al'ada.[16] Koyaya, babban tushen iskar gas shine Marcellus shale, wanda ke da nisan mil 1.5 zuwa 2.0 (2.4 zuwa 3.2 km) a ƙasa da farfajiya a nan kuma ya shimfiɗa daga New York ta hanyar Pennsylvania zuwa Ohio da West Virginia.   Kimanin jimlar iskar gas a cikin baƙar fata daga zamanin Devonian ya kasance daga 168 zuwa 516 tiriliyan cubic feet (4.76 zuwa 14.6 tiriliyan m3), tare da akalla kashi 10 cikin dari da aka dauka a matsayin mai dawowa.[17][18]  

Taswirar "Rarraba Coals na Pennsylvania ta Ofishin Topographic da Geologic ba ta nuna wani babban ajiyar kwal a cikin ruwa na Plunketts Creek ba, kuma ajiya ɗaya ne kawai a kusa da shi a cikin ruwa ya Loyalsock Creek (a kudancin Plunketts Creak Township). [19] Koyaya, Meginness (1892) yana nufin ma'adinan kwal a cikin garin Plunketts Creek, kuma akwai wani ba a san shi ba na Plunketts River a cikin "Coal Mine Hollow" a bakin dama tsakanin Dry Run da King Run, don haka yana da alama ƙaramin ma'adinin kwal da ke aiki a can a baya.[20]

Yawancin kwarin Plunketts Creek (da waɗanda ke cikin yankunanta) sun ƙunshi ajiyar glacial daban-daban. Kusa da bakin, akwai manyan ajiyar alluvium, da kuma fan alluvial da alluvial terraces. Yawancin ajiyar glacial suna da alaƙa da glaciation na Wisconsin, tare da raguwa da har zuwa, da kuma outwash yanzu. Alluvium yana da "10 feet (3 m) ko mafi kauri a cikin ƙananan ƙauyen Plunketts Creek", amma kawai "6 feet (2 m) kauri a kwarin da ke gaba".     An bayyana outwash a matsayin "yashi da yashi wanda ke samar da ragowar terrace tare da gefen Loyalsock Creek da kwarin Plunketts Creek".[21]

Rashin ruwa

gyara sashe
 
Dukkanin Plunketts Creek (a nan kusa da maɓuɓɓugar a Hoppestown) "kyakkyawan kifi ne na ruwan sanyi".

Rashin ruwa na Plunketts Creek yana zubar da sassa na Cascade, McNett, da Plunketts Creek a cikin Lycoming County, da Fox da Hillsgrove Townships a cikin Sullivan County (tare da mafi yawan ruwa a cikin Plunketts creek Township). Yankin tafkin ruwa yana da murabba'in kilomita .6 (61 , wanda ya kai kashi 4.78% na murabba'i kilomita 494 (1,280 km2) Loyalsock Creek watershed.[7] Bear Creek, wanda bakinsa yake cikin ƙauyen Barbours amma a gefen (hagu) bankin, shine mafi kusa da babban kogi a 0.52 miles (0.84 km) ƙasa, kamar yadda aka auna tare da Loyalsock Creek.    (An kuma san shi da "Big Bear Creek" saboda shi ne ruwa ruwa ruwa a saman "Little Bear Creek".) Babban ruwa makwabta a kan wannan bankin shine Wallis Run (9.56 miles (15.39 km) a ƙasa) da Mill Creek (a ƙauyen Hillsgrove, 9.16 miles (14.74 km) a sama). [7]     Pleasant Stream, mai ba da gudummawa ga Lycoming Creek, shine ruwa mai ruwa zuwa arewa.[2]

Wadanda aka ba da suna tare suna da kashi 70.6% na ruwan Plunketts Creek. Mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa shine Wolf Run, tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 7.39 (19.1 , wanda ya kai kashi 31.3% na jimlar. Rashin ruwa na Wolf Run ya haɗa da reshen Noon (4.2 murabba'in mil (11.03 km2)) da kuma reshen Brian (1.60 murabba'i mil (4.14 km2)).     Babbar hanyar da ta biyo baya ta Plunketts Creek ita ce King Run tare da murabba'in kilomita 5.56 (14.4 ko 23.6% na ruwa. Kogin King Run ya hada da Engle Run, tare da murabba'in mil .90 (7.5 . Na uku mafi girma shi ne Dry Run tare da murabba'in mil 1.79 (4.6 ko 7.6%, sannan kuma ba a san sunansa ba a Coal Mine Hollow tare da murabus mil 1.08 (2.8 km2) ko 4.6%. Duk sauran masu ba da gudummawa suna ƙasa da murabba'in mil 1.00 (.6 kuma suna da ƙididdigar ƙasa da 5% na kwandon ruwa ɗai-ɗai.[7] Plunketts Creek ba shi da ƙungiyar ruwa ta kansa, amma yana daga cikin babbar ƙungiyar Loyalsock Creek Watershed Association.[22]

Ingancin ruwa

gyara sashe

Kashe gandun daji a karni na 19 ya shafi yanayin muhalli na ruwa na Plunketts Creek da ingancin ruwa.[23] Masana'antu masu gurɓata a kan rafin da masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da ma'adinin kwal da tannery (waɗanda suka daɗe sun tashi). [24] A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1897, maza uku da ke aiki tare da fata a gidan fata na Proctor sun kamu da anthrax, biyu sun mutu. Sauran mutuwar hudu da aka zargi da cutar huhu an yi zargin cewa saboda anthrax na huhu ne, kuma wasu shanu suna shan giya daga Plunketts Creek daga cikin tannery suma sun kamu da cutar.[25] A ƙarshen shekara ta 1959, har yanzu ana iya ganin tarin laka daga gidan fata a cikin Proctor, amma ba a dame shi ba saboda tsoron ƙwayoyin anthrax. Ba a bayar da rahoton zubar da ma'adinai a cikin ruwa ba.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 1984, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara don ruwan Loyalsock Creek (wanda Plunketts Creek yake wani ɓangare na) ya kasance 42 zuwa 48 inci (1067 zuwa 1219 mm).   Pennsylvania tana karɓar mafi yawan ruwan sama na acid na kowane jiha a Amurka. Saboda Plunketts Creek yana cikin yankin dutse da dutse, yana da ƙarancin damar kawar da ƙara acid. Wannan ya sa ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da karuwar acid daga ruwan sama mai zafi, wanda ke haifar da barazana ga lafiyar tsire-tsire da dabbobi a cikin rafin.[26] jimlar alkalinity (TA) ma'auni ne na ƙarfin ruwa don kawar da acid, tare da TA mafi girma wanda ya dace da ƙarfin da ya fi girma. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an san TA na yankuna biyu: Engle Run, mai nisan kilomita 4.9 na King Run, yana da TA na 5, kuma reshen Noon, mai nusan kilomita 3.1 na Wolf Run, yana leken TA na 9.[27]  

Rahoton Ma'aikatar Karewa da albarkatun kasa ta Pennsylvania (DCNR) na 2002 game da "Ruwa na Jiha tare da Kariya ta Musamman" ya kimanta Plunketts Creek (daga tushe zuwa baki) da biyu daga cikinsu, Wolf Run da Mock Creek (daga layin gundumar zuwa baki), a matsayin "Kayan Kifi na Ruwa mai sanyi". An kiyasta raƙuman ruwa guda biyu a matsayin raƙuman "Matsayi na Musamman" don kamun kifi: Engle Run da Noon Branch of Wolf Run . [28]

Wasanni

gyara sashe
 
Proctor yana kallon yamma - tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su suna da mashahuri tare da mafarauta da masu tafiya.

Meginness (1892) ya rubuta cewa "Garin Plunkett's Creek, saboda raƙuman tsaunuka masu tsafta, koyaushe wuri ne da aka fi so don kamun kifi. " A cikin 2007, Hukumar Kifi da Jirgin Ruwa ta Pennsylvania ta rarraba duka Engle Run da Noon Branch of Wolf Run a matsayin Class A Wild Trout Waters, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "raƙuman da ke tallafawa yawan mutanen da suka samar da trout na halitta na isasshen girman da wadata don tallafawa dogon lokaci da kuma ba da ake kira kifi". [27] Barbours suna ke kewaye da 'mashi masu cin hanci da farin-ta' yan wasan da 'yan ruwa masu cin hanta' yan wasa da kuma suna neman farin' yan wasan motsa jiki a farkon "[29]

Baya ga kamun kifi, ruwan Plunketts Creek ya ƙunshi yawancin kadada 6,7 (27.20 na Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 134, a cikin yankunan Lycoming da Sullivan.[30] Ana samun mazaunin a can don deer, Ruffed grouse, da turkey na daji. Yin farauta, kamawa, da kamun kifi suna yiwuwa tare da lasisi masu dacewa a duka gandun daji na jihar da kuma Yankin Wasanni na Jiha.[31] Yin sansani, yawo, keken dutse da hawa doki, snowmobiling, tseren kankara, da kallon tsuntsaye duk suna yiwuwa a ƙasashen gandun daji na jihar.[32] Ƙarshen kudancin tsohuwar hanyar da ke da nisan kilomita 27.1, hanyar tafiya, tana gudana ta hanyar ruwa a arewacin Engle da Wolf Runs.[20]  

Tarihi

gyara sashe

Mazauna farko

gyara sashe

Mazauna farko da aka rubuta a kwarin Kogin Susquehanna sune Susquehannocks masu magana da Iroquoian. Sunan su yana nufin "mutane na kogi mai laka" a cikin Algonquian. An kashe su da cututtuka da yaƙi, sun mutu, sun ƙaura, ko kuma an haɗa su da wasu kabilun a farkon karni na 18. Yankunan Yammacin Yammacin Kogin Susquehanna sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Munsee phratry na Lenape (ko Delaware), kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Al'ummai biyar (daga baya shida) na Iroquois.

A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1768, Birtaniya ta sami "Sabon Sayayya" daga Iroquois a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Stanwix, ta buɗe abin da ke yanzu yankunan Lycoming da Sullivan don daidaitawa. Gidajen farko sun kasance a kan ko kusa da Kogin West Branch Susquehanna, kuma, kamar yadda aka lura, Plunkett bai sami ƙasar ba ciki har da rafin har zuwa 1776, kuma ba a bincika shi ba har zuwa 1783. Ba a bayyana ba idan Plunkett ya taɓa zama a ƙasarsa: ya zauna a Northumberland a lokacin mutuwarsa. Wani mazaunin da ake kira Paulhamus shine mazaunin farko da aka rubuta na abin da ya zama garin Plunketts Creek, yana zaune a can "wani lokaci tsakanin 1770 da 1776". An san shi da zama mai fice daga Sojojin Burtaniya kuma ya bar ne kawai lokacin da sojojin Burtaniya suka kama shi.

Itace da fata

gyara sashe
 
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1840 da 1875, ya ɗauki zirga-zirga don fata a Proctor

Kamar duk koguna a cikin Lycoming da Sullivan Counties, Plunketts Creek ya zama yanki ga mazauna don kafa gidaje, ma'adinai, da kuma karami. Barbours, ƙauyen farko a kan rafin, an kafa shi ne a 1832, lokacin da John S. Barbour, wani baƙo na Scotland, ya gina wani katako a gaban bakin Plunketts Creek a kan Loyalsock Creek. Asalin da aka sani da "Barbour's Mills", ƙauyen yana cikin wani yanki mai laushi a cikin ƙanƙanin kwarin Loyalsock kuma yana ƙunshe da bakunan Plunketts da Bear Creeks. Barbours ya zama cibiyar katako wacce ta kasance saboda "kasancewarta ga waɗancan tsaunuka masu gandun daji da koguna da ke gudana daga gare su". John Scaife ya isa a shekara ta 1856 kuma ya zama mai cin gashin kansa da manomi. Iyalinsa sun zama sanannun a Barbours, kuma a cikin 1997, jikansa mai shekaru 86, Virdie Scaife Houser Landon, ta tuna cewa a yarinta "kowane iyali da ke da cents 15 ga sunansu yana da ma'aikata don yankan katako. " [33] A shekara ta 1878 ƙauyen yana da ma-kire da yawa, otal din kwanciyar hankali, ofishinta na gidan waya, masana'antun katako da yawa, makaranta, da kuma mai yin wagon. Barbours sun bunƙasa a duk sauran ƙarni na sha tara.[33]

A cikin 1868, an gina Proctor a matsayin garin kamfanin a tsakiyar katako da ake buƙata don fata (an fara la'akari da Barbours don shafin). Garin na biyu a kan Plunketts Creek an fara kiransa "Proctorville" ga Thomas E. Proctor na Boston, wanda ya samar da fata don takalma a can. William Stone na Standing Stone Township a cikin Bradford County ne ya kawo Proctor zuwa yankin, wanda ya san yankin "babban yanki ne na katako". Kamfanin fata na Proctor ya yi amfani da "dumi da yawa" a albashin tsakanin cents 50 da $ 1.75 a rana, ma'aikatan da ke zaune a gidaje ɗari da ashirin na kamfanoni, kowannensu yana hayar $ 2 a wata.[34] Hemlock bark, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin tanning, an kai shi zuwa gidan tannery daga har zuwa kilomita 8 (13 km) a lokacin rani da hunturu, ta amfani da wagons da sleds.   Fatsunan da aka yi da fata don yin fata sun fito ne daga Amurka, kuma har zuwa nesa kamar Mexico, Argentina, da China. A shekara ta 1892, Proctor yana da shagon aski, ma'aikata biyu, wurin sayar da sigari, zauren I.O.F, shagon fata, wurin sayarwar labarai, ofishin gidan waya (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1885), makarantar ɗakuna biyu, shagunan biyu, da shagon wagon.[4][35] An gama fata kawai ta hanyar doki da aka ja zuwa kudu kimanin kilomita 8 (13 km) zuwa Little Bear Creek, inda aka musayar shi don "ɓoye" fata da sauran kayayyaki da aka kawo arewa daga Montoursville.[35]  

Plunketts Creek ya kasance tushen iko a cikin karni na sha tara kuma "masu amfani da ruwa, masu amfani da ulu, da masu amfani da hatsi sun haɗa da 'Sock da Plunketts da Big Bear Creeks". Kodayake an bar katako na hemlock da farko don ruɓewa bayan an cire gashin su don fata, tare da lokaci an yi amfani da katako, a tsakanin sauran wurare a cikin sawmill a Engle Run arewacin Proctor. A shekara ta 1892 akwai matattarar matattarar ruwa guda biyu a kan Plunketts Creek: daya 0.5 mil (0.8 km) sama da bakin, kuma sauran 4.0 mil (6.4 km) sama le rafin, kusa da Hoppestown.     Tsawon hanyar jirgin kasa ta Susquehanna da Eagles Mere ya haye wani ba a san sunansa ba na Plunketts Creek kusa da asalinsa a cikin Sullivan County a cikin 1906, yana gudana daga ƙauyen Hillsgrove arewa maso yamma zuwa garin katako na Masten a cikin Cascade da McNett Townships a cikin Lycoming County. Kamfanin Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company (CPL) ne ya gina hanyar jirgin kasa a arewacin yankin ruwa a cikin shekarun 1920. Ya haye Engle Run sau biyu kuma ya gudana daidai da Wolf Run, kusa da maɓuɓɓugarsu. Babu sauran hanyoyin jirgin kasa da suka haye ko suka gudana tare da Plunketts Creek.

Ragewa da sabuntawa

gyara sashe
 
Kwarin Plunketts Creek yana kallon kudu maso yamma, tare da wuraren da ke cikin Arewacin Jihar Game Farm. Coal Mine Hollow a Cove Mountain yana hagu.

Girman katako a kan Plunketts Creek ya ƙare lokacin da budurwa itace ta ƙare. A shekara ta 1898, tsohuwar ƙwanƙwasa ta ƙare kuma an rufe gidan fata na Proctor, wanda kamfanin Elk Tanning ya mallaka, kuma an rushe shi. An ci gaba da yin katako a cikin ruwa, amma an kwashe katako na ƙarshe zuwa Plunketts Creek zuwa Loyalsock a cikin 1905. An watsar da hanyar jirgin kasa ta Susquehanna da Eagles Mere a sassan tsakanin 1922 da 1930, yayin da katako da aka gina don sufuri ya ƙare. An watsar da hanyar jirgin kasa ta CPL da Masten sawmills a cikin 1930. Ba tare da katako ba, yawan mutanen Proctor da Barbours sun ragu. Ofishin gidan waya na Barbours ya rufe a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma ofishin gidan waya ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1953. Dukkanin ƙauyuka biyu sun rasa makarantun su da kusan dukkanin kasuwancin su.[34] Proctor ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari a shekara ta 1968, kuma wani labarin jarida na 1970 a kan taron shekara-shekara na talatin da tara na "Proctor Homecoming" ya kira shi "kusan tsohuwar garin fata". [34] A cikin shekarun 1980s, shagon karshe a Barbours ya rufe, kuma tsohon otal ɗin (wanda ya zama kulob din farauta) an rushe shi don buɗe hanyar sabuwar gada a fadin Loyalsock Creek.

Gidajen daji na biyu sun rufe mafi yawan ƙasar da aka yanke. An kafa farkon wuraren da aka kare a yau a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin: Majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izinin sayen ƙasar da aka watsar a cikin 1897, ta haifar da tsarin gandun daji na jihar.[36] Hukumar Wasan ta fara samun dukiya ga Yankin Wasanni na Jiha a cikin 1920, kuma ta kafa Gidan Wasanni ya Arewacin Jiha a Plunketts Creek a cikin 1945 don tayar da turkey na daji. An canza shi zuwa samar da pheasant na Ringneck a cikin 1981, kuma, tun daga shekara ta 2007, yana ɗaya daga cikin gonakin wasanni na jihar Pennsylvania guda huɗu da ke samar da kimanin pheasants 200,000 a kowace shekara don saki a ƙasar da aka buɗe don farautar jama'a.[37] Gidan Gidan Gida na Arewacin Jihar yana cikin kwarin Plunketts Creek a kudancin Proctor, kuma wani ɓangare na shi yana kan gefen dama na Loyalsock Creek a cikin haɗuwa. Gidan wasan Loyalsock State yana da mil 13 (21 km) a kan Loyalsocks Creek, a ƙauyen Loyalsockerville .   Lokacin da gobarar Mayu 2007 ta lalata wani gida mai girma a can kwanaki kadan kafin 18,000 pheasant chicks za su hatch, an tura qwai zuwa kusa da Northcentral State Game Farm ba tare da rage burin samarwa ba.

 
Plunketts Creek yana ratsa ta hanyar Camp Mountain a ƙauyen Proctor: yanayin halittu na rafin ya farfado tun lokacin da tsarin zubar da sharar gida ne, daga 1868 zuwa 1898.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, Proctor yana da kasuwanci daban-daban guda biyu: babban kantin sayar da man fetur da gado da karin kumallo. Cocin da ya kasance yana karbar bakuncin taron shekara-shekara na "Proctor Homecoming" har yanzu yana tsaye, amma an rufe shi. Barbours ba shi da kantin sayar da kayayyaki ko tashar gas, amma yana da coci ɗaya. Barbours gida ne ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Plunketts Creek Township da kuma ginin gari (wanda ke da karamin ɗakin karatu na reshe). Tun daga shekara ta 1967, Barbours ya kasance gida ga Pneu-Dart, wanda ke yin darts da bindigogi don dabbobi da kuma kama da kuma kula da namun daji. A cikin 1997, Pneu-Dart yana da ma'aikata takwas.[33][38] A yau yawancin ruwan Plunketts Creek yana da itace kuma an kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na gandun daji na Jihar Loyalsock ko Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 134. [31] Ana sarrafa gandun daji da filayen wasanni na jihar Pennsylvania, kuma ƙananan ayyukan katako suna ci gaba a cikin ruwa a yau.[39] Barbours yana da ma'aikata guda ɗaya, a cikin 1997 yana da masu katako na kwangila talatin da ma'aikatan goma sha biyar, tare da dala miliyan 1.2 a cikin tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara.[33]

Plunketts Creek ya kasance wuri ne na katako da yawon bude ido tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyukanta. Kafin zuwan motoci, yankin ya kasance a ware kuma tafiyar kilomita 16 (kilomita 26) zuwa Montoursville ya ɗauki akalla sa'o'i uku (a yau yana ɗaukar ƙasa da rabin awa).   Mazauna da suka yi aiki a cikin gida yanzu suna tafiya zuwa Williamsport. "Mutanen da ke cikin gida" sun kara yawan jama'a na tsawon shekaru, amma yawan jama'ar yanzu suna zaune a can duk shekara. Daga 1950 zuwa 2000, yawan mutanen Plunketts Creek Township ya karu da kashi 80.6 daga 427 zuwa 771 (don kwatanta, a wannan lokacin yawan mutanen Lycoming County ya karu da kawai kashi 18.6, yayin da Sullivan County ya ragu da kashi 2.9). [40][41][42]    Masu yawon bude ido har yanzu suna zuwa: farkon karshen mako na lokacin trout yana kawo mutane da yawa zuwa ƙauyen a bakin Plunketts Creek fiye da kowane lokaci na shekara.[33]

Dubi kuma

gyara sashe
  • Jerin koguna na Pennsylvania

manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Feature Detail Report: Plunketts Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. August 1, 1979. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2007 General Highway Map Lycoming County Pennsylvania Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) (Map).
  3. ↑ [[[:Samfuri:Gnis3]] "Feature Detail Report: Plunkett Creek"] Check |url= value (help). Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. May 18, 1980. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named history
  5. ↑ "Native American Waterbody and Place Names" (PDF). Susquehanna River Basin Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
  6. ↑ USGS.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Archived 2015-09-17 at the Wayback Machine (PDF).
  8. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey.
  9. ↑ Michels, Chris (1997). "Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation". Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  10. ↑ "County Stream Gauge Details; Watershed: Loyalsock Creek; Gauge Site: Barbours (Stream Gauge 5143)". Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  11. ↑ Brown, Daniel P. (December 15, 2011). [[[:Samfuri:NHC TCR url]] "Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Lee"] Check |url= value (help). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Statewide Floods in Pennsylvania, January 1996". Report, figures, tables. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  13. ↑ Scherkoske, Deborah A. (August 1996). "Plunkett's Creek Bridge No. 3, Spanning Plunkett's Creek at State Route 1005, Barbours vicinity, Lycoming County, PA" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record and Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  14. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. "Geologic Map of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  15. ↑ T.M. Berg (1981). "Atlas of Preliminary Geologic Quadrangle Maps of Pennsylvania: Barbours" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2003. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  16. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. "Oil and Gas Fields of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Map. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2000. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  17. ↑ Robert C. Milici (2005). "Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1268: Assessment of Undiscovered Natural Gas Resources in Devonian Black Shales, Appalachian Basin, Eastern U.S.A." (PowerPoint). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  18. ↑ Alan Bailey. "Appalachia to the rescue: Could Devonian shales deep under the Appalachians supply trillions of cubic feet of much needed natural gas for the U.S.?". Petroleum News. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  19. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. "Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals" (PDF). Map. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2000. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry. "Loyalsock State Forest" (PDF). Map. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  21. ↑ Braun, Duane D. (2006). "Surficial Geology of the Barbours 7.5-minute quadrangle, Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th Ser., Open-File Report OFSM 06-08.0" (PDF). Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  22. ↑ "Susquehanna River Basin Watershed and Lake Associations as of March 2005" (PDF). Map. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  23. ↑ Natural Resources Defense Council. "What Is Clearcutting?". Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  24. ↑ For a historical perspective on pollution from both mining and tanneries, see: Laures, Robert. "A Medieval Response to Municipal Pollution". Presented to the Mid-America Conference on History, September 17–19, 1992, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  25. ↑ Ravenel, M.D., Maczÿk P. (September 1898). "Anthrax: The Effect of Tanneries in Spreading the Disease". Public Health Papers and Reports (American Public Health Association). American Public Health Association. 33: 302–306.
  26. ↑ "Acid Precipitation". Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Archived from the original on April 4, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC). "2007 Class A Wild Trout Waters". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  28. ↑ "State Forest Waters with Special Protection" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  29. ↑ "PFBC County Guide". Searchable map. Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC). Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  30. ↑ Pennsylvania Game Commission (1993). "State Game Lands 134, Lycoming and Sullivan Counties" (PDF). Map. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Game Lands: Pennsylvania State Game Lands, their general location and acreage". HuntingPA.com. Archived from the original (Searchable Database) on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  32. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. "State Forest Recreation". Archived from the original on 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sock country
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named proctor history
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named now and then
  36. ↑ "History of the William Penn State Forest". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
  37. ↑ "Pheasant Program – A guide to pheasant releases and more". Pennsylvania Game Commission. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  38. ↑ "Pneu-Dart tranquilizer projectors and remote drug delivery systems". Pneu-Dart, Inc. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  39. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, State Bureau of Forestry. "State Forest Management". Archived from the original on January 18, 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  40. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Plunketts Creek township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  41. ↑ Richard L. Forstall (March 27, 1995). "Pennsylvania, Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
  42. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Sullivan County, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2007-09-30.

Haɗin waje

gyara sashe

Lura: Plunketts Creek yana cikin ruwa na Loyalsock Creek a cikin West Branch Susquehanna River subbasin.Samfuri:Susquehanna River System

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plunketts_Creek_(Loyalsock_Creek_tributary)&oldid=462853"