Wikipedia

Kisan kiyashi a Zaki Biam

Kisan kiyashi a Najeriya

Kisan gilla a Zaki-Biam (Wanda aka fi sani da Mamayar Zaki-Biam-(The Zaki-Biam Invasion) ko Kar a bar wani da rai-(Operation No Living Thing ) wani gagarumin kisan kiyashi ne da sojojin Najeriya suka yi wa ɗaruruwan ƴan ƙabilar Tibi waɗanda ba su da maƙami a hannun su, a tsakanin ranakun 20 – 24 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2001. Wannan kisan kiyashin wani shiri ne na sirri da sojojin Najeriya suka yi domin ɗaukar fansa kan kashe sojoji 19, waɗanda aka gano gawarwakinsu a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoban 2001, kusa da wasu ƙauyukan Tiv a jihar Benue. An yi kisan gilla a kauyukan da suka haɗa da; Gbeji, Vaase, Anyiin, Iorja, Ugba, Tse-Adoor, Sankera, Kyado da Zaki-Biam.[1][2]

Infotaula d'esdevenimentKisan kiyashi a Zaki Biam
Map
 11°04′N 7°42′E / 11.07°N 7.7°E / 11.07; 7.7
Iri aukuwa
Kisan Kiyashi
Ƙonewa
mass shooting (en) Fassara
House demolition (en) Fassara
Garkuwa da Mutane
Kwanan watan 20 Oktoba 2001
21 Oktoba 2001
22 Oktoba 2001
24 Oktoba 2001
Wuri Zaki Biam (en) Fassara
Nufi Tiv
Perpetrator (en) Fassara Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya
Makami machine gun (en) Fassara
hand grenade (en) Fassara
Bulala
Gobara

A lokacin dai rundunar sojin Najeriya da gwamnatin tarayya sun musanta cewa sojoji sun kashe wani ɗan kauyen. Sai dai a ranar Talata, 6 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2007, babban hafsan sojin ƙasa, Laftanar Janar Luka Yusuf, ya fito fili ya nemi afuwar al’ummar jihar Binuwai kan kashe-kashen da aka yi.[3] Shugaba Umaru Ƴar'adua ya kuma ziyarci jihar Benue domin neman afuwar da kan sa a madadin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya.[4] Babu wani soja da aka hukunta haka-zalika babu wanda ya je gidan yari saboda laifin da su ka aikata.[5]

Bayanin kisan sojoji

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A ranar 10 ga Oktoban shekarar 2001, an yi wa sojoji 19 kwanton ɓauna tare da kama su a garin Vaase, a hannun wata gungun al'umma da ake zargin ƴan Ƙabilar Tiv ne. Bayan kwana biyu an gano gawarwakinsu a kusa da wata makarantar firamare a garin Zaki-Biam da ke kusa. A cewar mazauna yankin, kisan gillar ya biyo bayan wasu al’amura da suka faru a baya inda wasu ƴan bindiga ɗauke da kakin sojoji suka kai hari a wasu kauyukan Tiv. Akwai shakku mai karfi a tsakanin ƴan ƙabilar Tiv cewa wasu sojoji na goyon bayan abokan hamayyar su na Jukun, waɗanda suka sha fama da rikicin filaye da ƴan asali da karfin tattalin arziƙi da siyasa.[2]

Akwai zargin cewa birgediya mai sulke ta 23 na runduna ta 3 masu sulke ta sojojin Najeriya, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jukun bisa umarnin ministan tsaro, Laftanar Janar Theophilus Danjuma mai ritaya, ɗan ƙabilar Jukun. Hasali ma, wata wayar sadarwa ta Wikileaks mai kwanan watan ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2007 da ta fito daga Abuja, ta ce Laftanar Janar Victor Malu, dan ƙabilar Tiv daga Benue mai ritaya, ya zargi Danjuma da jagorantar harin da aka kai wa Zaki-Biam. Aikewa da wannan birgediya domin tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Taraba ya sa sojojin suka ƙaddamar da yaƙi a jihar Benuwe. Misali, a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2001, sojojin sun zo Kyado, wani gari mai tazarar kilomita 16 daga kan iyaka da jihar Binuwai inda suka yi yunƙurin sace wasu mutane amma suka yi turjiya. A haɗin guiwar ƴan ƙabilar Jukun, sun tarwatsa kauyukan Tse Abanga, Ukpe, Toryem da Tse Hungwa a jihar Binuwai, inda suka yi ta kashe-kashe da kwasar ganima.[2]

A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2001, wasu matasa sanye da kakin sojoji suka ƙona wani garin Abako da ke kan iyaka a Jihar Benue. An kai harin ne bayan wani bincike da sojoji suka yi a ƙauyen da safiyar ranar. A wani labarin kuma a jihar Filato a wannan rana an kawo matasan Jukun sanye da kakin sojoji daga Ibi zuwa Yamini, wanda Sarkin Yamini da wani Malam Saba, wani fitaccen ɗan sabuwar Masarautar Kwararafa ne suka fito da labarin ƴan ƙabilar Tibi a kasuwar tare da kashe su. Shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Shendam, gwamnan jihar Filato da jiga-jigan Filato sun yi Allah wadai da wannan lamarin.[2]

A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, 2001, yayin da sojoji ke ci gaba da wanzar da zaman lafiya a jihar Taraba, Jukun sanye da rigar ya koma gida gida ya kashe ma'aikatan gwamnati 35 na Tiv, dalibai da wasu da ba a iya kirgawa ba tare da ƙona gidajen Tibi a karamar hukumar Ibi.

Tuhumar da sojojin suka yi da Jukun da Tiv ya samo asali ne tun a rikicin Jukun da Tiv a 1992-1993. A yayin rikicin, ƴan ƙabilar Tiv sun zargi sojojin da aka tura ƙananan hukumomin Wukari da Ibi da kwancewa ƴan kabilar Tiv makamai yayin da aka bar Jukun da makamansu, inda suka mamaye kauyukan Tiv tare da kashe su, yadda suka ga dama.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2000 ne sojojin runduna ta 3 ta Motoci ta Sojojin Najeriya, Takum suka mamaye Tiv a gundumar Moon, inda Abdulkareem Adisa Panel ya kai jihar Taraba a shekarar 1995. Da yake ƴan kabilar Tibi kashi 100% ne a jihar Taraba ta ki amincewa da wadannan mutane ta mika su ga jihar Benue. Har ila yau, Tiv din ta zargi sojojin da aka zabo daga bataliya ta 4 Motorized na sojojin Najeriya, Takum, gidan Laftanar Janar. Danjuma, wanda aka shirya zuwa yankin Kashimbila domin jagorantar hare-haren da Jukun suka kai musu. Rikicin da ya kwashe sama da watanni uku ana kashe ƴan ƙabilar Tiv da dama. Wani fitaccen dan ƙabilar Tiv kuma tsohon minista, Paul Unongo, ya rubuta koke ga shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo.[2]

Tushen rigimar

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Akwai shakkun cewa waɗanda aka kashen duka sojoji ne. Ƴan ƙabilar Tiv da dama na da ra’ayin cewa wasu daga cikin su 19 da aka kashe ƴan kabilar Jukun ne ɗauke da makamai da ke aiki tare da sojoji. Sun dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa mutanen da aka kashe din na cikin motocin daukar kaya ne na sirri ba motocin sojoji ba wasu kuma ba su da adadin sojojin Najeriya a hukumance. An kuma ruwaito daga wasu majiyoyin cewa waɗanda aka sace tare da kashe su sun haura 25. Har ila yau martanin gwamnati ya ba da tabbaci ga wannan ra'ayi yayin da suke gabatar da adaɗin na yawan sojojin da aka kashe a cikin bayanan hukuma daban-daban.[6]

Kisan kiyashin

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A ranar 22 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2001, an yi jana'izar sojoji 19 da aka ce an kashe a kusa da garin Zaki Biam a Abuja. A wajen jana’izar, shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, ya ce an ba da umarni ga sojoji da su kamo waɗanda suka aikata laifin. Makasan sun yi dandazo ne da waɗanda aka kashe a wasu hotuna da suka yaɗu a ƙafafen yaɗa labarai kafin su kashe su. Abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa ba zai zama aiki mai wahala ba.[7] Duk da haka, yayin da shugaba Obasanjo, ministan tsaro, Theophilus Danjuma, da babban hafsan soji, Lt. Gen. Alexander Ogomudia, duk sun kasance a wurin jana'izar sojojin 19, sojojin sun fara kashe-kashen jama'a a Benue.

Sojojin da suka fito daga runduna ta 23 masu sulke ta runduna ta 3 ta sojojin Najeriya masu sulke sun kai farmaki kan garuruwa bakwai; Zaki Biam, Tse Adoor, Vaase, Sankera, Anyiin, and Kyado. Sun lalata duk wani mazaunin da suka ziyarta tsakanin ranakun 22 zuwa 24 na watan Oktoba ashekara ta 2001. Da farko sun kai hari aGbeji, Vaase, da Anyiin a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoban. A rana ta biyu sun kashe fararen hula da dama tare da ruguza garuruwan; Zaki Biam, Tse Adoor, Sankera da Kyado. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, sun zagaye tare da komawa Zaki Biam, Tse Adoor, da Kyado. Sojojin, a cewar shaidun sun kai kimanin dari biyu zuwa dari uku, kuma sun yi birgima a cikin tankunan yaƙi masu sulke da motocin yaƙi. Don tsoron a kashe su, mutanen yankin sun bar wasu kauyuka da jin labarin abin da ya faru a wasu wurare kuma sojoji da isar su sun lalata irin waɗannan ƙauyuka tare da kwasar ganima. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru a Anyiin.[6]

Makaman da sojojin suka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da manyan bindigogi da gurneti. A Gbeji, an harbe fararen hula 130 a dandalin kasuwar garin, sannan suka ƙone su kurmus. An lalata ƙauyen. Garin Zaki Biam shima ya koma kufai.[8]

Jawabin da sojoji suka yi wa mutanen yankin ya nuna cewa an shirya kai harin ne. Shaidu da yawa sun ba da labarin yadda sojoji ke zargin su (ƴan ƙabilar Tiv) da abin da ya same su, da hada baki da kashe abokan aikinsu-(abokan sojojin)[6][9][2]

Wani abin da ya jawo kisan kiyashin wasu na cewa shi ne kalaman Obasanjo a wajen jana’izar sojojin 19, inda ya baiwa sojoji umarnin gano waɗanda suka aikata laifin. Duk da yake waɗanda ke da alhakin kashe sojojin za su kasance sun gudu, mutanen ƙauyen da ba mai kai musu ɗauki, an yi musu kisan gilla matuƙa, aka kuma lalata dukiyoyinsu gami da gine-ginensu.[10]

Gbeji da kauyukan da ke kewaye

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Sojojin sun fara kai ziyara a Gbeji ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba inda suka dawo a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba domin kisan gillar. A ziyarar da suka kai a baya, sun nemi sanin ranar da kasuwar garin ke ci. Bayan sun dawo sun tara mutane a dandalin kasuwa, inda suka raba maza da mata da yara sannan suka buɗe wuta. Sun shafa wa gawarwakin man fetur tare da cinna musu wuta. Sun shiga lungunan da da saƙo, gida-gida sai suyi ɓarin harsashi kafin su bi da ƙonawa. A Gbeji ne wani da ya tsira ya ba da labarin yadda ya ga wani soja sanye da riga mai ɗauke da “Operation No Living Thing”-(kar abar kowa da rai).[6]

Sojojin sun nufi Mgbakpa Yamsa da Tse Gube suna ƙona gidaje da kayayyaki masu daraja. Kamar dai a Gbeji sun tara wasu mutane a Tse Gube suka kashe su.[6]

A Vaase

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Harin da aka kai wa Vaase ya yi muni. Lokacin da TMG ya ziyarce garin ranar 31 ga Oktoba, sun bayyana shi a matsayin garin fatalwa. Har yanzu sojoji suna kan aiki a can. Shaidu sun ba da labarin cewa sojoji sun nemi wasu yara maza su gayyaci mutane don ganawa. Yayin da jama'a suka taru, sai suka yi tambaya ɗaya: "Wa ya kashe sojojin?" Daga nan sai suka ce a yi jerin gwano, da ƙarar busar kwamandan, sai suka buɗe wuta. An kama wasu da suka haɗa da mace da aka ƙona su da su da gidajensu.[6]

A Kyado

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A Kyado, abubuwan da suka faru sun sha ban-ban. Amma duk da haka, ya nuna bambamci a ayyukan sojojin da aka tura yankin daga Makurdi, babban birnin jihar Benue, da Wukari da Yola a ɗayan bangaren. Mazauna garin Kyado sun danganta tsaron rayukan da aka samu a kauyensu ga sojojin da suka fito daga Makurdi, wadanda suka zo a daidai lokacin da suka kwato su daga zaluncin waɗancen sojojin da suka fito daga Yola. Sojojin da suka fito daga Yola da suka fara isa Kyado a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba suka ƙona mutane da dama tare da kona gine-gine, sun sake dawowa a ranakun 23 da 24 ga watan Oktoba a karo na biyu na aikinsu, sai dai suka gana da sojojin daga Makurdi, inda suka yi shawarwarin tsagaita buɗe wuta ga mazauna garin Kyado. Sai dai kuma sojojin na Yola sun lalata tare da kona wasu gidaje kafin su tafi.[6]

Cif Orsar Tyowua, mai shekaru 72 shugaban ƙabilar Tiv na Kyado an kama shi daga gidansa kafin daga bisani aka ƙona shi. Sojojin sun kama shi a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba 2001. A cewar shaidar da ya baiwa Amnesty International, an kai shi Taraba aka yi masa tambayoyi. An ajiye shi a cikin ɗaki mai girman murabba'in 9, ba tare da haske ko iska ba, tare da wasu mutane su huɗu. An saka shi masa tsallen kwaɗo, kuma an bugi ruwan cikin shi sau da dama. An kulle shi na tsawon mako guda, daga baya aka sake shi kai tsaye, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnan jihar Taraba.[8]

A Anyiin

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A Anyiin, sojojin sun isa a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba. Ba wanda aka kashe. Gine-gine da kadarori ne kawai aka lalata. Wani shaida ya ƙirga wasu motocin sojoji 3 masu sulke da wasu motocin ƙwara goma sha ɗaya. An bukaci wani ɗan sanda ya kalla-(abinda ke faruwa) kuma kada ya sa baki idan ya na so ya tsira, da rayuwarsa.[6]

A Zaki Biam

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A Zaki Biam, an kashe fiye da mutane 30. Hakan ya ɗauki kwanaki biyu, daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba na kisan. Sojojin sun kewaye babbar kasuwar doya a duniya, yayin da masu saye da sayarwa suka firgita, sai suka buɗe wuta. Sun wawure tare da lalata shaguna da gidajen zama a garin. Aƙalla ƴan ƙabilar Ibo biyu na cikin waɗanda aka kashe.[6]

A Tse Adoor

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Tse Adoor, ƙauyen tsohon hafsan soji, Victor Malu shi ma an kai hari acen. Gidan danginsa shi ma bai tsira ba, kamar yadda mafi yawan gidaje basu tsira ba. An kuma ƙona rumbun dawa. A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 24 ga watan Oktoba, sun kashe aƙalla mutane 10 da suka haɗa da kawun Malu, Pev Adoor, makaho da matansa biyu, Kutser Pev, mai shekaru hamsin da haihuwa, da Rebecca Doom Pev, mai shekaru sittin.[6] Ita ma mahaifiyar Malu ta sha azaba. Mawallafin jaridar National Accord, Emmanuel Yawe, wanda ya gana da mahaifiyar Malu kafin rasuwarta ya ba da labarin lamarin. Sojoji sun faɗa mata cewa an aike su ne don su kashe ta da ɗanta Janar Malu. Ta mayar da martani in da tace "ta amsa cewa ita ce uwa ga dukkan sojojin Najeriya kuma za ta yi farin ciki ta mutu a hannun ƴa'yanta."[7]

A Sankera

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Hari a Sankera ya zo ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba. An kashe wasu mutane, ciki har da wani yaro ɗan shekara hudu, Tersen Tordue wanda ke dawowa daga gona a kan babur tare da dan uwansa. Sun lalata gidaje da kadarori da dama da suka hada da coci, gidan shugaban karamar hukumar da sakatariyar karamar hukumar. A kalla gidaje 50 ne aka ƙona tare da wani rumbun adana kayan abinci da aka ajiye wa ƴan gudun hijirar. Sun kuma kwashe maƙudan kuɗaɗe na lalitar karamar hukumar Ukum.[6]

Wadanda abin ya shafa

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An yi ƙiyasi da dama na adadin fararen hula da aka kashe. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kammala da cewa tabbas sojojin sun kashe dubun dubatan fararen hula da ba su ɗauke da makamai kuma alƙaluman daruruwan da suka mutu da ƙamshin gaskiya. Nnimmo Bassey, Babban Darakta na Kungiyar Kare Muhalli, ya ce an kashe kusan fararen hula dubu 2500. Da farko dai gwamnati ta ce adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya kai 43, ciki har da sojoji takwas.[11] Sama da mutane 14,000 ne abin ya shafa kai tsaye. Ɗaruruwan mata da yara sun yi takaba da marayu. Aƙalla mutum daya da aka azabtar an yanke gabansa, yayin da wasu suka rasa hannaye, kafafu ko kuma ɓangarorin sassan jikin, sun ƙone sosai.[12]

An yi ta cin zarafin ƴan ƙabilar Tiv da suka haɗa da fyaɗe da yawa da cin zarafi da kwace. A cewar waɗanda lamarin ya rutsa da su da kuma shaidun gani da ido, sojoji sukan yi masu wulakanci a kan kasancewarsu ƴan ƙabilar Tibi yayin da suke tsaka da zaluntar su.[13][14]

Alƙali Okechukwu Opene Panel

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Biyo bayan shawarwarin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula da dama na cikin gida da na waje, shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo, ya kafa kwamitin bincike kan rikicin ƙabilanci a jihohin Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau da Taraba, cikin rashin son rai, ya kafa kwamitin shari’a mai shari’a Okechukwu Opene. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2003. Sai dai ba a taɓa bayyana farar takardan rahoton ba. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa, mai yiwuwa rahoton ya kwatanta gwamnati da mummunan yanayi.[15][16]

Rigimar shari'ar kotu da diyya

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Bayan watanni da afkuwar kisan kiyashin, wani ɗan kabilar Tiv, Alexander Gaadi, ya jagoranci wasu mutane 13 da aka kashe: Peter Orngu, Terfa Akaagba, Anongo Unishigh, Ngunengen Adura, Jabi Adula, Emelu Adula, Elizabeth Aoughakaa, Andrew Juntu, Azenda Igo, Anange Agashia, Mbakesen Ayatse, Mbayemen Masewuan, da Zaki Kaduna Mazan tare da tawagar lauyoyi da suka hada da, Messrs Sabastine Hon, Ocha Ulegede da Chris Alashi sun kai karar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a babbar kotun tarayya dake Enugu. Sun buƙaci a biya su diyyar naira biliyan 200 na wannan hari

Shari’ar wadda mai shari’a Lewis Alagoa ya yanke hukunci a ranar 05 ga Yuli, 2007, ta ce a ba su zunzurutun kudi har naira biliyan 41.8. Gwamnatin tarayya ta ɗaukaka ƙara a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara da ke birnin Enugu, amma daga baya, ta hannun tawagar lauyoyin ta ta nemi a sasanta lamarin ba tare da kotu ba. Yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa, babban mai shigar da ƙara, Alexander Gaadi, ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu.[17]

Bayan mutuwar Gaadi, rahotanni sun ce gwamnan jihar Benue na lokacin, Gabriel Suswam, ya fara yunƙurin karbar bashin. Ya tattauna da gwamnatin tarayya inda ya amince ya karɓi kuɗi naira biliyan 8 a madadin waɗanda aka kashe ɗin. Shugaban ya bada umarnin a biya kuɗin ta hannun gwamnatin jihar Benue.

Sai dai lauyoyin waɗanda suka shigar da kara sun rubuta takardar koke ga shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan, inda suka gargade shi da ya guji biya sau biyu tunda Gwamna Suswam ko gwamnatin jihar Benuwe ba su ci nanin ba. Sun yi tir da ikirarin da Babban Lauyan Tarayya kuma Ministan Shari’a, Mohammed Bello Adoke, ya yi na cewa Alexander Gaadi, babban mai shigar da ƙara ya ba Gwamna Suswam wa’adin karɓar bashin Hukunci. Sun bayyana cewa ba a taɓa gabatar da irin wannan wa'adin ba a tattaunawar daban-daban da aka yi tsakanin ƙungiyar lauyoyi da gwamnati. Lauyoyin sun ci gaba da zargin shugaba Jonathan da nuna son zuciya da lakawa Zaki Biam da aka kashe daga naira biliyan 41.8 zuwa naira biliyan 8, yayin da ‘yan uwansa daga Odi da wata kotu ta yanke musu zunzurutun kudi har naira biliyan 37 suka samu tattaunawa. Naira biliyan 15 daga gwamnatin tarayya. Lauyoyin sun bayyana cewa kisan kiyashin na Odi ya shafi al’umma daya ne, saɓanin kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Benuwe wanda ya shafi kananan hukumomi huɗu da wasu al’ummomi da dama.[18]

Fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya irinsu Itsay Sagay da Mike Ozekhome sun bi sahu wajen neman shugaba Jonathan da kada ya biya wa gwamnan jihar Benue, Gabriel Suswam kuɗaɗen da aka biya.[19]

Ba a bayyana ko an biya kuɗi ga kowa ba.

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Nigeria Army Said to Massacre Hundreds of Civilians". The New York Times. 2001. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Hagher, Iyorwuese (2002). Beyond Hate and Violence: Understanding the Tiv Struggle for Citizenship Rights and Social Justice in Nigeria. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd. pp. 40, 93–95, 140, 106, 166, 204. ISBN 978-35972-4-8.
  3. ↑ "Mixed reaction to army's apology". thenewhumanitarian.org. 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  4. ↑ "Odi gets justice but what about Zaki Biam?". peoplesdailyng.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Nigeria's History With Judicial Panels And What It Means To Victims of Police Brutality". accountablenigeria.org. 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 "Nigeria: Military Revenge in Benue: A Population Under Attack". refworld.org. 2002. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Victor Malu: A General Betrayed (II)". nationalaccordnewspaper.com. 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2020.[permanent dead link]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "NIGERIA: Security Forces: Serving to protect and respect human rights?" (PDF). amnesty.org. 2002. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  9. ↑ "Nigeria: Soldiers Massacre Civilians in Revenge Attack in Benue State". hrw.org. 2001. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Interrogating Obasanjo's intervention". thenationonlineng.net. 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  11. ↑ "Nigeria: Nigerian soldiers carry out massacres". wsws.org. 2001. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Our ordeal, by victims of Zaki-Biam invasion". accountablenigeria.org. 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  13. ↑ Ciboh, Rodney (2014). "Newspaper Inquest into Tiv-Jukun Conflict 2001: An Analysis of Ethnic Inequality and Domination in Contemporary Nigeria". New Media and Mass Communication. 21: 40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.976.7912.
  14. ↑ "Newspaper Inquest into Tiv-Jukun Conflict 2001: An Analysis of Ethnic Inequality and Domination in Contemporary Nigeria". accountablenigeria.org. 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Ologbondiyan, Kola (2003-04-09). "Obasanjo Receives Panel Report On Middle Belt Conflict". This Day.
  16. ↑ "ZAKI BIAM INVASION, 10 YEARS AFTER : We still mourn our fate". vanguardngr.com. 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  17. ↑ "Zaki Biam Massacre: Jonathan, Suswam under fire for diverting N8bn victims' settlement funds". premiumtimesng.com. 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "Tiv ask President not to pay Zaki Biam N8b judgment sum to Suswam". guardian.ng. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  19. ↑ "Zaki Biam Massacre: Sagay, Ozekhome warn Nigerian govt against paying N8bn victims' fund to Gov. Suswam". premiumtimesng.com. 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
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