Hakkokin taharshesu ne haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da na jama'a game da daidaikun mutane da na gamayya na haƙƙin zaɓin harshe ko yare don sadarwa a cikin keɓantacce ko na jama'a. Sauran sigogi don nazarin haƙƙin harshe sun haɗa da matakin yanki, adadin tabbatacce, daidaitawa cikin sharuɗɗan daidaitawa ko kiyayewa, da wuce gona da iri.

Haƙƙoƙin harshe sun haɗa da, da sauransu, haƙƙin yaren mutum a cikin shari'a, gudanarwa da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, ilimin harshe, da kafofin watsa labarai a cikin yaren da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka fahimta kuma suka zaɓa cikin 'yanci.

Haƙƙoƙin harshe a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yawanci ana aiwatar da su ne a cikin babban tsarin haƙƙin al'adu da na ilimi .

Muhimmiyar takardu don haƙƙin harshe sun haɗa da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na Haƙƙin Harshe (1996), Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Yanki ko Harsuna marasa rinjaye (1992), Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (1989) da Yarjejeniyar Tsari don Kare Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙasa (1992) 1988), da kuma Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi ^[1] da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa (1966). ^[2]

Tarihi

Haƙƙin harshe ya ƙara fitowa fili a tsawon tarihin tarihi yayin da ake ƙara ganin harshe a matsayin wani yanki na al'umma. Kodayake manufofi da dokokin da suka shafi harshe sun kasance suna aiki a farkon tarihin Turai, waɗannan lokuta sau da yawa sun kasance lokuta inda aka sanya harshe a kan mutane yayin da aka yi watsi da wasu harsuna ko yare. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen farko game da haƙƙin harshe sun fito ne daga ƙasashe inda rarrabuwar harshe da/ko ta ƙasa ta ginu a cikin bambancin harshe ya haifar da haƙƙin harshe suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wanzar da kwanciyar hankali. Duk da haka, sai a shekarun 1900 ne 'yancin harshe ya sami matsayi a hukumance a siyasa da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa.

An fara haɗa haƙƙoƙin harshe a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin shelar yancin ɗan adam ta duniya a 1948.

Haƙƙoƙin yare na tushen yarjejeniya galibi sun shafi haƙƙoƙin tsiraru . Tarihin irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin harshe na iya kasu kashi biyar. ^[3] ^[4]

Kafin 1815. Ana ɗaukar haƙƙoƙin harshe a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen biyu, amma ba cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ba, misali Yarjejeniyar Lausanne (1923).
Dokar ƙarshe na Majalisar Vienna (1815). Ƙarshen ginin daular Napoleon na 1 ya samu sa hannun manyan ƙasashen Turai 7. Ya ba da damar yin amfani da Yaren mutanen Poland zuwa Poznan tare da Jamusanci don kasuwancin hukuma. Har ila yau, wasu kundin tsarin mulkin kasa suna kare haƙƙin harshe na ƴan tsiraru na ƙasa, misali Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta Austriya ta 1867 ta ba wa tsiraru 'yancin haɓaka ɗan ƙasa da harshensu.
Tsakanin Duniya na daya da yakin duniya na biyu. A karkashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da manyan yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da na kasa da kasa sun dauki wasu sharuddan kare tsirarun tsiraru a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, misali, hakkin yin amfani da kowane harshe na sirri, da tanadin koyarwa a makarantun firamare ta hanyar matsakaicin yare. . ^[5] Yawancin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa sun bi wannan yanayin. Amma ba duk masu rattaba hannu ba ne suka ba da haƙƙi ga ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye a cikin iyakokin su kamar Burtaniya, Faransa, da Amurka. Yarjejeniyoyin sun kuma ba da damar korafe-korafe ga League of Nations da Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya .
1945-1970s. An aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin ababen more rayuwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Musamman don haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiku da haƙƙin gama gari ga ƙungiyoyin da ake zalunta don cin gashin kansu .
Farkon 1970s daga baya, an sami sabunta sha'awar haƙƙin tsiraru, gami da haƙƙin harshe na tsiraru. Misali Sanarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin mutanen da ke cikin 'yan tsiraru na kasa ko na kabilanci, na addini da na harshe.

Tattaunawar ka'idar

Hakkokin harshe + yancin ɗan adam = yancin ɗan adam harshe (LHR)

Wasu suna banbance tsakanin haƙƙin harshe da haƙƙin ɗan adam na harshe domin tsohuwar manufar ta ƙunshi fage mai fa'ida. Don haka, ba duk haƙƙoƙin harshe ne LHR ba, kodayake duk LHR haƙƙin harshe ne. Hanya ɗaya ta banbance haƙƙin harshe daga LHR ita ce tsakanin abin da ya wajaba, da abin da ya dace da wadata. Haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata, kamar yadda yake a cikin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, su ne waɗanda ake buƙata don buƙatu na yau da kullun da rayuwa mai mutunci, misali asalin harshe da ke da alaƙa, samun damar yin amfani da harshen uwa, haƙƙin samun damar yin amfani da yaren hukuma, babu tilastawa canjin harshe, samun damar shiga. Ilimin firamare na yau da kullun bisa harshe, da haƙƙin ƴan tsiraru su dawwama a matsayin ƙungiya dabam dabam, tare da nasu harsuna. Haƙƙoƙin wadata sun fi buƙatu na asali, misali haƙƙin koyon harsunan waje.

Haƙƙin harshe ɗaya ɗaya

Mafi mahimmancin ma'anar yancin harshe shine haƙƙin daidaikun mutane na amfani da harshensu tare da sauran membobin ƙungiyarsu, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin harshensu ba. Sun samo asali ne daga haƙƙin ɗan adam na gabaɗaya, musamman: rashin nuna bambanci, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin rayuwa na sirri, da 'yancin 'yan tsirarun harshe na yin amfani da harshensu tare da sauran membobin al'ummarsu.

An tanadar da haƙƙoƙin harshe guda ɗaya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya :

Mataki na ashirin da 2 - duk mutane suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin da aka ayyana ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da harshe .
Mataki na 10 – daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin shari’a ta gaskiya, kuma ana sanin wannan gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ‘yancin yin fassarar idan mutum bai fahimci yaren da ake amfani da shi a shari’ar kotunan laifi ba, ko kuma a cikin tuhumar aikata laifi. Mutumin yana da hakkin ya sa mai fassara ya fassara shari'ar, gami da takaddun kotu.
Mataki na 19 – daidaikun mutane na da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, gami da ‘yancin zabar kowane harshe a matsayin hanyar bayyana ra’ayi.
Mataki na ashirin da shida – kowa da kowa na da hakkin ya sami ilimi, tare da dacewa da harshen matsakaicin koyarwa.

Ana iya amfani da haƙƙoƙin harshe ga fage mai zaman kansa da na jama'a.

Amfani da harshe na sirri

Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin ko takaddun haƙƙin harshe sun bambanta tsakanin amfani da harshe na sirri da daidaikun mutane da kuma amfani da harshe daga hukumomin gwamnati. Haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da ke wanzuwa ya ba da umarni cewa kowane mutum yana da 'yancin rayuwa na sirri da na iyali, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, rashin nuna bambanci da/ko 'yancin mutanen da ke cikin tsirarun harshe na yin amfani da harshensu tare da sauran membobin ƙungiyarsu. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana sirri da:

... fanni na rayuwar mutum wanda zai iya bayyana ra’ayinsa ko tantama, walau ta hanyar cudanya da wasu ko shi kadai. Kwamitin yana da ra'ayin cewa sunan sunan mutum [da sunansa] sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na ainihin mutum kuma kariya daga tsoma bakin mutum bisa ga ka'ida ko ba bisa ka'ida ba ya hada da kariya daga kutsawa bisa ga ka'ida ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da 'yancin zabi da canza nasa. suna.

Wannan yana nufin cewa daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin a sanya sunansu ko sunan suna a cikin yarensu, ba tare da la’akari da harshen hukuma ko amincewa ba, kuma hukumomin gwamnati ko na gwamnati ba za su iya tsoma baki cikin wannan hakki ba bisa ka’ida ko kuma ba bisa ka’ida ba.

Hakkokin harshe a cikin jama'a

Za a iya raba yankin jama'a, dangane da amfani da harshe, zuwa shari'a na shari'a da amfani da jami'an jama'a.

A cewar Mataki na 10 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, mutane suna da 'yancin yin shari'a ta gaskiya. Don haka, da sunan adalcin shari’a, haƙƙin harshe ne da aka kafa na mutum ga mai fassara a lokacin da bai fahimci yaren da ake amfani da shi a shari’ar kotunan laifi ba, ko kuma a tuhumar da ake yi masa na laifi. Hukumomin jama'a dole ne su yi amfani da yaren da mutum ya fahimta, ko kuma su ɗauki mai fassara don fassara shari'ar, gami da shari'o'in kotu.

Babban amfani da jami'an gwamnati na iya haɗawa da batutuwan da suka haɗa da ilimin jama'a, watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin na jama'a, samar da ayyuka ga jama'a, da dai sauransu. Sau da yawa ana yarda da zama mai ma'ana kuma ba da hujja ga jami'an gwamnati su yi amfani da harshen 'yan tsiraru, zuwa matakin da ya dace a cikin ayyukansu, lokacin da lambobi da taro na yanki na masu magana da harshen tsiraru sun isa sosai. Duk da haka, wannan batu ne mai cike da cece-kuce saboda shawarar tabbatar da sau da yawa sabani ne. Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, Mataki na ashirin da shida, ta yi alkawarin kare duk wani mutum daga nuna wariya a dalilin harshe. Bayan haka, doka ta 27 ta bayyana cewa, "ba za a hana tsiraru ' yancin ... yin amfani da harshensu ba". Yarjejeniyar yaƙi da wariya a cikin Ilimi, Mataki na 5, kuma ya bayyana haƙƙoƙin 'yan tsiraru don "amfani ko koyar da nasu yare".

Hakkokin harshe gamayya haƙƙoƙin harshe ne na ƙungiya, musamman ƙungiyar harshe ko jiha . Haƙƙoƙin gama kai na nufin "haƙƙin ƙungiyar harshe don tabbatar da wanzuwar harshenta da isar da harshe ga al'ummai masu zuwa". Ƙungiyoyin harshe suna da rikitarwa kuma sun fi jihohi wahala. Wani ɓangare na wannan wahalhalu shi ne membobin da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin yare suna ba da ayyuka daban-daban ga harshensu, haka nan kuma akwai matsaloli wajen ayyana harshe. Wasu jihohi suna da tanadin doka don kiyaye haƙƙin harshe gama gari saboda akwai takamaiman yanayi a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi na tarihi da zamantakewa.

Hakkokin harshe gama gari ya shafi jihohi saboda suna bayyana kansu cikin yaruka ɗaya ko fiye. Gabaɗaya, tsarin harshe na jihohi, wanda ake isar da shi ta hanyar rabon matsayi ga harsunan da ake amfani da su a cikin iyakokinsa, ya cancanci haƙƙoƙin harshe da ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane ke ikirari da sunan ingantaccen shugabanci, don ingantacciyar maslaha . Ana gudanar da jihohi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da bukatun 'yan kasa. Hakkokin harshe suna fassara zuwa dokoki daban-daban daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, saboda babu cikakkiyar ma'anar doka da aka yarda da ita.

Yanki vs. ƙa'idodin mutuntaka

Ka'idar yanki tana nufin haƙƙin harshe da ake mai da hankali kawai a cikin yanki, yayin da ƙa'idar mutuntaka ta dogara da matsayin harshe na mutanen da abin ya shafa. Misalin aikace-aikacen yanki shine batun Switzerland, inda aka ayyana haƙƙoƙin harshe a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna na tushen harshe. Misalin aikace-aikacen mutumci yana cikin dokokin Kanada na tarayya, wanda ke ba da haƙƙin sabis cikin Faransanci ko Ingilishi ba tare da la'akari da yanki ba.

Korau vs. haƙƙoƙi masu kyau

Haƙƙin harshe mara kyau yana nufin haƙƙin yin amfani da harshe ba tare da tsangwamar ƙasa ba . Ingantattun haƙƙoƙin harshe na buƙatar aiki mai kyau na Jiha wanda ya haɗa da amfani da kuɗin jama'a, kamar ilimin jama'a a cikin takamaiman harshe, ko sabis ɗin da jihar ke bayarwa a cikin wani harshe.

Madaidaicin-daidaitacce vs. mai-daidaitacce

Ire-iren haƙƙoƙin harshe waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɗama suna nufin manufar doka don haɗa duk 'yan ƙasa a cikin ƙasa, kuma sun bambanta daga haramtawa zuwa juriya. Misalin irin dokokin haramcin shine yadda ake mu'amala da Kurdawa a Turkiyya inda aka hana su amfani da harshen Kurdawa. Hakanan ana iya ganin hanyoyin da suka dace da haƙƙin harshe a matsayin nau'i na mai da hankali ga daidaikun mutane don sadarwa tare da wasu a cikin tsarin. Yawancin manufofin haɗakar harshe suna da alaƙa da manufar gina ƙasa da sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin tsarin ƙasa guda ɗaya.

Ire-iren haƙƙoƙin harshe masu dacewa da kulawa suna nufin dokokin da ke nufin ba da damar kiyaye duk harsunan cikin ƙasa, kuma suna daga izini zuwa haɓakawa. Misalin dokokin da ke inganta haƙƙin harshe shine Dokar daidaitawa ta Basque, inda ake haɓaka harshen Basque. Yawancin hanyoyin tabbatarwa da aka daidaita na kulawa suna buƙatar tsarin haƙƙin tsaro da kyakkyawan haƙƙi da ingantaccen taimakon gwamnati don samar da sakamakon da ake so na Yaki. A Wales da Quebec, alal misali, akwai gagarumin muhawara game da kudade da kuma amfani da haƙƙin gama kai wajen gina ingantaccen tsarin kulawa.

Matsakaicin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin daidaitawa-daidaitacce da daidaitawa-daidaitacce shine rubutun rashin nuna bambanci, wanda ya hana nuna bambanci dangane da harshe. Sai dai kuma ana ganin matsayin rashin nuna wariya a matsayin wani nau'i ne na manufofin assimilationism saboda da farko kawai yana haifar da ƙarin tsawon lokaci na hadewa cikin yare masu rinjaye maimakon ci gaba na har abada na 'yan tsiraru. aa

Overt vs. boye

Wani girma don nazarin haƙƙoƙin harshe shine tare da matakin tone-tone da ɓoyewa. Matsayin ƙetare yana nufin iyakar ƙa'idodi ko alkawuran da suka fito fili game da haƙƙin harshe, da kuma ɓoye baya. Misali, dokokin Indiya a bayyane suke wajen haɓaka haƙƙin harshe, yayin da gyare-gyaren Harshen Ingilishi ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka haramun ne. Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil Adama da Siyasa, da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara duk sun fada a cikin sirrin haƙuri.

Sukar tsarin yancin ɗan adam na harshe

Wasu sun soki masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin harshe da ɗaukar harshe a matsayin ginin dunƙule guda ɗaya, tare da nuna bambanci tsakanin harshe da al'ummomin magana, tare da sanya damuwa da yawa kan wariyar harshe a maimakon nuna wariya a cikin harshe.

Sauran batutuwan da aka yi nuni da su su ne tunanin cewa hadafin hadaka na kungiyoyin tsirarun harsuna iri daya ne, kuma batun hakki na gama gari ba ya rasa nasaba da matsalolinsa. ^[6]

Akwai kuma zanga-zangar adawa da tsarin Haƙƙin ƴan Adam na Harsuna na ware ƙananan harsuna don kulawa ta musamman, wanda ya haifar da rarraba ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki ba tare da adalci ba. Wannan ya haifar da kira ga zurfafa nazarin ƙabilanci da tarihin tarihi game da alaƙar halayen masu magana, ma'anar masu magana, harshe, iko, da al'ummomin magana.

Aikace-aikace na aiki

Haƙƙoƙin harshe suna bayyana a matsayin doka (fitar da doka), daga baya ya zama ka'ida da za a aiwatar. Dokokin yare da ke iyakance amfani da hukuma ana iya haɗa su zuwa hukuma, tsara hukuma, daidaitawa, da dokokin harshe masu sassaucin ra'ayi, dangane da aikinsa:

Dokokin hukuma sun sanya harsuna a hukumance a fagen doka, adalci, gudanarwar jama'a, da ilimi, [mafi yawanci bisa ga yanki da mutuntaka]. Hakanan ana amfani da haɗe-haɗe daban-daban na ƙa'idodin biyu.... Ƙaddamar da doka ta ƙunshi sassan da ba na hukuma ba na aiki, sadarwa, al'adu, kasuwanci, da kasuwanci ....

Dangane da dokoki, sakamakon haƙƙin harshe shine manufar harshe . Filin tsara harshe yana ƙarƙashin manufofin harshe. Akwai nau'ikan tsare-tsaren harshe guda uku: tsara matsayi (amfani da harshe), tsarin saye (masu amfani da harshe), da kuma tsarin tsarawa (harshen kanta). ^[7]

Haƙƙin harshe a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa

Dandalin kasa da kasa

An amince da sanarwar Haƙƙin Harshe na Duniya a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1996 a Barcelona, Spain. Wannan dai shi ne karshen aiki da wani kwamitin kwararru 50 da ke karkashin kulawar UNESCO . Wadanda suka sanya hannu sun kasance mutane 220 daga jihohi sama da 90, masu wakiltar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da Cibiyoyin Kula da PEN na kasa da kasa. An fitar da wannan sanarwar ne a matsayin martani ga kiraye-kirayen neman hakkin yare a matsayin wani muhimmin hakki na dan Adam a taron karawa juna sani karo na 12 na kungiyar bunkasa huldar al'adu ta kasa da kasa da kuma sanarwar karshe na babban taron kungiyar malaman harsunan zamani na kasa da kasa. Hakkokin harshe a cikin wannan Sanarwa sun fito ne daga al'ummar harshe, watau, haƙƙoƙin gama kai, kuma a bayyane ya haɗa duka biyun yanki da harsunan tsirarun baƙi.

Gabaɗaya, an raba wannan takarda zuwa ɓangarori da suka haɗa da: Ra'ayoyi, Ƙa'idodin Gabaɗaya, Tsarin Harshe Gabaɗaya (wanda ya shafi gudanarwar Jama'a da hukumomin hukuma, Ilimi, Sunayen da suka dace, kafofin watsa labarai na sadarwa da sabbin fasahohi, Al'adu, da fannin tattalin arziƙin jama'a), Ƙarin Ra'ayoyi, da Yanayin Karshe. Don haka alal misali, ana ba da haƙƙoƙin harshe daidai-wa-daida ga dukkan al'ummomin harshe a ƙarƙashin doka ta 10, kuma ga kowa da kowa, yancin yin amfani da kowane harshe na zaɓi a cikin keɓantacce da dangi a ƙarƙashin doka ta 12. Wasu Labarun sun ba da cikakkun bayanai game da haƙƙin amfani ko zaɓin harsuna a fagen ilimi, jama'a, da wuraren shari'a.

Akwai wasu takardu da yawa akan matakin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da haƙƙin harshe. Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wanda babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shi a shekarar 1966 ya tanadi dokokin kasa da kasa don kare 'yan tsiraru. Mataki na ashirin da bakwai ya bayyana cewa, ba za a iya hana mutane 'yan tsiraru 'yancin yin amfani da harshensu ba.

Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa ko kabilanci, addini da yare a shekara ta 1992. Mataki na 4 ya sanya "wasu wajibai masu sassaucin ra'ayi akan jihohi". Ya ce ya kamata jihohi su ba wa daidaikun ‘yan tsiraru isassun damammaki na ilimi a cikin harshensu na asali, ko koyarwa da harshensu na asali a matsayin hanyar koyarwa. Koyaya, wannan sanarwar ba ta dauri.

Takardu na uku da babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shi a shekara ta 1989, wanda ke yin tanadin yancin harshe shine Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara. A cikin wannan yarjejeniya, Mataki na 29 da 30 sun bayyana mutunta al’ada, harshe da dabi’un yaro, ko da kuwa sun bambanta da kasar da suke zaune, da kuma hakkin yaron ya yi amfani da nasa yare, duk da haka ƙananan yara ko matsayin baƙi.

Dandalin yanki

Afirka

Haƙƙin harshe a Afirka an fara mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A shekarar 1963, an kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) don taimakawa wajen kare hakkin dan Adam na dukkan 'yan Afirka. An amince da shi a cikin 1981 Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, wanda ke da nufin haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da yancin harshe, a Afirka. A shekara ta 2004, kasashe 15 mambobi ne suka amince da Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Bil Adama da Jama'a na Kafa Kotun Kolin Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a na Afirka. Kotun yanki ne, dandali ne na shari'a da ke sa ido tare da inganta yadda kasashen AU ke bin ka'idojin 'yancin dan adam da jama'a na Afirka. A halin yanzu ana jiran hadewar da kotun shari'a ta Tarayyar Afirka .

A shekara ta 2001 shugaban kasar Mali, tare da hadin gwiwar OAU, sun kafa gidauniyar Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta Afirka (ACALAN) don "aiki don inganta da daidaita harsuna a Afirka". Tare da kaddamar da kwamitin rikon kwarya na ACALAN, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana shekarar 2006 a matsayin shekarar Harsunan Afirka (YOAL).

A shekara ta 2002, an wargaza OAU aka maye gurbinsu da Tarayyar Afirka (AU). AU ta amince da Dokar Tsarin Mulki da OAU ta tsara a baya a cikin 2000. A cikin doka ta 25, an bayyana cewa harsunan aiki na kungiyar da cibiyoyinta na Larabci ne da Ingilishi da Faransanci da Fotigal, kuma idan ya yiwu, duk harsunan Afirka. Har ila yau, AU ta amince da harsunan kasa na kowace cibiyoyin membobinta kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa. A cikin 2003, AU ta amince da wata yarjejeniya ta gyara dokar ta yadda za a canza harsunan aiki a matsayin harsunan hukuma, kuma za ta ƙunshi Mutanen Espanya, Kiswahili da "duk wani yare na Afirka" ban da harsuna huɗu da aka ambata. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a fara aiwatar da wannan gyare-gyaren ba, kuma AU na ci gaba da amfani da harsunan aiki guda huɗu kawai don buga littattafanta.

Turai

Majalisar Turai ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1950, wanda ke yin nuni ga yancin harshe. A cikin Mataki na ashirin da 5.2, dalilan kamawa da tuhume-tuhume dole ne a bayyana su cikin yaren da mutum ya fahimta. Na biyu, Mataki na ashirin da 6.3 ya baiwa mai fassara kyauta a kotu, idan ba a iya magana ko fahimtar harshen da ake amfani da shi ba

Majalisar Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi da Yanki, wani ɓangare na Majalisar Turai, ta tsara Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Harsunan Yanki ko Ƙananan Yara a 1992. Wannan Yarjejeniya ta ba da izini, kariya, da haɓakawa ga harsunan yanki da/ko tsiraru a cikin jihohin Turai, kodayake ba harsunan baƙi ba, a cikin fagagen "ilimi, hukumomin shari'a, ayyukan gudanarwa da jama'a, kafofin watsa labaru, ayyukan al'adu, da rayuwar zamantakewar tattalin arziki. " a cikin Labari na 8 zuwa 13. Ana aiwatar da tanadin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan Yarjejeniya kowace shekara uku ta hanyar kwamiti. Jihohi suna zaɓar waɗanne harsunan yanki da/ko ƙananan yarukan da za su haɗa.

Majalisar Turai ta aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsari don Kare tsiraru ta ƙasa a cikin 1995 a matsayin "aiki mai kama da juna" zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Yanki ko Harsuna marasa rinjaye. Wannan Tsarin ya tanadi ‘yancin ‘yan tsiraru na kasa su kiyaye harshensu a cikin doka ta 5, domin karfafa “mutuwar mutunta juna da fahimtar juna da hadin kai a tsakanin dukkan mutanen da ke zaune a yankinsu” ba tare da la’akari da yare ba, musamman a “bangaren ilimi., al'adu da kafofin watsa labarai" a cikin Mataki na 6. Mataki na 6 kuma yana nufin kare mutane daga nuna wariya ta harshe.

Wata takarda da Majalisar Dokokin Turai ta amince da ita a cikin 1998 ita ce Shawarwari na 1383 akan Bambance-bambancen Harshe. Yana ƙarfafa harsuna iri-iri da ake koyarwa a Majalisar ƙasashe membobin Turai a cikin Mataki na 5. Har ila yau, ta ba da shawarar koyar da harshe don haɗa harsunan ƙungiyoyin da ba na asali ba a cikin Mataki na 8.

Hakkokin harshe a kasashe daban-daban

Ostiraliya

Zuckermann et al. (2014) ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da " Taken Harshen 'Yan Asalin ", wani tsohon tsarin biyan diyya na asarar harsunan asali a Ostiraliya: "Ko da yake wasu jihohin Ostiraliya sun kafa tsarin biyan diyya ga wadanda ke fama da manufofin sata na tsararraki, wadanda abin ya shafa. ilimin harshe (kisan harshe) ba a kula da shi ba ... Shirye-shiryen tallafin da ake da su don tallafawa harsunan Aborijin... ya kamata a haɗa su da tsare-tsaren diyya, waɗanda suka dogara akan da'awar haƙƙin . Shirin biyan diyya na asarar harsunan Aborigin yakamata ya goyi bayan yunƙurin maido da farfado da harsunan da suka ɓace

A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2017, majalisar dokokin New South Wales (NSW) ta zartar da wata doka da ta yarda da kuma farfado da harsunan asali a karon farko a tarihin Ostiraliya. "Gwamnatin NSW za ta nada kwamiti mai zaman kansa na kwararrun harshen Aboriginal" da "kafa cibiyoyin harsuna".

Austria

A karkashin Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta Austriya (1867), Mataki na 8(2) yana ba da haƙƙin kiyayewa da bunƙasa ɗan ƙasa da harshe ga dukan tsirarun kabilu, daidaitattun haƙƙoƙi ga duk harsunan da ake amfani da su a cikin yankuna a fannonin ilimi, gudanarwa da rayuwar jama'a, kamar yadda da kuma ‘yancin yin karatu da yarensu ga al’ummomin kabilu, ba tare da larura ba na samun yare na biyu da ake amfani da su a lardin.

Kanada

Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta Hakkoki da 'Yanci (1982) tana ba da ingantaccen haƙƙin harshe, ta hanyar ba da tabbacin alhakin jiha ga al'ummomin Faransanci da Ingilishi. Sashi na 23 ya bayyana nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi guda uku ga ƴan ƙasar Kanada waɗanda ke magana da Faransanci ko Ingilishi a matsayin harshensu na asali kuma tsiraru ne a yanki. Na farko ya amince da damar samun koyarwa a cikin harshen uwa. Na biyu yana tabbatar da wuraren ilimi don ƙananan harsuna. Na uku yana ba wa tsirarun yaren Faransanci da Ingilishi haƙƙin kulawa da haɓaka wuraren karatunsu. Wannan iko na iya ɗaukar nau'i na "ikon yanke shawara na musamman game da kashe kudade, nadawa da shugabanci na gudanarwa, shirye-shiryen koyarwa, daukar malamai da ma'aikata, da kulla yarjejeniya don ilimi da ayyuka". Duk waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun shafi ilimin firamare da sakandare, wanda aka dore akan kuɗin jama'a, kuma ya dogara da adadi da yanayi

China

An haɓaka daidaitaccQen Sinanci, wanda wasu masu magana da waɗannan harsunan ke ganin yana lalata nau'ikan Sinanci . An yi ƙoƙarin kare nau'ikan Sinawa.

Croatia

↑ Convention against Discrimination in Education, Article 5
↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 27
↑ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). "Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
↑ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, Phillipson, Robert, and Rannut, Mart. (1994). "Linguistic human rights: overcoming linguistic discrimination." Walter de Gruyter.
↑ Caporti, Francesco. (1979). "Study of the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities." New York: United Nations.
↑ May, S. (2001). "Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language". London: Longman.
↑ Paulston, Christina Bratt. "Language Policies and Language Rights". Annual Review Anthropology, 26, 73–85.

An bayyana harshen Croatian a matsayin harshen hukuma na Croatia a cikin Mataki na 3 na kundin tsarin mulkin Croatia . Wannan labarin na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya nuna cewa a wasu rukunin gida, tare da yaren Croatian da rubutun Latin, a cikin amfani da hukuma ana iya gabatar da wani harshe ko wani rubutun rubutu a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da doka ta tsara. Misali daya tilo na amfani da yare marasa rinjaye a matakin yanki a halin yanzu shine gundumar Istria inda harsunan hukuma ke Croatian da Italiyanci . A gabashin Croatia, a cikin Majalisar Hadin gwiwar Gundumomi, a matakin gida ( gundumomi ) an gabatar da Serbian da rubutun Cyrillic a matsayin harshen haɗin gwiwa. Kowace gunduma, inda wasu tsiraru ke da fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a, za su iya idan suna son gabatar da yare marasa rinjaye a aikin hukuma.

Harshen ƴan tsiraru kawai da aka cire a halin yanzu a cikin ƙasar shine Romani, yaren da ba na yanki ba, kodayake an ce ajiyar yana cikin tsarin cirewa. ^[1]

Finland

Dokoki game da haƙƙin ƴan tsirarun harshe a Finland, sun dage kan kafa gundumomi na shekaru 9 na farko na ilimin makaranta a cikin kowane harshe, a cikin gundumomi da ke da yara masu yaren Finnish da Sweden, muddin akwai ƙarancin Dalibai 13 daga yankin yare na wannan harshen na asali. ^[2] ^[3]

Indiya

An fara tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1950. An kiyasta cewa akwai harsuna kusan 1500 a Indiya. Mataki na 343-345 ya bayyana cewa yarukan hukuma na Indiya don sadarwa tare da cibiyar za su kasance Hindi da Ingilishi. Akwai harsunan hukuma guda 22 da tsarin mulki ya gano. Mataki na 345 ya bayyana cewa “Majalisar Dokokin Jiha na iya ta hanyar doka ta ɗauki ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin harsunan da ake amfani da su a cikin Jiha ko Hindi a matsayin yare ko yarukan da za a yi amfani da su ga duka ko kowane dalilai na hukuma na wannan Jiha:, har sai Majalisar Dokoki ta Jiha in ba haka ba ta tanadar da doka, za a ci gaba da amfani da harshen Ingilishi don ayyukan hukuma a cikin jihar da ake amfani da shi nan da nan kafin fara wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki”. ^[4]

Ana gane haƙƙin harshe a Ireland a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Ireland da kuma a cikin Dokar Harsuna.

Irish shine yaren hukuma na ƙasa kuma na farko bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki (tare da Ingilishi shine yaren hukuma na biyu). Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba wa jama'a damar gudanar da kasuwancinsa - da kowane ɓangaren kasuwancinsa - tare da jihar ta hanyar Irish kawai.

A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2003, Shugaban ƙasar Ireland ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Harsunan Hukuma ta 2003 ta zama doka kuma a hankali an aiwatar da tanade-tanaden Dokar a cikin shekaru uku. Dokar ta tsara ayyukan ƙungiyoyin jama'a game da samar da ayyuka a cikin Irish da haƙƙin jama'a don cin gajiyar waɗannan ayyukan.

Amfani da Irish akan alamun zirga-zirgar ƙasar shine mafi kyawun kwatancen manufofin jihar game da harsunan hukuma. Yana da buƙatu na doka cewa sunayen wuri akan alamomi su kasance cikin duka Irish da Ingilishi sai a cikin Gaeltacht, inda alamun ke cikin Irish kawai.

Mexico

An amince da haƙƙoƙin harshe a Mexico a cikin 2003 tare da Babban Dokar Haƙƙin Harshe ga Jama'ar Asalin wanda ya kafa tsarin kiyayewa, renon yara da haɓaka harsunan asali. Ya amince da ƙasashen Harsuna na asali da yawa a matsayin harsunan ƙasa na haɗin gwiwa, kuma yana wajabta gwamnati ta ba da duk ayyukan jama'a cikin harsunan asali. ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] Tun daga shekarar 2014 ba a cimma burin ba da mafi yawan ayyukan jama'a a cikin harsunan asali ba.

Pakistan

Pakistan tana amfani da Ingilishi ( Ingilishi Pakistan ) da Urdu a matsayin yarukan hukuma. Ko da yake Urdu yana aiki a matsayin yaren ƙasa da yare kuma yawancin jama'a suna fahimtar shi, kashi 8% na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke magana da shi. Ba a amfani da Ingilishi a matsayin harshen farko, amma, don dalilai na hukuma, kusan kashi 49% na yawan jama'a suna iya sadarwa ta wani nau'i na Ingilishi. ^[10] Duk da haka, manyan harsunan yanki kamar Punjabi (mafi yawan jama'a ke magana), Sindhi, Pashto, Saraiki, Hindko, Balochi, Brahui da Shina ba su da matsayi na hukuma a matakin tarayya.

Philippines

Mataki na XIV, Sashe na 6-9 na kundin tsarin mulkin Philippine na 1987 ya ba da umarni masu zuwa: ^[11]

SASHE NA 6. Harshen ƙasa na Philippines shine Filipino. Yayin da yake tasowa, za a ƙara haɓakawa da haɓaka ta bisa tushen Philippine da ake da su da sauran harsuna.

Dangane da tanade-tanaden doka kuma kamar yadda Majalisa ta ga ya dace, Gwamnati za ta ɗauki matakai don farawa da dorewar amfani da Filipino a matsayin hanyar sadarwar hukuma da kuma a matsayin harshen koyarwa a cikin tsarin ilimi.

SASHE NA 7. Don dalilai na sadarwa da koyarwa, harsunan hukuma na Philippines Filipino ne kuma, har sai an ba da izini ta hanyar doka, Ingilishi.

Harsunan yanki su ne harsunan hukuma na taimako a cikin yankuna kuma za su zama kafofin watsa labarai na koyarwa a ciki.

SASHE NA 9. Majalisa za ta kafa kwamitin harshe na ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi wakilai na yankuna da fannoni daban-daban waɗanda za su gudanar, daidaitawa, da haɓaka bincike don haɓakawa, yadawa, da adana Filipino da sauran harsuna.

Spain

Harshen Sipaniya an bayyana shi a matsayin harshen hukuma na Spain a cikin Mataki na 3 na kundin tsarin mulkin Spain, kasancewar koyan wannan yaren wajibi ne ta wannan labarin. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi wasu harsunan Spain su kasance a hukumance a cikin al'ummominsu. Misali zai kasance amfani da harshen Basque a cikin Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) . ^[12] Baya ga Mutanen Espanya, sauran harsunan haɗin gwiwa sune Basque, Catalan da Galician. ^[13]

A cikin amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Harsunan Yanki ko Ƙananan Ƙananan, Sweden ta ayyana harsunan tsirarun ƙasa guda biyar: Saami, Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, da Yiddish . ^[14] ^[15] ^[16] Romani da Yiddish harsuna ne marasa rinjaye a cikin Sweden don haka an ba masu magana da su ƙarin haƙƙoƙin haƙƙi fiye da masu magana da sauran ukun. ^[17] Bayan shekaru goma na muhawarar siyasa, Sweden ta ayyana Yaren mutanen Sweden babban harshen Sweden tare da Dokar Harshe ta 2009. ^[18]

Amurka

Haƙƙin harshe a Amurka yawanci ana samun su ne daga Kwaskwarimar Sha huɗu, tare da Daidaita Kariya da Tsari Tsari, saboda sun haramta wariyar launin fata da kabilanci, suna barin tsirarun harshe su yi amfani da wannan Gyaran don neman haƙƙin harshensu. ^[19] Misali ɗaya na amfani da Dokokin Tsari Tsari shine shari'ar Meyer v. Nebraska wadda ta gudanar da cewa dokar Nebraska ta 1919 ta hana ilimin harshen waje ya keta Dokokin Tsari na Tsari na Goma sha huɗu. Wasu shari'o'i biyu masu muhimmanci ga 'yancin harshe sune shari'ar Yu Cong Eng v. Trinidad, wadda ta soke dokar hana harshe a Philippines, inda ta ayyana wannan doka a matsayin "ta cin zarafi da Dokokin Kariya da Daidaitaccen Kariya na Philippine. Dokar 'Yanci ta Majalisa", ^[19] da kuma shari'ar Farrington v. Tokushige, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa ka'idojin gwamnati na makarantu masu zaman kansu, musamman don taƙaita koyar da harsuna ban da Ingilishi da Hawai, kamar yadda ke cutar da yawan ƙaura na Hawaii. . Duk waɗannan shari'o'in biyu sun yi tasiri da shari'ar Meyer, wanda ya kasance abin misali. ^[19]

Rikici kan haƙƙin harshe

Halin harshe na Basque abu ne mai wuyar gaske. An yi la'akari da harshen Basque a matsayin ƙananan harshe a Spain, inda, har zuwa kusan 1982, ba a yi amfani da harshen Basque a cikin gudanarwa ba. ^[12] A cikin 1978, an zartar da wata doka ta ba da izinin yin amfani da Basque a cikin gudanarwa tare da Mutanen Espanya a cikin al'ummomin Basque masu cin gashin kansu. ^[12]

Tsakanin 1936/39 da 1975, lokacin mulkin Franco, an haramta amfani da Basque sosai, don haka raguwar harshe ya fara faruwa. ^[20] Duk da haka, bayan mutuwar Franco, yawancin masu kishin Basque sun bukaci a gane harshen Basque. ^[20] Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi shine Euskadi Ta Askatasun ( ETA ). ETA ta fara farawa a matsayin ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu don haɓaka harshe da al'adun Basque. ^[20] Duk da haka, da aka kasa biya bukatunta, sai ta rikide zuwa tashin hankali, ta rikide zuwa kungiyoyin 'yan aware masu tayar da kayar baya. A yau, buƙatun ETA na keɓancewar jihar sun samo asali ne daga matsalar bambance-bambancen harshe. ^[20] Koyaya, ETA ta kira tsagaita wuta ta dindindin a cikin Oktoba 2011.

Rikicin harshen Faroese, wanda ya faru tsakanin 1908 zuwa 1938, an kwatanta shi da yanayin siyasa da al'adu. Harsuna biyu da suka fafata don zama harshen hukuma na Tsibirin Faroe sune Faroese da Danish. A ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20, harshen gwamnati, ilimi da Coci ya kasance Danish, yayin da Faroese shine harshen mutane. An fara motsi zuwa haƙƙin harshen Faroese da kiyayewa a cikin 1880s ta ƙungiyar ɗalibai. Wannan ya bazu daga 1920 zuwa gaba zuwa wani yunkuri na amfani da Faroese a bangaren addini da na gwamnati. Faroese da Danish yanzu duka harsunan hukuma ne a Tsibirin Faroe. ^[21]

Nepal

Newars na Nepal suna kokawa don ceton harshen Nepal Bhasa, al'adunsu da asalinsu tun daga 1920s. An danne Nepal Bhasa a lokacin mulkin Rana (1846-1951) da Panchayat (1960-1990) wanda ke haifar da raguwar harshe. Ranas ya hana yin rubutu a Nepal Bhasa kuma an daure marubuta ko kuma a yi gudun hijira. Tun daga shekarar 1965, tsarin Panchayat ya sauƙaƙa harsunan yanki daga gidajen rediyo da cibiyoyin ilimi, kuma an saka masu zanga-zangar a kurkuku.

Bayan dawo da mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1990, an sassauta takunkumin buga littattafai; amma yunƙurin samun amfani a cikin ƙananan hukumomi tare da Nepali ya ci tura. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 1999, Kotun Koli ta hana Kathmandu Metropolitan City ba da izini a hukumance ga Nepal Bhasa, da Rajbiraj Municipality da Kwamitin Ci gaban Gundumar Dhanusa daga amincewa da Maithili . ^[22]

Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi na Nepal 2007 ya amince da duk harsunan da ake magana da su a matsayin harsunan uwa a cikin Nepal a matsayin harsunan ƙasa na Nepal. Ya ce Nepali a cikin rubutun Devanagari zai zama yaren kasuwancin hukuma, duk da haka, amfani da harsunan uwa a cikin ƙananan hukumomi ko ofisoshi ba za a ɗauki shamaki ba. ^[23] Amfani da harsunan kasa a kananan hukumomi bai faru ba a aikace, kuma ana ci gaba da yanke kauna wajen amfani da su da kuma nuna wariya wajen rabon albarkatun kasa. Wasu manazarta sun bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka haddasa rikicin Maoist, ko yakin basasar Nepal (1996-2006), shi ne tauye hakkin harshe da kuma mayar da kabilu saniyar ware. ^[24]

Sri Lanka

Farkon rikice-rikice game da harsuna a Sri Lanka yana komawa zuwa ga mulkin Birtaniya. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Ingilishi yana da matsayi na musamman da iko a Sri Lanka. Turawan Ingila sun yi mulki a Sri Lanka daga karshen karni na sha takwas zuwa 1948. Turanci shine harshen hukuma a lokacin. Kafin tafiyar Bature, an ƙaddamar da wani yunkuri na "swabhasha" (harshen ku) a ƙoƙarin kawar da Ingilishi a hankali, tare da maye gurbinsa da Sinhala ko Tamil . Duk da haka, jim kadan bayan ficewar Birtaniya yakin, saboda dalilai daban-daban na siyasa, ya samo asali ne daga ba da shawarar Sinhala da Tamil su maye gurbin Ingilishi zuwa Sinhala kawai ta maye gurbin Turanci.

A shekara ta 1956, zaben farko bayan samun 'yancin kai, 'yan adawa sun yi nasara kuma aka ayyana harshen hukuma a matsayin Sinhala. Mutanen Tamil ba su ji daɗi ba, suna jin cewa ba su da wahala sosai. Domin a halin yanzu harshen Sinhala ya zama harshen hukuma, ya sa mutanen Sinhala da harshensu na asali suka samu saukin shiga harkokin gwamnati da kuma samar musu da wata fa'ida mara kyau a harkar ilimi. Tamils waɗanda su ma ba su fahimci Sinhala ba sun ji daɗi sosai saboda dole ne su dogara ga wasu don fassara musu takaddun hukuma.

Dukansu mutanen Tamil da Sinhala suna jin cewa harshe yana da mahimmanci ga asalinsu. Mutanen Sinhala sun danganta harshen da al'adun gargajiya. Sun kuma ji tsoron cewa, ganin cewa a wancan lokacin akwai masu magana da harshen miliyan 9, idan ba Sinhala kadai ba ne kawai za a yi hasarar a hankali. ^[25] Mutanen Tamil suna jin cewa manufar Sinhala kawai za ta tabbatar da ikon al'ummar Sinhalese don haka za su iya rasa harshensu, al'adunsu da asalinsu. ^[25]

Duk da rashin jin daɗin al'ummar Tamil, ba a gudanar da wani gagarumin yunkuri na siyasa ba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970. A ƙarshe a cikin Mayu 1976, an sami buƙatun jama'a na ƙasar Tamil. A lokacin zaben 1956 jam'iyyar Tarayya ta maye gurbin majalisar Tamil. Jam'iyyar ta dage kan "samun 'yanci ga al'ummar Tamil na Ceylon ta hanyar kafa jihar Tamil mai cin gashin kanta bisa tsarin harshe a cikin tsarin Tarayyar Ceylon". Duk da haka bai samu nasara sosai ba. Don haka a cikin 1972, Jam'iyyar Tarayya, Tamil Congress da sauran kungiyoyi suka haɗa kai zuwa sabuwar jam'iyya mai suna "Tamil United Front".

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da rabuwar Tamil ya taso a cikin 1972 lokacin da gwamnatin Sinhala ta yi gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulki. Gwamnatin Sinhala ta yanke shawarar inganta addinin Buddah a matsayin addini na hukuma, tana mai da'awar cewa "ya zama wajibi ne na kasa ta kare da bunkasa addinin Buddha". ^[25] Ganin cewa yawancin Tamils Hindu ne, wannan ya haifar da damuwa. Daga nan sai aka ji tsoro a tsakanin Tamils cewa mutanen da ke cikin "jinin da ba za a iya tabawa ba" za a karfafa su su koma addinin Buddha sannan su "wanke kwakwalwa" su koyi Sinhala su ma. ^[25]

Abu na uku shine sauye-sauyen ma'auni na jarrabawar Jami'a a farkon shekarun 1970. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa suna son daidaita ka'idojin shiga jami'a, bisa la'akari da yaren da aka yi jarabawar shiga jami'a. An lura cewa daliban da suka yi jarrabawar a Tamil sun fi daliban da suka zana jarabawar a Sinhala. Don haka gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa daliban Tamil sun sami maki mafi girma fiye da daliban da suka yi jarrabawar Sinhala don shiga jami'o'i. Sakamakon haka, adadin daliban Tamil da ke shiga jami'o'i ya ragu.

Bayan zaben Yuli na 1977, dangantaka tsakanin Sinhalese da Ceylon Tamil ta kara tsananta. An yi tashin hankali a sassan kasar. An kiyasta kimanin mutane 100 ne aka kashe sannan dubban mutane suka tsere daga gidajensu. Daga cikin wadannan tashe-tashen hankula, kiran da a ke yi na a kafa wata kasa ta daban tsakanin al'ummar Tamil ya kara karfi. ^[25]

Manazarta

↑ "Romani and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML)". ECRML Secretariat. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original (docx) on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). "Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
↑ Svenska Finlands Folkting. (1991). Vad säger lagarna om språkliga rättigheter (What do the laws say about linguistic rights). Finlandssvensk Rapport nr 16. Helsingfors: Svenska Finlands Folkting.
↑ Groff, C. (2003). Status and acquisition planning and linguistic minorities in India. Online
↑ "LEY DE DERECHOS LINGÜÍSTICOS EN MÉXICO" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
↑ Margarita Hidalgo (ed.) . Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century (Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 91) . 2006 . Berlin, Germany : Mouton de Gruyter
↑ Hamel, Rainer Enrique. "Indigenous Language Policy and Education in Mexico." Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Vol. 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2008. 301–313. Gail Virtual Reference Library. Amer. Univ. Bender Library. 5 Apr 2009. .
↑ Hamel, Rainer Enrique and Communities in Mexico. "Bilingual Education for Indigenous Communities in Mexico". Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Vol. 5: Bilingual Education. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2008. 311–322. Gail Cambronne 42 Virtual Reference Library. Amer. Univ. Bender Library. 5 Apr 2009. .
↑ Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas [INALI] (14 January 2008). "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas". Diario Oficial de la Federación (in Sifaniyanci). México, D.F.: Imprenta del Gobierno Federal, SEGOB. 652 (9): 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). OCLC 46461036. Archived from the original (PDF online reproduction) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
↑ "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan" (PDF).
↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 2, 1987.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Urla, J. (1988). Ethnic Protest and Social Planning: A Look at Basque Language Revival. Cultural Anthropology, 379–394.
↑ "Europe :: Spain — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
↑ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Lag (1999:1175) om rätt att använda samiska hos förvaltningsmyndigheter och domstolar Svensk författningssamling 1999:1999:1175 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
↑ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Lag (1999:1176) om rätt att använda finska och meänkieli hos förvaltningsdomstolar och domstolar Svensk författningssamling 1999:1999:1176 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
↑ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (1999-06-10). "Nationella minoriteter i Sverige". Regeringskansliet (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
↑ Hult, F.M. (2004). Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden. Language Policy, 3(2), 181–201.
↑ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Språklag (2009:600) Svensk författningssamling 2009:2009:600 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Del Valle, Sandra. (2003). "Language Rights and the Law in the United States: Finding our Voices." Multilingual Matters Ltd.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Gardner, N. (2002). BASQUE IN EDUCATION: IN THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY. Department of Culture Basque Government. Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Administrazioa Hezkuntza, Unibertsitate eta Ikerketa Saila.
↑ Poulsen, J. H. (1999). On Faroese Language Planning. In G. Spiess, Modernisierung des Wortschatzes europäischer Regional- und Minderheitensprachen (pp. 147–151). Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen.
↑ Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (September 2009). "Process of Democratization and Linguistic (Human) Rights in Nepal". Tribhuvan University Journal. pp. 18–19. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
↑ "The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007" (PDF). Constitution Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
↑ "Mountain Research and Development" (PDF). United Nations University and International Mountain Society. February 2005. p. 7. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 ^25.3 ^25.4 Kearney, R. (1978). Language and the Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka. Asian Survey, 18(5), 521–534.

= Duba kuma

Hakkokin mutane na harshe
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Hakkokin Yan-adam
Facet of (en)	language policy (en)
Karatun ta	sociolinguistics (en)
Gudanarwan	linguistic rights activist (en)

Nassoshi

[1] Convention against Discrimination in Education, Article 5

[2] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 27

[Skutnabb-Kangas,2000-3] Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). "Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

[Skutnabb-Kangas,_Phillipson,_and_Rannut,_1994-4] Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, Phillipson, Robert, and Rannut, Mart. (1994). "Linguistic human rights: overcoming linguistic discrimination." Walter de Gruyter.

[Caporti,1979-5] Caporti, Francesco. (1979). "Study of the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities." New York: United Nations.

[6] May, S. (2001). "Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language". London: Longman.

[Paulston,_1997-7] Paulston, Christina Bratt. "Language Policies and Language Rights". Annual Review Anthropology, 26, 73–85.

[8] "Romani and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML)". ECRML Secretariat. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original (docx) on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Skutnabb-Kangas,2000-9] Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). "Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

[Svenska-10] Svenska Finlands Folkting. (1991). Vad säger lagarna om språkliga rättigheter (What do the laws say about linguistic rights). Finlandssvensk Rapport nr 16. Helsingfors: Svenska Finlands Folkting.

[11] Groff, C. (2003). Status and acquisition planning and linguistic minorities in India. Online

[Cuevas-12] "LEY DE DERECHOS LINGÜÍSTICOS EN MÉXICO" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[Hidalgo-13] Margarita Hidalgo (ed.) . Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century (Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 91) . 2006 . Berlin, Germany : Mouton de Gruyter

[14] Hamel, Rainer Enrique. "Indigenous Language Policy and Education in Mexico." Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Vol. 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2008. 301–313. Gail Virtual Reference Library. Amer. Univ. Bender Library. 5 Apr 2009. .

[15] Hamel, Rainer Enrique and Communities in Mexico. "Bilingual Education for Indigenous Communities in Mexico". Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Vol. 5: Bilingual Education. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2008. 311–322. Gail Cambronne 42 Virtual Reference Library. Amer. Univ. Bender Library. 5 Apr 2009. .

[16] Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas [INALI] (14 January 2008). "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas". Diario Oficial de la Federación (in Sifaniyanci). México, D.F.: Imprenta del Gobierno Federal, SEGOB. 652 (9): 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). OCLC 46461036. Archived from the original (PDF online reproduction) on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2024.

[17] "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan" (PDF).

[18] "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 2, 1987.

[Urla,1988-19] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Urla, J. (1988). Ethnic Protest and Social Planning: A Look at Basque Language Revival. Cultural Anthropology, 379–394.

[20] "Europe :: Spain — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[21] Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Lag (1999:1175) om rätt att använda samiska hos förvaltningsmyndigheter och domstolar Svensk författningssamling 1999:1999:1175 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[22] Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Lag (1999:1176) om rätt att använda finska och meänkieli hos förvaltningsdomstolar och domstolar Svensk författningssamling 1999:1999:1176 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[23] Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (1999-06-10). "Nationella minoriteter i Sverige". Regeringskansliet (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[24] Hult, F.M. (2004). Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden. Language Policy, 3(2), 181–201.

[25] Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Språklag (2009:600) Svensk författningssamling 2009:2009:600 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[Del_Valle,2003-26] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Del Valle, Sandra. (2003). "Language Rights and the Law in the United States: Finding our Voices." Multilingual Matters Ltd.

[Gardner,2002-27] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Gardner, N. (2002). BASQUE IN EDUCATION: IN THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY. Department of Culture Basque Government. Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Administrazioa Hezkuntza, Unibertsitate eta Ikerketa Saila.

[28] Poulsen, J. H. (1999). On Faroese Language Planning. In G. Spiess, Modernisierung des Wortschatzes europäischer Regional- und Minderheitensprachen (pp. 147–151). Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen.

[29] Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (September 2009). "Process of Democratization and Linguistic (Human) Rights in Nepal". Tribhuvan University Journal. pp. 18–19. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

[30] "The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007" (PDF). Constitution Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

[31] "Mountain Research and Development" (PDF). United Nations University and International Mountain Society. February 2005. p. 7. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

[Kearney,1978-32] 25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 ^25.3 ^25.4 Kearney, R. (1978). Language and the Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka. Asian Survey, 18(5), 521–534.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

Hakkokin mutane na harshe