Hakkokin 'yan tsiraru
Hakkin 'yan tsiraru shine haƙƙin mutum na yau da kullun kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi ga membobin launin fata, kabilanci, aji, addini, harshe ko jinsi da' yan tsiraru na jima'i, da kuma haƙƙin rukuni da aka ba wa kowane rukuni na 'yan tsirarun.
 minority rights | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Hakkokin Yan-adam |
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a sukan nemi tabbatar da cewa ba a tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaya ba bisa tushen kasancewa memba a ƙungiyar tsiraru. Irin waɗannan masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a sun haɗa da 'yancin mata na duniya da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin LGBT na duniya, da ƙungiyoyin yancin launin fata-tsiraru daban-daban a duniya (kamar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a Amurka).
Batutuwa na haƙƙin tsiraru sun haɗu tare da muhawara game da gyara tarihi ko kan kyakkyawar wariya.
Tarihi
gyara sasheKafin taron zaman lafiya na Paris (1919–1920), kalmar “yan tsiraru” da farko ana magana ne ga jam’iyyun siyasa a majalisun dokokin ƙasa, ba kabilanci, na ƙasa, harsuna ko kungiyoyin addini ba. [1] An danganta taron na Paris da samar da ra'ayi na 'yancin tsiraru da kuma kawo shahara a cikinsa. [1]
An fara gabatar da batun ‘yancin tsiraru ne a shekara ta 1814, a Majalisar Dokokin Vienna, wacce ta tattauna kan makomar Yahudawan Jamus musamman ma ‘yan sanda da suka sake rabuwa. Majalisar ta bayyana fatan cewa Prussia, Rasha, da Ostiriya za su ba da juriya da kariya ga tsirarun su, wanda a ƙarshe suka yi watsi da su, suna shiga cikin tsarin nuna wariya.
Majalisar Paris ta 1856 ta ba da kulawa ta musamman ga matsayin Yahudawa da Kirista a Daular Usmaniyya. A Biritaniya, William Gladstone ya mayar da kisan kiyashin da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi wa 'yan Bulgeriya a matsayin wani babban batu na kamfen tare da neman kulawar ƙasashen duniya. Majalisar Berlin a 1878 ta yi magana game da matsayin Yahudawa a Romania, musamman, da kuma Serbia, da Bulgaria. Gabaɗaya, ƴan majalisu na ƙarni na 19 sun gaza yin gyare-gyare.
Majalisun juyin juya hali na Hungary sun yi shelarsu kuma suka zartar da haƙƙoƙin tsiraru na farko a cikin watan Yuli 1849. [2] An tsara haƙƙoƙin tsiraru a cikin dokar Austria a cikin shekarar 1867. Rasha ta yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen kare Kiristocin Orthodox da mutanen Slavic karkashin ikon daular Usmaniyya. [3] Duk da haka gwamnatin Rasha ta amince da muguntar zagon kasa ga Yahudawa a kauyukanta. An kai wa Rasha hari sosai saboda wannan manufar. [4] Akasin haka, ba a samu wani tashin hankali na ƙasa da ƙasa ba game da yadda ake mu'amala da wasu tsiraru, kamar bakar fata a kudancin Amurka kafin shekarun 1950 lokacin da ƙasashen Afirka suka sami 'yancin kai. [5]
Kafin yakin duniya na 1, ƙasashen Turai uku ne kawai suka ayyana yancin ƙananan ƙabilu, kuma suka kafa dokokin kare tsiraru: na farko su ne Hungary (1849 da 1868), na biyu Austria (1867), na uku kuma Belgium (1898). A zamanin kafin WW1, tsarin shari'a na wasu ƙasashen Turai ba su yarda da yin amfani da ƙananan harsunan Turai a makarantun firamare, a cibiyoyin al'adu, a ofisoshin gwamnati da kuma a kotunan shari'a ba. [6]
'Yan tsiraru a taron zaman lafiya na Paris na 1919
gyara sasheA taron zaman lafiya na Versailles Majalisar Koli ta kafa 'Kwamitin Sabbin Jihohi da Kariyar 'Yan tsiraru'. An tilasta wa duk sabbin jihohin da suka gaje su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin 'yancin 'yan tsiraru a matsayin wani sharaɗi na amincewa da diflomasiyya. An amince da cewa ko da yake an san sabbin jihohin, ba a 'halitta' su ba kafin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta karshe. Batun 'yancin Jamusanci da na Poland ya kasance wani batu na cece-kuce yayin da 'yancin Poland a Jamus ya kasance ba a karewa ba, sabanin 'yan tsirarun Jamus a Poland. Kamar sauran ƙa'idodin da ƙungiyar ta amince da su, Yarjejeniyoyi marasa rinjaye sun kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin akidar Wilsonian game da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa; kamar Kungiyar da kanta, gwamnatocin sun yi watsi da Yarjejeniyar tsiraru, tare da gaba daya tsarin ya ruguje a karshen shekarun 1930. Duk da gazawar siyasa, sun kasance tushen dokokin duniya. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an shigar da ka'idojin shari'a a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da tarin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [7]
Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa
gyara sasheHakkokin tsiraru, kamar yadda ake aiwatarwa ga tsirarun ƙabilu, addini ko yare da kuma 'yan asali, wani ɓangare ne na dokokin kare hakkin ɗan adam na duniya. Kamar 'yancin yara, 'yancin mata da 'yancin 'yan gudun hijira, 'yancin 'yan tsiraru tsari ne na shari'a da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa wani rukuni na musamman wanda ke cikin matsayi mai rauni, marasa galihu ko matsayi a cikin al'umma, zai iya samun daidaito kuma an kare shi daga zalunci. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta farko bayan yakin don kare 'yan tsiraru, wanda aka tsara don kare su daga babbar barazana ga wanzuwarsu, ita ce Yarjejeniyar Kariya da Hukuncin Laifukan Kisan Kisan.
Ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam na gaba waɗanda ke daidaita ƴan tsiraru sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa (Mataki na 27), Sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Mutanen da ke na ƴan tsiraru na ƙasa ko ƙabilu, addini da harshe, yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Turai biyu ( Tsarin Mulki. Yarjejeniya don Kare Ƙananun Ƙasa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Yanki ko Harsuna marasa rinjaye), da Ƙungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE) Takardun Copenhagen na shekarar 1990.
Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru sun haɗa da kariyar wanzuwa, kariya daga wariya da tsanantawa, kariya da haɓaka ainihi, da shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa. Domin haƙƙoƙin mutanen LGBT, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da ƙa'idodin Yogyakarta. Don haƙƙin naƙasassu, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 'yancin nakasassu.
Don kare haƙƙin tsiraru, ƙasashe da yawa suna da takamaiman dokoki da/ko kwamitoci ko cibiyoyi masu shigar da ƙaranci (misali Kwamishinan 'Yan Majalisun Hungarian 'Yancin Ƙasa da Ƙabilu). [8]
Yayin da da farko, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ɗauki 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na 'yan tsiraru, akwai faɗaɗa tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa musamman da aka keɓe su, musamman Yarjejeniya ta 169 na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya da kuma sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasar. 14 Satumba 2007).
A cikin shekarar 2008, an gabatar da sanarwa game da haƙƙin LGBT a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kuma a cikin shekarar 2011, an zartar da ƙudurin haƙƙin LGBT a Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (Duba yancin LGBT a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya).
Akwai ƙungiyoyin siyasa da yawa waɗanda kuma ke da haƙƙoƙin ƴan tsiraru, waɗanda za a iya gani a cikin ƙayyadaddun ayyuka ko kuma a tabbatar da wakilci na tsiraru a cikin ƙasa ta haɗin gwiwa.
'Yan tsiraru na ƙasa a cikin dokar EC/EU
gyara sasheMatsayin kai tsaye na Tarayyar Turai (da kuma dokar EU/EC) a fannin kare tsirarrun 'yan ƙasa har yanzu yana da iyaka sosai (haka ma babban kare haƙƙin ɗan adam). EU ta dogara da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gaba ɗaya da tsarin yankin Turai na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa (dangane da Majalisar Turai, Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai, da dai sauransu) kuma a cikin yanayin larura ta karɓi ƙa'idodinsu. Amma "ƙasa tattalin arzikin haɗin gwiwar Turai", wanda aka fara a cikin shekarar 1990s, yana canza wannan yanayin. Muhimmancin siyasa game da kariyar tsirarun ƙasa yana da girma sosai.
Yanzu (2009), ko da yake kare 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa bai zama cikakkiyar yarda da ƙa'idar ɗaure ta EU ba, a cikin wasu batutuwan shari'a da yawa na 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa an ambaci su. A cikin dangantakar waje kare tsirarun ƙasa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'auni na haɗin gwiwa tare da EU. [9]
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Civil rights
- Individual and group rights
- Cultural rights
- Disability rights movement
- European Centre for Minority Issues
- Global Human Rights Defence
- Intersex human rights
- Linguistic rights
- Minority Rights Group International
- Minoritarianism
- Tyranny of the majority
- European Roma Rights Centre
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Robson, Laura (2021). "Capitulations Redux: The Imperial Genealogy of the Post–World War I "Minority" Regimes". The American Historical Review. 126 (3): 978–1000. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhab358. ISSN 0002-8762.
- ↑ Laszlo Peter, Martyn C. Rady, Peter A. Sherwood: Lajos Kossuth sas word...: papers delivered on the occasion of the bicentenary of Kossuth's birth (page 101)
- ↑ Denis Vovchenko, Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians, 1856–1914 (Oxford University Press, 2016).
- ↑ Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, "Middleman minorities and ethnic violence: anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian empire." Review of Economic Studies 87.1 (2020): 289–342 online.
- ↑ Azza Salama Layton, International politics and civil rights policies in the United States, 1941–1960 (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
- ↑ Józsa Hévizi (2004): Autonomies in Hungary and Europe, A COMPARATIVE STUDY, The Regional and Ecclesiastic Autonomy of the Minorities and Nationality Groups
- ↑ P. de Azcarate, League of Nations and National Minorities (1945) online
- ↑ "Parliamentary Commissioner for the National and Ethnic Minorities Rights". Országgyűlési Biztos Hivatala. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007.
- ↑ Šmihula, Daniel (September 2008). "National Minorities in the Law of the EC/EU" (PDF). Romanian Journal of European Affairs. 8 (3): 51–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-23.