Wikipedia

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Morocco

Maroko ta sami ci gaba sosai tun lokacin mulkin danniya na shekarun jagoranci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Hassan II (1961-99). Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai korafe-korafe game da cin zarafi na mulki a ƙarƙashin ɗansa na zamani, Mohammed VI. An sami ƙarin ɗaukaka na zamani, kuma an ba da ƙarin haƙƙi ga jama'a gabaɗaya, musamman mata da yara. A zamanin mulkin Hassan na biyu, Maroko ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin tarihin Haƙƙin dan Adam a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya, musamman a lokacin shekarun jagoranci, wanda ya kasance daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa karshen 1980, wanda ya kasance lokaci ne tarihin kasar da ya shahara wajen danne ‘yan adawa da adawa, wanda ya hada da kamawa, tsarewa, dauri, da kuma kashe abokan hamayyar siyasa. A halin yanzu, Maroko na ci gaba da fuskantar akalla wasu matsalolin kare hakkin bil adama, kamar rashin kyawun yanayin gidan yari, da cin zarafin mata da al'ummar LGBT, da kuma azabtar da 'yan sanda. Duk da sauye-sauye da aka samu a karkashin jagorancin Sarki Mohamed VI, har yanzu ana zaman ruwan dare a ƙasar ta Maroko a yau din nan.

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Morocco
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
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Ƙasa Moroko
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 32°N 6°W / 32°N 6°W / 32; -6


Wannan labarin yana magana ne da Maroko ba yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama akai ba . Dubi Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara dangane da haka. Maroko ce ke gudanar da kashi 80% na yankin, don haka dokar Morocco ta shafi " Lardunan Kudancin ".

'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki

gyara sashe

'Yancin aikin jarida ba ya nan kuma ana tunanin 'yan jarida da yawa suna yin aikin tantance kansu . Tambayoyi game da sahihancin sarauta ko ayyukan Sarki haramun ne da kuma nuna shakku kan “ madaidaicin yankin ” masarautar (watau kama da yammacin sahara ) haramun ne. A shekara ta 2005 an dakatar da fitaccen dan jaridan nan dan kasar Morocco Ali Lmrabet daga aikin jarida na tsawon shekaru 10 da kuma ci tarar Dirhami 50,000 (kimanin Yuro 4,500) saboda ya bayar da rahoto game da rikici a yankin yammacin Sahara, in ji kungiyar Reporters Without Borders . Tun daga shekara ta 2007 har yanzu an hana Lmrabet aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida. Yawancin manyan 'yan jarida na Moroccan, irin su Aboubakr Jamai, Ali Anouzla, Ahmed Benchemsi da Rachid Niny, an rage su zuwa shiru ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku, tara tara mai yawa, kauracewa tallace-tallace da rarrabawa / hana kudaden gwamnati. An yankewa wasu da yawa daga cikin ‘yan jaridun yanar gizo hukuncin dauri saboda sukar Sarkin ko kuma suka yi zargin cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnonin da Sarki ya nada ke yi. Ba a bayyana shari’arsu ba a duniya saboda galibi matasa ne ‘yan jarida kan yi rubuce-rubuce da kananan wallafe-wallafe ko yada labaran yankin (kamar Mohammed Erraji daga Agadir wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari a shekara ta 2010 saboda sukar jawabin Sarki).

Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2007, tare da bayyanar a wurin wasu mujallu masu zaman kansu na francophone, irin su Tel Quel da Le Journal Hebdomadaire da ƴan uwansu na Larabci (misali. Assahifa Al Ousbouia ), ikon gwamnati a kan kafofin watsa labarai ya dan koma daga shiga tsakani kai tsaye zuwa karin matsi na dabara, kamar amfani da kararraki da kararraki.

A ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2007 kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan jarida ta CPJ mai hedkwata a birnin New York ta fitar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara kan "kasashe 10 da 'yancin 'yan jarida ya fi tabarbarewa" inda ta bayyana cewa a cewar babban daraktan CPJ Joel Simon; "Tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka ba shi da zurfi idan ana batun 'yancin 'yan jarida" kuma Maroko na cikin "manyan masu koma baya 10" a shekara ta 2007 bayan da "an dauke shi a matsayin jagora a yankinta". A cikin rahoton, an dauki Maroko, tare da Tunisiya, a matsayin kasar da ke "yanke mafi yawan 'yan jarida a gidan yari a kasashen Larabawa".

A cewar kididdigar ‘yancin ‘yan jarida ta shekarar 2013, kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta sanya ƙasar Maroko a matsayi na 136 cikin 179, raguwar matsayi daga matsayi na 89 da kasar ta samu a shekara ta 2002. Dangane da ƙididdigar 2015, wannan ƙungiya ta sanya Maroko a ƙasashe guda 130 cikin guda 180.

A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, hukumomin Morocco sun tauye haƙƙin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyi da taro ta hanyar dokoki da yawa. Hukumomin kasar na ci gaba da gurfanar da kafafen yada labarai na jaridu da na intanet a gaban kuliya idan suka soki gwamnati, da kuma sarki . Bugu da kari, hukumomi sun sanya wa gwamnati cikas don takaita ayyukan 'yan jarida. A Rabat, 'yan sanda sun kori wasu 'yan jaridar Faransa biyu tare da kwace kaset dinsu suna masu cewa ba su da izinin daukar fim. Rahoton ya ce gidan talabijin na Moroko ya ba da damar yin muhawara da suka. Duk da haka, irin wannan muhawarar ba ta magance muhimman batutuwa ba.

A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2020, wani bincike da Amnesty International ta yi zargin cewa an yi wa ɗan jaridar Moroko Omar Radi, hari ta hanyar amfani da Pegasus na leƙen asiri na Isra'ila. Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam ta yi ikirarin cewa an kai wa 'yan jaridar hari sau uku tare da leken asiri bayan na'urar sa ta kamu da kayan aikin NSO. A halin da ake ciki, Amnesty ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa harin ya zo ne bayan kungiyar NSO ta sabunta manufofinsu a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019.[1][2][3][4]

Zaluntar siyasa

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Takurawar gwamnati na adawar siyasa ya ragu sosai tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A wasu lokuta ana kwatanta shekarun da suka gabata a matsayin shekarun jagoranci ( Les Années de Plomb ), kuma sun haɗa da bacewar tilastawa, kashe abokan adawar gwamnati da sansanonin tsaro na sirri kamar Tazmamart . Don nazarin cin zarafi da aka yi a zamanin Sarki Hassan II (1961-1999), gwamnati ta kafa hukumar daidaita daidaito da daidaitawa (IER), wanda zai gyara wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma biyan diyya ga fushin da jihar ta yi musu. Kasashen duniya sun yaba da wannan a matsayin wani babban ci gaba, kuma abin misali ga kasashen Larabawa . Duk da haka, IER kuma ta fuskanci hare-hare daga sassa na 'yancin ɗan adam-al'umma, tun da aikinta ba shine bayyana sunayen ko gurfanar da masu laifin ba, wanda yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa ke nema. [5]

Har ila yau, ana ci gaba da zarge-zargen cin zarafi ga masu zanga-zangar neman 'yancin Sahrawi da masu zanga-zangar Polisario [6] a yammacin Sahara, wanda Maroko ke la'akari da shi a matsayin Lardunan Kudancin, kuma ana zargin Maroko da tsare 'yan Sahrawi masu zaman kansu a matsayin fursunonin lamiri.

A watan Mayun shekara ta 2006 wata tawaga daga ofishin hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ziyarci yankin yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, kuma rahoton da ya bayar na ziyarar ya yi kakkausar suka kan rashin hakkin dan Adam a yankin musamman ma yankin Saharawi. yawan jama'a. An fitar da rahoton sirrin kuma ana iya samun shi a misali ARSO.org.[7][8][9]

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Oktoba, Maroko ta dakatar da ziyarar da tawaga daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta shirya kuma aka amince da ita a baya. Matakin dai ya zo ne kasa da sa'o'i 48 kafin tawagar ta tashi zuwa Rabat da yammacin Sahara. Manufar ita ce ta yi nazarin zargin take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Polisario da hukumomin Morocco. [10] (rubutu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci).

Maroko ta yi ikirarin cewa galibin mambobin tawagar sanann magoya bayan kungiyar Polisario ne, don haka ba a tabbatar da tsaka-tsakin tawagar ba. Shugaban tawagar, Mista Ioannis Kasoulides, ya yi adawa da wadannan zarge-zargen yana mai cewa ba a kafa kungiyar ba ta Morocco ce za ta yanke shawara, kuma baya ga Morocco tun da farko ta amince da kafa kungiyar kuma an ba ta damar yin tasiri a shirinta na ziyarar.

'Yancin addini

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Gaba ɗaya ana kiyaye 'yancin yin addini, tare da iyakancewa. A cewar mai magana da yawun gwamnatin Moroko, “Mulkin ya ba da tabbacin ba wai ’yancin yin ibada kawai ba, har ma da gina wuraren ibada ga Kiristoci da Yahudawa da kuma gudanar da al’adunsu cikin yanci da girmamawa. .

Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa addinan da ba Musulunci ba (shashi na 220 na kundin laifuffuka, ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari).[11][12][13][14]

Har yanzu akwai al'ummar Yahudawan Moroko, kodayake yawancin Yahudawa sun yi hijira a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙirƙirar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.

Haƙƙin zamantakewa da daidaito

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Yara

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A Maroko, dubban yara - galibi 'yan mata da wasu 'yan kasa da shekaru takwas - suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, inda sukan ci karo da tashin hankali na zahiri da na baki, keɓewa, da aikin kwana bakwai a mako wanda ke farawa da wayewar gari. yana ci gaba har zuwa dare. Ba a biya su da kyau kuma kusan babu wanda ke zuwa makaranta. Ma'aikatan cikin gida, ciki har da yara, ba a cire su daga dokar aiki ta Maroko, saboda haka ba sa jin daɗin haƙƙin da aka bai wa sauran ma'aikata, gami da mafi ƙarancin albashi ko iyakance ga sa'o'in aikinsu.

Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali ta Moroccan (2004 mudawana) da Tsarin Mulkinta (2012), ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne samun ƙananan ma'aikatan gida. [15][16]

Mata da iyali

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A cikin shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokokin Morocco ta ɗauki matakai don inganta matsayin mata da yara, kuma ta zartas da sabuwar dokar iyali, Mudawanat al Usra (Laddin Iyali na Turanci), wanda a ko'ina ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ci gaba sosai ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yanki. Misali, yanzu an halatta mazan mata daya kawai sai dai idan matar ta sa hannu a yarjejeniya. Baya ga kasancewa 'yan takara a jerin sunayen zabuka masu gauraya, mata suna da jerin sunayen kasa a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin da ke ba su damar samun akalla kashi 10% na kujeru.

Hakazalika, kuma a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2006, an kafa wata kungiyar sa ido ta kasa don yaki da cin zarafin mata . Ma’aikatun jihohi da dama da gwamnatoci da jami’o’i da kuma kungiyoyin mata na kasa ana neman su hada kai tare. [17]

A shekara ta 2006, an canja matsayin ɗan ƙasar Moroccan ga yara ta hanyar uba. Soumya Naâmane Guessous, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Moroccan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen don watsa ƴan ƙasar Moroko ta uwa zuwa ga 'ya'yanta. Iyawar uwa ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga 'ya'yansu baya bayyana a cikin kundin Mudawana amma an ba shi ta hanyar yanke shawara a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2006. [18]

Kwanan nan, a shekara ta 2009, wata sabuwar doka ta kuma baiwa mata damar sakin mazajensu ba tare da izinin miji ba.

Asalin Berber

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Masu fafutuka na Berber a kai a kai suna jayayya cewa a ƙarƙashin tutar Larabawa, ana murƙushe yarensu da al'adunsu na musamman don neman na Larabawa. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin wariya da kuma hanyar mayar da hankali. Koyaya, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, na shekara ta 2001 an kafa Cibiyar Sarauta ta Al'adun Amazigh don kulawa da haɓaka harsuna da al'adun Amazigh.[19]

L'Yan sanda da sojoji sake fasalin

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A shekara ta 2006 Maroko ta fara aiwatar da ƴan gyare-gyare da suka shafi 'yan sanda da sojoji. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar an wargaza ƙungiyar 'yan sanda da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Urbains de sécurité ( GUS ) (Ƙungiyoyin Tsaro na Birane).

Yayin da yawancin 'yan Moroccan suka ɗauki kasancewar GUS a matsayin taimako, wasu da yawa sun ɗauka a matsayin mataki na komawa ga mulkin Makhzen . [20]

Rushewar ya biyo bayan suka da yawa game da wuce gona da iri ko cin zarafi na mulki . Wasu ayyukan rashin da'a na wasu membobin kungiyar sun juya ra'ayin jama'a wanda ya zama abin kunya.

An kuma zargi GUS da cin hanci da rashawa . A lokuta da yawa, masu laifin farar hula sun kasance suna bayar da cin hanci (tsakanin dirhami 10 zuwa 20) wanda ya haifar da bayyanar sanannen laƙabi; "10 guda". [21]

Hukuncin kisa da ɗauri

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Yayin da hukuncin kisa ya kasance hukuncin kisa na shari'a a Maroko, ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba tun shekara ta 1993, lokacin da aka kashe Mohamed Tabet bayan dakatar da shekaru 10. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa ne bisa manyan laifuka daban-daban da suka hada da fyade, garkuwa da mutane, garkuwa da mutane da kuma ayyukan dabbanci. An bayyana cewa ya yi fyade tare da lalata da mata har 1,500 a tsawon shekaru 13. [22] Tsakanin shekara ta 1956 zuwa 1993, an yanke wa mutane 198 hukuncin kisa[ana buƙatar hujja]Hukumar da sasantawa ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane 528 a zamanin mulkin Hassan II a wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na shari'a da na wuce gona da iri. [23]

Tattaunawa kan lamarin a Maroko ya kasance haramun shekaru da dama[ana buƙatar hujja] . Sai dai kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da wasu kafafen yada labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da jam'iyyun siyasa masu ra'ayin rikau a karkashin jam'iyyar Front of Democratic Forces sun yi ta yunkurin fara muhawarar hukuncin kisa . Dangane da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na jama'a, shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan intanet sun riga sun fara muhawara kan batun. [24] Babban da sabuwar kafa (2003) ƙungiyoyin farar hula Coalition nationale pour l'abolition de la peine de mort au Maroc ( CNAPM ) (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Maroko) wanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu dauke da taken Ensemble pour l' abolition de la peine de mort (Tare kan hukuncin kisa) shi ma ya jagoranci muhawarar.

A matakin siyasa lamarin yana da ban mamaki. A hukumance, halin da gwamnati mai ci ke ciki shi ne na kawar da “de facto”. Sai dai kuma ma'aikatar shari'a ta kasar ta bayyana cewa har yanzu ta'addanci na kawo cikas wajen kawar da "de jure" [25] kuma har yanzu ana yanke hukuncin kisa musamman kan 'yan ta'adda. Kwamitin IER Equity and Reconciliation Commission ya ba da shawarar batun kawar da shi.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, an sanar da cewa an shirya gabatar da batun ga majalisar dokoki domin kada kuri’a a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2007. Yakin siyasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Islama masu matsakaicin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Adalci da Ci Gaba (wadanda ke ba da shawarar yanke hukuncin kisa[ana buƙatar hujja] kamar yadda ya dace da dokokin Sharia ) kuma ana sa ran bangarorin biyu zasu yi wahala.

A cikin Afrilu 2015, Ministan Shari'a da 'Yanci (gwamnatin PJD) ya ba da sanarwar jama'a game da wani kudiri dangane da hukuncin kisa, da sauran batutuwa. Manufar ita ce a rage yawan laifukan da za a yanke hukuncin kisa, daga 31 zuwa 11.

Ba kamar sauran ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, da sauran sassa na duniya, ciki har da Amurka, daurin rai da rai a Maroko ne in ba haka ba da aka sani da "har abada tsare", don haka ma'anar cewa rai da rai a cikin ƙasar yana da sauran na halitta rayuwa. wanda aka yanke wa hukunci kuma a koyaushe ana sanya shi ba tare da yiwuwar sakin layi ba. Haka kuma, ana ganin yanayin gidan yari a matsayin mara inganci bisa ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa, saboda manyan damuwa game da cunkoson jama'a, amfani da azabtarwa, rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa, da tsauraran ka'idojin gidan yari. Har ila yau an ba da rahoton cewa Maroko na iya samun fursunonin siyasa .

Matar Abdelqader Belliraj, 'yar kasar Maroko da Belgium, ta shaida wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a watan Janairun 2020 game da cin zarafin mijinta da ake yi a gidan yari tun 2016. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Belliraj yana tsare a gidan yari na tsawon sa’o’i 23 a rana tun bayan da aka daure shi da kuma hana shi hulda da fursunonin. Dokar ta saba wa ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yadda ake kula da fursunoni . An yankewa Belliraj hukuncin daurin rai da rai bisa zarginsa da shirya ta'addanci. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma tare da Belliraj sun yi ikirarin cewa an sace su ne kuma aka sanya su shafe makonni ba tare da sadarwa ba, yayin da ake yi musu tambayoyi da azabtarwa a ofisoshin 'yan sanda.

Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun nuna damuwarsu dangane da tasa keyar wani dan kasar Australia dan asalin ƙasar Saudiyya, Dr Osama AlHasani zuwa ƙasar Saudiyya, bayan tsare shi a kasar Morocco. Magoya bayan wanda ake tsare da shi sun bayyana tsare shi a matsayin wani lamari na siyasa tare da bayyana bukatar mika shi da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nema. An kama AlHassani a Maroko bayan isowarsa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu bayan an zarge shi da laifin shirya ayyukan adawa da Wahabiyanci, Musulunci Sunni ya bi a Saudiyya. Har yanzu babu cikakken bayani game da kama AlHassani. Matar AlHassani ta bayyana fargabar komawar mijinta masarautar inda ta ce mai yiwuwa ya fuskanci irin halin da Jamal Khashoggi ke ciki.

2006 CIA Black site jayayya

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Bayan harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Casablanca a watan Mayun 2003, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun zargi Maroko da cin zarafi da azabtar da fursunoni. Wasu kafofin watsa labaru na Morocco da na kasa da kasa sun kuma yi zargin cewa kasar ta kafa sansanonin shiga tsakani na CIA (" bakar shafukan ") a yankinta, a cikin cibiyar binciken Temara inda ake cin zarafin bil'adama. A watan Satumban 2006, masu fafutuka sun bukaci Maroko ta amince da wanzuwar irin wadannan wuraren tsare mutane na sirri.

Kafin haka, Vanessa Saenen ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a shekara ta 2005 Muna da bayanai dangane da hirar da mutanen da ke Guantanamo Bay suka yi cewa akwai wuraren tsare mutane a asirce. Hatta gwamnatin Amurka ba ta damu da boye wannan ba, kuma muna da bayanai daga fursunonin da aka saki a Jordan, kan Maroko, Masar da Libya, amma ba a kan Romania da Poland ba.[26][27][28]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da hukumomi

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  • Associationungiyar Marocaine des Droits de l'Homme ( AMDH ) - ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1979
  • Organization Marocaine des Droits Humains ( OMDH ) - kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta kare hakkin bil'adama da aka kafa a kan 10 Disamba 1988 [29]
  • Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l'Homme ( CCDH ) - kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta gwamnati wanda marigayi Sarki Hassan II ya kafa.
  • Annakhil Association for Women and Children ( AEFE ) - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a yankin Tensift-El Haouze a kudancin Maroko tare da manufar inganta zamantakewa, shari'a, tattalin arziki da yanayin tsabta na mata da yara ta hanyar ba da kyauta. tsarin don tunani da warware matsalolin. [30]
  • Ligue marocaine de la défense des droits de l'homme ( LMDDH ) - kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a 1972
  • Association des droits numériques ( ADN ) - ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta haƙƙin dijital da aka kafa a cikin 2014

Halin tarihi

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Jadawalin yana nuna ƙimar Maroko tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".[31] 1

Ƙididdiga na tarihi
Mai mulki 2 Matsayi Shekara Hakkin Siyasa 'Yancin Jama'a
Hassan II Sashi Kyauta 1972 5 4
1973 5 5
1974 5 5
1975 5 5
1976 5 5
1977 3 4
1978 3 4
1979 4 4
1980 4 4
1981 4 5
1982 3 4 5
1983 4 5
1984 4 5
1985 4 5
1986 4 5
1987 4 5
1988 4 5
1989 4 4
1990 4 4
1991 5 5
Ba Kyauta ba 1992 6 5
Sashi Kyauta 1993 5 5
1994 5 5
1995 5 5
1996 5 5
1997 5 5
1998 5 4
1999 5 4
Mohammed VI Sashi Kyauta 2000 5 4
2001 5 5
2002 5 5
2003 5 5
2004 5 4
2005 5 4
2006 5 4
2007 5 4
2008 5 4
2009 5 4
2010 5 4
2011 5 4

Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya

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Matsayin Maroko game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.

Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa
Yarjejeniya Kungiya Gabatarwa Sa hannu Amincewa
Gangamin kariya da huunta laifukan kisan kiyashi[32] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1948 - 1958
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[33] United Nations 1966 1967 1970
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[34] United Nations 1966 1977 1979
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[35] United Nations 1966 1977 1979
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[36] United Nations 1966 - -
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity[37] United Nations 1968 - -
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid[38] United Nations 1973 - -
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[39] United Nations 1979 - 1993
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment[40] United Nations 1984 1986 1993
Convention on the Rights of the Child[41] United Nations 1989 1990 1993
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty[42] United Nations 1989 - -
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[43] United Nations 1990 1991 1993
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[44] United Nations 1999 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict[45] United Nations 2000 2000 2002
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography[46] United Nations 2000 2000 2001
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[47] United Nations 2006 2007 2009
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[48] United Nations 2006 - 2009
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance[49] United Nations 2006 2007 2013
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[50] United Nations 2008 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure[51] United Nations 2011 2012 -

Duba kuma

gyara sashe
  • Amina Fila
  • Daidaiton jinsi a Maroko
  • Hakkin LGBT a Maroko
  • Jerin labaran haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa
  • Hakkokin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara

Bayanan kula

gyara sashe
1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "How Morocco's free media is silenced - pendemocracy.net". Archived from the original on 2006-07-22. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
  2. ↑ "The 10 countries where press freedom has most deteriorated". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  3. ↑ "Morocco and Western Sahara". 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  4. ↑ "Israeli spyware used to target Moroccan journalist, Amnesty claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Morocco's Truth Commission: Honoring Past Victims during an Uncertain Present: V. Constraints on the ERC Archived 2020-10-31 at the Wayback Machine - Human Rights Watch (HRW.org)
  6. ↑ Western Sahara activists released, re-arrested in riots - Afrol News
  7. ↑ Communique de press de le Parlement Europeen - European Parliament
  8. ↑ Polémique autour de la délégation européenne «Sahara» - L'Economiste Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Morocco evidently has a lot to hide - Socialist Group - European Parliament Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Communique de press de le Parlement Europeen - European Parliament
  11. ↑ "Country Profile: Morocco" (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. May 2006. Retrieved November 5, 2020.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ↑ "Le prosélytisme est un "acte condamnable", selon l'archevêque catholique de Rabat". Maghreb Arab Press (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  13. ↑ Saeed, A.; Saeed, H. (2004). Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Ashgate. p. 19. ISBN 9780754630838. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
  14. ↑ "Une famille française arrêtée pour prosélytisme à Marrakech". bladi.net (in Faransanci). Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  15. ↑ "Moroccan Child Labor Report". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Morocco". US Department of Labor. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  17. ↑ New observatory to fight violence against women[dead link] - AdnKronos International (AKI)
  18. ↑ Kid of Alien Dad May Get Moroccan Nationality - Seoul Times
  19. ↑ Prengaman, Peter (March 16, 2001). "Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  20. ↑ The Moroccan authoritative system during the rule of former King Hassan II
  21. ↑ La police marocaine veut redorer son blason (in French)
  22. ↑ MOROCCO: DEATH PENALTY: FIRST KNOWN EXECUTION IN ELEVEN YEARS, MOHAMED TABET - Amnesty International
  23. ↑ Morocco: Capital Punishment Could Be Killed - AllAfrica.com
  24. ↑ peinedemortaumaroc.over-blog.com (in French)
  25. ↑ Abolir la peine de mort - Maroc Hebdo (in French)
  26. ↑ "MI6 and CIA 'sent student to Morocco to be tortured'". The Observer. London. December 11, 2005.
  27. ↑ Hamilton, Richard (September 28, 2006). "Morocco attacked on US rendition". BBC News.
  28. ↑ Is Europe being used to hold CIA detainees? - Radio Netherlands Archived 2006-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named amn
  30. ↑ ""Arab Human Rights Index"". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  31. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  32. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  33. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  34. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  35. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  36. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  37. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  38. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  39. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  40. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  41. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  42. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  43. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  44. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  45. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  46. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  47. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  48. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  49. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  50. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  51. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.

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gyara sashe
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