Wikipedia

Efua Theodora Suntherland

Efua Theodora Sutherland (an haife ta 27 Yuni 1924 - 2 Janairu 1996) [1] ta kasance marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo Dan Ghana, darektan, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin yara, mawaƙi, malami, mai bincike, mai ba da shawara ga yara, kuma mai fafutukar al'adu. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo Foriwa (1962), Edufa (1967), da The Marriage of Anansewa (1975). [2] Ta kafa Ghana Drama Studio, Ghana Society of Writers, Ghana Experimental Theatre, da kuma aikin al'umma da ake kira Kodzidan (Story House). [3] A matsayinta na darektan wasan kwaikwayon na farko na Ghana, ta kasance mai tasiri a ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana na zamani, kuma ta taimaka wajen gabatar da nazarin al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a matakin jami'a. [4] Ta kuma kasance mai bugawa a Afirka, ta kafa kamfanin Afram Publications a Accra a cikin shekarun 1970.[5]

Efua Theodora Suntherland
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Cape Coast, 27 ga Yuni, 1924
ƙasa Ghana
Mutuwa Accra, 2 ga Janairu, 1996
Ƴan uwa
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta St Monica's Senior High School (en) Fassara
Homerton College (en) Fassara
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (en) Fassara
Matakin karatu Digiri a kimiyya
Harsuna Turanci
Yaren Akan
Sana'a
Sana'a maiwaƙe, marubuci, marubucin wasannin kwaykwayo, mai karantarwa da Marubiyar yara
Employers University of Ghana
Muhimman ayyuka Drama Studio (en) Fassara
Panafest
Kyaututtuka

Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga al'adu ga yara daga farkon shekarun 1950 har zuwa mutuwarta, kuma ta taka rawar gani wajen bunkasa tsarin ilimi, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo da fim ga da kuma game da yara na Ghana.[6] Rubutun hotonta na 1960 Playtime in Africa, wanda aka rubuta tare da Willis E. Bell, ya nuna muhimmancin wasa a ci gaban yara kuma an bi shi a cikin shekarun 1980 ta hanyar jagorancinta a ci gaban tsarin wuraren shakatawa na yara na jama'a don kasar.[7]

Sutherland ta pan-Africanism an nuna ta a cikin goyon bayanta ga ka'idodinta da haɗin gwiwar ta tare da mutanen Afirka da na Afirka a cikin horo daban-daban, gami da hulɗa tare da Chinua Achebe, Ama Ata Aidoo, Maya Angelou, W. E. B. Du Bois da Shirley Graham Du Bois, Margaret Busby, Tom Feelings, Langston Hughes, Martin Luther King da Coretta Scott King, Femi Osofisan, Félix Morisseau-Leroy, Es'kia Mugihlele, Woong Soyinka. Bayan a cikin 1980 ya rubuta wani tsari na asali don bikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Afirka a Ghana a matsayin abin hawa na al'adu don haɗa 'yan Afirka a duniya, Sutherland shine wahayi a bayan bikin wasan kwaikwayo ya Pan-Afirka na shekaru biyu da aka sani da PANAFEST, wanda aka fara gudanarwa a 1992 .

Efua Sutherland ta mutu a Accra tana da shekaru 71 a shekarar 1996. [8]

Ilimi da farkon aiki

gyara sashe

An haife ta a matsayin Efua Theodora Morgue a Cape Coast, Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), inda ta karanta koyarwa a St Monica's Training College a Mampong . [9] [10] Daga nan ta tafi Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta, inda ta sami digiri na BA a Kwalejin Homerton, Jami'ar Cambridge - daya daga cikin matan Afirka na farko da suka yi karatu a can - kuma ta karanta ilimin harsuna a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London . [9] [11]

Da ta koma Ghana a 1951, ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Fijai a Sekondi, sannan a makarantar St. Monica (1951-54), kuma ta fara rubutu ga yara.[9] Daga baya ta ce: "Na fara rubutu da gaske a shekara ta 1951. Har ma zan iya tunawa da ainihin lokacin. Ya kasance a Ista. Na kasance ina tunanin matsalar adabi a kasar ta na dogon lokaci. Ina kan koyarwa tare da ɗalibai na sau ɗaya a ƙauye kuma na yi fushi sosai game da irin wallafe-wallafen da ake tilasta wa yara shiga. Ba shi da alaƙa da mahallinsu, yanayin zamantakewarsu ko wani abu. Don haka na fara rubutu.[11]

A shekara ta 1954, ta auri Bill Sutherland, dan Afirka na Afirka kuma Pan-Africanist, wanda a 1953 ya koma Ghana.[12] Suna da 'ya'ya uku - malamin ilimi Esi Sutherland-Addy, masanin gine-gine Ralph Sutherland, da lauya Amowi Sutherland Phillips) [13] - kuma ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen kafa makaranta a yankin Transvolta.[14][15]

Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen

gyara sashe

Lokacin da Gold Coast ta zama ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Ghana a shekara ta 1957, Efua Sutherland ta shirya Ghana Society of Writers (daga baya Ghana Association of Writers), wanda a cikin 1960 ya fitar da fitowar farko ta mujallar wallafe-wallafen Okyeame, tare da Sutherland daga ƙarshe ya zama edita.[16][17]

Sutherland ya yi gwaji tare da ba da labari da sauran siffofi masu ban mamaki daga al'adun asalin Ghana. Wasanni da ta yi sau da yawa sun dogara ne akan Labarin gargajiya, amma kuma an aro su daga wallafe-wallafen Yamma, suna canza tarurrukan labarun Afirka zuwa dabarun wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. Yawancin waƙoƙinta da sauran rubuce-rubucen an watsa su a kan The Singing Net, wani shahararren shirin rediyo wanda Henry Swanzy ya fara, [18] kuma daga baya aka buga su a cikin littafinsa na 1958 Voices of Ghana .[19] Fitowar farko ta mujallar Okyeame ta 1960 ta ƙunshi ɗan gajeren labarinta "Samantaase", wani labari na al'ada.[17] Ayyukan da aka fi sani da ita sune Edufa (1967) (bisa ga Alcestis na Euripides), Foriwa (1967), da The Marriage of Anansewa (1975).

A shekara ta 1958, Sutherland ya kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji na Ghana, wanda aka kafa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Ghana wanda Sutherland ta gina kuma Shugaba Kwame Nkrumah ya kaddamar a 1963 tare da Joe de Graft a matsayin darakta na farko. Da yake zaune a cikin garin Accra, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ya zama filin horo ga masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa daga ko'ina cikin Afirka. A shekara ta 1962, ta shiga ma'aikatan sabuwar Makarantar Kiɗa da Wasan kwaikwayo, karkashin jagorancin J. H. Kwabena Nketia . [14] A shekara ta 1963, lokacin da Sutherland ta ɗauki matsayin Mataimakin Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ghana, [9] ta kawo tare da ita gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana, wanda ya zama filin horo na waje, wanda ake kira Jami'ar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ghana.[20] Sutherland, ban da bincikenta da koyarwa a fannonin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka, ta kasance babban memba na ƙungiyar da ta tsara kuma ta kafa Makarantar Ayyuka. Har ila yau, ta damu da labarun gargajiya da ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma, ta kafa Kodzidan (Gidan Tarihi) a Ekumfi-Atwia, Yankin Tsakiya, wanda aka gane a duk duniya a matsayin samfurin farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo don ci gaba.[2][21]

Sutherland ya jagoranci kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da yawa daga cikin marubutan Ghana, ciki har da Ama Ata Aidoo, Kofi Anyidoho da Meshack Asare.

A farkon shekarun 1970s, Sutherland ta kafa kamfanin wallafe-wallafen Afram Publications, wanda aka kafa a 1973, kuma a watan Maris na shekara ta 1974 ta fara aiki daga ɗakin karatu mai zaman kanta a "Araba Mansa", gidanta a Dzorwulu, Accra . [5] Sutherland ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aikin edita na Afram har zuwa mutuwarta.[22]

Yunkurin al'adu da kuma pan-Africanism

gyara sashe

Ayyukan Sutherland sun ja hankalin masu kirkirar duniya. Maya Angelou ta biyar volume of memoirs All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes ya ba da shaida ga motsin rai goyon baya da shiga cikin Ghanaian al'umma ya ba ta a cikin 1960s ta Efua Sutherland wanda ya zama babban aboki.[23]

Sutherland ta sadu da Dokta W. E. B. Du Bois lokacin da ta jagoranci tawagar Ghana zuwa Taron Marubutan Afirka da Asiya na 1958 a Tashkent (yanzu babban birnin Uzbekistan). Ta shiga tsakani da kanta, a lokacin mutuwarsa a Accra, Ghana a 1963, don tallafawa Mrs Shirley Du Bois . A cikin shekarun 1980 Sutherland ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Tunawa da WEB Du Bois don Al'adun Pan Afirka da mausoleum a gidan Du Bois 'Accra . [24]

A cikin 1980, Sutherland ta rubuta takarda mai taken "Tambayar bikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi a Cape Coast", yana jaddada muhimmancin da ta haɗa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Afirka da Diaspora. Wannan ya yi wahayi zuwa ga aikin da ya zo ya zama mai amfani a matsayin PANAFEST mai tallafawa jihar, bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Tarihin Afirka na farko, wanda aka gudanar a Cape Coast, Elmina da Accra, Ghana, daga 12 zuwa 19 Disamba 1992, a ƙarƙashin taken "The Re-emergence of African Civilization".

Tallafawa ga yara

gyara sashe

Sutherland ya jagoranci amincewar Ghana game da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara (ƙasa ta farko da ta yi haka) kuma ta jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1990, lokacin da ya nuna mafi karfi da cikakkiyar goyon bayan yara a kan sikelin ƙasa a tarihin Ghana. A cikin wannan damar, ta jagoranci shirye-shirye masu yawa, gami da Asusun Ilimi na Yara don tallafawa al'ummomin da ba su da sabis, Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta wayar da kan jama'a da ke ba da ilmantarwa ta kimiyya ga matalauta ko yara na karkara, da kuma tabbatar da ƙasa zuwa samfurin samfurin wurin shakatawa na yara da ɗakin karatu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta kafa tushe ga Gidauniyar Mmofra, mai aiki tun 1997 a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a da aka sadaukar don wadatar da al'adu da rayuwar ilimi na dukkan yara a Ghana. A cikin 2012 an ƙaddamar da Playtime in Africa Initiative, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta littafinta na 1961, don sake farfado da fafutukar sararin samaniya na yara.

Ayyukanta na karshe mafi muhimmanci a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Legon, shine Shirin Ci gaban Wasanni na Yara, wanda aka yi niyyar bunkasa kayan aiki, hanyoyin da ma'aikata don shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na kirkira a ciki da waje da makaranta. UNICEF ta gayyaci Sutherland don shiga cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya don yin la'akari da ka'idar haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare yara.

Kyauta

gyara sashe
  • Bayan gina Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Ghana a shekarar 1992 a shafin da Drama Studio ya mamaye, an gina kwafin Studio a harabar Jami'ar Ghana a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan aikin Makarantar Ayyuka. A lokacin bikin cika shekaru 50 na jami'ar, an sake sunan Studio din Efua Sutherland Drama Studio.
 
Gidan shakatawa na yara na Efua Sutherland. Da yake kusa da tsakiyar Accra, Sutherland ya sami wannan sararin jama'a na 12 acre a cikin 1980s a matsayin wurin shakatawa ga dukkan yara.
  • Yankin 12 acre a tsakiyar Accra da aka tanada a matsayin wurin shakatawa na yara a tsakiyar Accira ta hanyar bayar da shawara ga [6] Efua Sutherland kuma an sanya masa suna.[25][26][27]
  • Efua Sutherlandstraat tana ɗaya daga cikin tituna da yawa a wani yanki na Amsterdam, Netherlands, mai suna bayan manyan mata marubuta da masu gwagwarmaya.[3][28]
  • Yana aiki tun 1997, Efua Sutherland ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Mmofra a shekarunta na ƙarshe kuma an sadaukar da ita don wadatar da al'adu da rayuwar ilimi na dukkan yara a Ghana. Fiye da shekaru 20, dubban yara sun amfana daga shirye-shiryen wallafe-wallafen, masu kula da yanayi da masu kirkirar abubuwa.
  • Wani sararin samaniya / wurin shakatawa mai suna Mmofra Place a yankin Dzorwulu na Accra yana buɗewa ga yara na kowane bangare, godiya ga dukiyar Efua T. Sutherland.
  • Efua Sutherland Hall wani ɗakin zama ne na dalibai a Jami'ar Ashesi, Berekuso, Ghana .
  • The Legacy of Efua Sutherland: Pan African Cultural Activism, an buga wani girma don girmama ta a cikin 2007, wanda Anne V. Adams da Esi Sutherland-Addy suka shirya.[8] Masu ba da gudummawa sune: Anne Adams, Esi Sutherland-Addy, Ama Ata Aidoo, Maya Angelou, Kofi Anyidoho, Sandy Arkhurst, William Branch, Margaret Busby, John Collins, David Donkor, James Gibbs, Comfort Caulley-Hanson, Biodun Jeyifo, Robert Yuli, Mabel Komasi, Florence Laast, John Lemly, Jurgen Martini, Michael McMullan, Windina Mlama, Femi Osofisan, Sandra Richards, Amovian, Roti, Henry Vits, Williams Williams.
  • Marubuci, mawaki, malami da diflomasiyya Abena P. A. Busia ya sadaukar da wani babi ga Efua Sutherland ("Ga Roadmaker: Fragments of a Meditation") a cikin kundin waƙoƙinta Traces of a Life: A Collection of Elegies and Praise Poems (Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2008).
  • An girmama Sutherland tare da Google Doodle a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2018, wanda zai kasance ranar haihuwarta ta 94.

Ayyukan da aka rubuta a takaice

gyara sashe

Sutherland ya yi gwaji tare da ba da labari da sauran siffofi masu ban mamaki daga al'adun asalin Ghana. Wasanni da ta yi sau da yawa sun dogara ne akan Labarin gargajiya, amma kuma an aro su daga wallafe-wallafen Yamma, suna canza tarurrukan labarun Afirka zuwa dabarun wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. Yawancin waƙoƙinta da sauran rubuce-rubucen an watsa su a kan The Singing Net, wani shahararren shirin rediyo wanda Henry Swanzy ya fara, [18] kuma daga baya aka buga su a cikin littafinsa na 1958 Voices of Ghana .[19] Fitowar farko ta mujallar Okyeame ta 1960 ta ƙunshi ɗan gajeren labarinta "Samantaase", wani labari na al'ada.[17] Ayyukan da aka fi sani da ita sune Edufa (1967) (bisa ga Alcestis na Euripides), Foriwa (1967), da The Marriage of Anansewa (1975).

A cikin Edufa halin da ake kira yana neman tserewa daga mutuwa ta hanyar sarrafa matarsa, Ampoma, zuwa mutuwar da annabawa suka annabta masa. A cikin wasan, Sutherland yana amfani da imanin gargajiya na Ghana a cikin duba da kuma hulɗar bukukuwan gargajiya da na Turai don nuna Edufa a matsayin mai arziki da nasara na zamani wanda mutanensa ke girmamawa sosai. Wasan yana amfani da al'adun gargajiya da alamomi, amma an ba da labarin ne a cikin mahallin da Edufa ya yi watsi da jajircewarsa ga matarsa, yayin da matarsa da sauran mata ke son halin kirki na baya.

A cikin Foriwa halin da ake kira, wanda shine 'yar sarauniya mahaifiyar Kyerefaso, da Labaran, mai digiri daga arewacin Ghana wanda ke rayuwa mai sauƙi, ya kawo haske ga Kyerefasa, garin da ya zama baya da jahilci saboda dattawan garin sun ki koyon sababbin hanyoyi. Babban jigo na Foriwa shine haɗin gwiwar tsoffin hadisai da sababbin hanyoyi. Wasan yana da taken ƙasa don inganta sabon ruhun ƙasa a Ghana wanda zai ƙarfafa buɗewa ga sababbin ra'ayoyi da hadin kan kabilanci.[1][29]

The Marriage of Anansewa: A Storytelling Drama (1975) an dauke shi mafi kyawun gudummawar Sutherland ga wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana. A cikin wasan, ta canza labarun gargajiya na Akan na Ananse Spider (Anansesem) zuwa sabon tsari mai ban mamaki, wanda ta kira Anansegoro . [1] Nyamekye (wani nau'in Alice a cikin Wonderland), daya daga cikin wasanninta na baya, ya nuna yadda al'adar wasan kwaikwayo ta gargajiya ta rinjayi ta.

Sutherland kuma marubucin ayyukan yara ne. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu.Tsuntsu! Tsuntsu! da Tahinta (1968), da kuma rubutun hoto guda biyu, tare da hotuna na Willis Bell (1924-2000): Playtime in Africa (1960) da The Roadmakers (1961). Yawancin gajerun labaranta za a iya bayyana su a matsayin waƙoƙi masu laushi. Murya a cikin Forest, littafi na al'adu da tatsuniyoyi na Ghana, an buga shi a shekara ta 1983.

An bayyana Lokacin wasa a Afirka "littafi mai ban sha'awa game da al'adun wasan Ghana", wanda Sutherland ya yi la'akari da mahimmanci a cikin bunkasa tunanin matasa da jiki.[6] Ba wai kawai an buga shi ba shekaru uku bayan samun 'yancin Ghana amma shine takardun farko na al'adun wasan yara a Ghana. Littafin ya gabatar da abubuwan da ke tattare da rayuwar yara a gaban al'umma kuma ya gabatar da motsi na asali a rubuce ga yara, tare da bugawa da ci gaba ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo ga yara.

Murya a cikin Forest rubutu ne wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa na mulkin mallaka da al'adun al'adu a Ghana game da yara. Rubutun labari ne na tarihin mutanen Akan kuma yana hulɗa da dabi'un al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar rawar da mutum yake takawa. Yana ba da labarin wani mutum mai suna Bempong wanda ba tare da saninsa ba ya gano Samanta, wata yarinya ta itace, kuma ya dawo da ita ƙauyensa. Da farko Bempong ya yi imanin cewa Samanta yarinya ce da ta ɓace, tana yawo shi kaɗai a cikin gandun daji. A rabi na farko na labarin Samanta ya ki yin magana. Ba har sai da Bempong ta yanke gashin kanta ba, a kokarin kwantar da gashin da ya wuce, Bempong ya fahimci cewa wannan yarinyar Samanta ce, yarinya ce ta itace - "halittacciyar ikon sihiri".[30] Gano muryarta a cikin wani lokaci na fushi, Samanta ta la'anta ƙauyen, ta bar su ba tare da abinci ba har sai da ta dawo da gashin kanta. Jarumin littafin shine Afrum, ɗan Bempong, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin wawa na ƙauyen. Zaɓin Sutherland don yin bikin wawa wani ɓangare ne na dogon layin amfani da adadi mai yaudara a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka.[31]

Daraja

gyara sashe

A cikin 2020, a wani taron da ke nuna Ranar Mata ta Duniya, Sutherland ta sami lambar yabo ta 3Music Awards saboda nasarorin da ta samu a masana'antar nishaɗi.[32][33]

Littattafan da aka zaɓa

gyara sashe
  • with Willis E. Bell, The Roadmakers: a picture book of Ghana(for children). Accra: Ghana Information Services / London: Newman Neame, 1961, 1963
  • with Willis E. Bell, Playtime in Africa (for children), New York: Atheneum, 1962
  • Edufa (play), Longman, 1967
  • Foriwa: A Play in Three Acts, Accra-Tema: State Publishing Corporation, 1967
  • Tahinta (1968)
  • Vulture! Vulture! and Tahina: Two Rhythm Plays, Tema: Ghana Publishing House, 1968
  • Odasani (play), Accra: Anowuo Educational Publications, 1969
  • with Willis Bell, The Original Bob: The Story of Bob Johnson, Ghana's Ace Comedian (play), Accra: Anowuo Educational Publications, 1970
  • Anansegoro: Story-Telling Drama in Ghana, Accra: Afram, 1975
  • The Marriage of Anansewa (play), London: Longman, 1977, 1980; Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1980
  • The Voice in the Forest: A Tale from Ghana, Philomel Books, 1983

Ƙarin karantawa

gyara sashe
  • Anne V. Adams da Esi Sutherland-Addy, eds (2007). Kyautar Efua Sutherland: Gwagwarmayar Al'adu ta Pan-Afirka, [8] Banbury: Ayebia Clarke Publishing .  
  • Fadare, Nureni Oyewole. "Al'adun gargajiya da Halayen Mata a cikin Wasannin Efua T. Sutherland da Ama Ata Aidoo". Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018):341-360.
  • James Gibbs, "Efua Sutherland: 'Mahaifiyar' gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ghana", a cikin Nkyin-kyin: Essays on the Ghanaian Theatre (Cross / Al'adu 98), Rodopi, 2009.
  • Salm & Falola (2002). Al'adu da Al'adu na Ghana. Greenwood Press.   ISBN 0-313-32050-0
  • Esi Sutherland-Addy, "Creating For and With Children in Ghana - Efua Sutherland: A retrospective", a cikin Michael Etherton (ed.), African Theatre: Youth, James Currey Ltd, 2006, pp. 1-15. 

Bayanan da aka ambata

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "Google Celebrates Efua Sutherland Across The World Today". Modern Ghana (in Turanci). 27 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "The Marriage Of Anansewa". Goodreads. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  3. ↑ Danquah, Moses, "Ghana, One Year Old: a First Independence Anniversary Review", Accra: Publicity Promotions, 1958.
  4. ↑ Busby, Margaret, "Efua Sutherland", Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent (1992), Vintage, 1993, p. 314.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Our History". Afram Publications. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Imagining a Better Future – Playtime in Africa", PlayGroundology, 30 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Simoes da Silva, Tony, "Myths, Traditions and Mothers of the Nation: Some Thoughts on Efua Sutherland's Writing", EnterText 4, no. 2 (2005): 256.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Judith Greenwood, "The Legacy of Efua Sutherland: Pan-African Cultural Activism" (review), Leeds University Centre for African Studies, African Studies Bulletin, 70 (December 2008), pp. 84–86.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Heyman, Neil M., "Sutherland, Efua (1924–1996)", Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com.
  10. ↑ "Sutherland, Efua (1924–1996)", Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages, Gale, 2007.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Busby, Margaret, "Efua Sutherland: Reaching out to young Africa" (Obituary), The Guardian, 27 January 1996.
  12. ↑ Interview with Bill Sutherland (19 July 2003), for William Minter, Gail Hovey, and Charles Cobb Jr. (eds), No Easy Victories: African Liberation and American Activists over a Half Century, 1950–2000, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2007.
  13. ↑ "ESI SUTHERLAND ADDY PERSONALITY - PROFILE FRIDAY ON JOYNEWS (14-3-14)", My JoyOnline, 14 March 2014. YouTube.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Liukkonen, Petri. "Efua Sutherland". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008.
  15. ↑ "US anti-apartheid activist dies", News24 Archives, January 6, 2010.
  16. ↑ Gikandi, Simon, "Sutherland, Efua Theodora", Encyclopedia of African Literature, Routledge, 2003.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Gibbs, James, "Efua Sutherland: The 'Mother' of the Ghanaian Theatre", in Nkyin-kyin: Essays on the Ghanaian Theatre (Cross/Cultures 98), Rodopi, 2009, p. 101.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Efua Sutherland", Encyclopædia Britannica.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Akidiva, Arbogast Kemoli, "Radio and Literature in Africa: Lee Nichols' Conversations with African Writers", p. 229. University of Alberta dissertation, Spring 1997.
  20. ↑ Collins, Stephen (2011), "Playwriting and postcolonialism: identifying the key factors in the development and diminution of playwriting in Ghana 1916-2007", MPhil(R) thesis, p. 15, University of Glasgow.
  21. ↑ Gibbs, pp. xv, 111.
  22. ↑ Anyidoho, Kofi, and James Gibbs (eds), FonTomFrom: Contemporary Ghanaian Literature, Theatre and Film, Rodopi, 2000 (ISBN: 9789042012837), p. 80.
  23. ↑ Angelou, Maya, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes, 1986.
  24. ↑ Shipley, Jesse Weaver, and Jemima Pierre, "The Intellectual and Pragmatic Legacy of Du Bois's Pan-Africanism in Contemporary Ghana", in Mary Keller and Chester J. Fontenot (eds), Re-cognizing W.E.B. Du Bois in the Twenty-first Century: Essays on W.E.B. Du Bois, Mercer University Press, 2007, p. 79.
  25. ↑ "Efua Sutherland Children's Park". View Ghana.
  26. ↑ "Efua Sutherland Children's Park to be refurbished". GhanaWeb. GNA. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  27. ↑ Akordor, Kofi, "What happened to the children’s parks in Ghana?", GhanaWeb, 13 October 2015.
  28. ↑ "Efua Sutherlandstraat, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands", Streetview map, Geographic.org.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Owonoyela
  30. ↑ Sutherland, Efua, A Voice in the Forest (Ghana: Afram Publishing, 1983), p. 9.
  31. ↑ See Pelton, Robert D. The Trickster in West Africa: A Study of Mythic Irony and Sacred Delight. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
  32. ↑ Yakubu, Nasiba (9 March 2020). "Theresa Ayoade, Akosua Adjepong, Daughters of Glorious Jesus, others honoured at 3Music Women's Brunch" (in Turanci). MyJoyOnline. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  33. ↑ "Theresa Ayoade, Tagoe Sisters, Akosua Agyapong, Others honoured at 3Music Women's Brunch". LiveXtra Ghana (in Turanci). 9 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2021.[dead link]
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