Wikipedia

'Yancin Dan Adam da canjin yanayi

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da sauyin yanayi, wani tsari ne na tunani da doka wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ake nazarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, da dangantakarsu da ɗumamar yanayi. Gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam da muhalli, da malamai ne suka yi amfani da tsarin don jagorantar manufofin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi a karkashin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC) da ainihin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . [1] [2] [3] A cikin 2022 Rukunin Ayyuka na II na IPCC sun ba da shawarar cewa "adalci na yanayi ya ƙunshi adalcin da ke danganta ci gaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam don cimma hanyar tushen haƙƙin don magance sauyin yanayi". [4]

'Yancin Dan Adam da canjin yanayi
structure
Bayanai
Bangare na canjin yanayi da Hakkokin Yan-adam
Facet of (en) Fassara Hakkokin Yan-adam da Canjin yanayi
'Yancin Dan Adam da canjin yanayi

Binciken haƙƙin ɗan adam da sauyin yanayi yana mai da hankali kan sakamakon da ake tsammani ga ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da hawan teku, ɓarkewar hamada, ƙaruwar zafin jiki, matsanancin yanayi, da canje-canjen hazo, da daidaitawa da rage matakan da gwamnatoci suka ɗauka don mayar da martani. waɗancan al'amuran da za su iya haɗuwa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ko kariyar doka masu alaƙa. Yawancinsu hanyoyin shari'a ne don sauyin yanayi suna amfani da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya, wasu haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa ko wasu hanyoyin dokokin muhalli na gaggawa, kamar haƙƙin yanayi, don ba da shawarar sabbin aikin da ake buƙata ta gwamnatoci da masu zaman kansu, ta hanyar ba da shawara a shari'ar yanayi da ƙarar yanayi. .

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2021, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da ‘yancin dan Adam na samun lafiya, tsafta, da muhalli mai dorewa.– kuduri mai lamba 48/13. [5] [6]

Mai fafutukar Inuit Sheila Watt-Cloutier ta shigar da kara ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka.

A shekara ta 2005, mai fafutukar Inuit Sheila Watt-Cloutier ta shigar da koke ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Inter-Amurka tana neman taimako "daga take hakkin dan Adam sakamakon tasirin dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi da ayyukan da Amurka ke yi." [7] An ƙi amincewa da koken, amma Hukumar ta saurari shaidu game da dangantakar dake tsakanin 'yancin ɗan adam da sauyin yanayi daga wakilai na Inuit a 2007.

A wannan shekarar, sanarwar Malé game da Girman Dan Adam na Sauyin Yanayi na Duniya "ya bayyana a fili (kuma a karon farko a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa) cewa 'sauyin yanayi yana da tasiri a bayyane kuma nan da nan don samun cikakkiyar 'yancin ɗan adam' kuma ya yi kira ga yancin ɗan adam. Tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don magance matsalar cikin gaggawa." [8] [9]

A cikin 2009, Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) ya fitar da wani nazari da ke gano takamaiman hakki da kungiyoyin jama'a da yiwuwar rushewar yanayi ya shafa. [10] Rahoton ya zamo ne kan abubuwan da wasu kasashe 30 suka gabatar da kuma hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya goma da wasu kungiyoyi da dama. [11] Rahoton ya bayyana ƴan gudun hijira, tashe-tashen hankula da haɗarin tsaro da kuma tauye haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, mata da yara a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke damun su. [12]

A shekara ta 2010, taron jam'iyyu a UNFCCC ya sake buga harshen HRC wanda ke gano alakar 'yancin ɗan adam da sauyin yanayi a cikin rahotonta kan taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2010 a Cancun, Mexico. Rahoton game da sakamakon taron ya jaddada cewa, "ya kamata jam'iyyu, a duk ayyukan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi, su mutunta hakkin dan adam."

Shekarun baya-bayan nan an sami karuwar fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin 'yancin dan Adam da muhalli, amma duk da haka akwai tambayoyi da dama da ke tattare da alakar da ke tsakaninsu. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 2012 HRC ta kafa doka kan wajibcin haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka shafi jin daɗin yanayi mai aminci, tsafta, lafiya da dorewa . [13] Wani rahoto na farko da kwararre mai zaman kansa da aka nada, John H. Knox, ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa akwai bukatar a ba da fifiko wajen samar da karin haske kan yadda ake aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama da suka shafi muhalli.

A shekara ta 2014, dukkan masu rike da ka'idoji na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 78 sun ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa kan ranar kare hakkin bil'adama, suna kira ga jihohi da su shigar da ayyukan da suke da su a karkashin tsarin hakkin dan adam, cikin shawarwarin sauyin yanayi. [14] Wannan zai yi tasiri wajen kawo haƙƙin waɗanda sauyin yanayi ya shafa a sahun gaba na duk dabarun mayar da martani.

Tun daga Maris 2015, yanzu akwai mai ba da rahoto na musamman game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli, ƙarin wa'adin tsohon masani mai zaman kansa kan wajibcin haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya shafi jin daɗin haƙƙin aminci, tsafta, lafiya da muhalli mai dorewa . [15] Yayin da yake jagorantar taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2015 a birnin Paris, wakilin na musamman ya sanar da jihohi cewa, ya kamata su tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam da ya rataya a wuyansu wanda ya kunshi muhallin da ya dace game da sauyin yanayi a yayin da ake tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyoyin gaba. [16]

Yarjejeniyar Paris, kamar yadda aka amince da ita a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2015 a taron jam'iyyun, ita ce mafi mahimmancin nuni na kara wayar da kan jama'a game da dangantakar dake tsakanin sauyin yanayi da 'yancin ɗan adam. Yarjejeniyar Paris ita ce yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta farko don gane dacewar haƙƙin ɗan adam, yana mai cewa: [17]

Ya kamata jam'iyyun, yayin da suke daukar mataki don magance sauyin yanayi, mutuntaka, ingantawa da kuma yin la'akari da wajibcinsu game da 'yancin ɗan adam, haƙƙin kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasa, al'ummomin gida, ƙaura, yara, nakasassu da mutanen da ke cikin mawuyacin hali. 'yancin ci gaba, da daidaiton jinsi, karfafawa mata da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki .

Dokokin kare hakkin dan adam da sauyin yanayi

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Canjin yanayi yana haifar da Abubuwa ba kawai gyare-gyaren muhalli ba, har ma yana tasiri ga zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, al'adu da shari'a na al'ummomi a duniya. Hukumar ta HRC ta tabbatar da cewa wajibcin kare hakkin dan Adam na da ikon karfafa aiwatar da manufofin kasa da kasa da a fannin sauyin yanayi. [18] Sanarwar Stockholm ta 1972 ta ba da tushe don ƙarin fayyace haƙƙin ɗan adam na ingancin muhalli.

Ba a haɗa kariyar muhalli a cikin yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Maimakon kare muhalli an samo asali ne daga haƙƙoƙin da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ke karewa, kamar haƙƙin rayuwa, abinci, ruwa da lafiya. Ci gaba, dokokin kare hakkin dan adam a cikin mahallin aiwatar da manufofin sauyin yanayi na iya taimakawa wajen kafa mafi ƙanƙanta ma'auni na ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda za a iya ɗauka a cikin matakan sassautawa na ƙasa da ƙasa .

Yanayin wariyar launin fata yanayi ne na al'amuran duniya, lokacin da masu arziki kadai ke iya tserewa sakamakon sauyin yanayi . Kamar yadda Philip Alston kwararre a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce, dumamar yanayi za ta iya kawo cikas ga dimokuradiyya da bin doka da oda, baya ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama na rayuwa.

A cikin 2021 a zamanta na 48, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta amince da kuduri na 13: 'Yancin dan Adam na samun tsabta, lafiya da muhalli mai dorewa .

Ka'idojin Oslo akan Wajabcin Sauyin Yanayi na Duniya na Jihohi da kamfanoni sun dogara, a wani bangare, akan dokar 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin Oslo, jihohi da kamfanoni suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa dumamar yanayi ta iyakance zuwa digiri 2 na ma'aunin celcius.

Hakkokinda suka shafa

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Galibin kalamai na kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan adam da sauyin yanayi sun jaddada illar da sauyin yanayi zai iya haifarwa kan hakkin rayuwa, abinci, ruwa, lafiya, gidaje, ci gaba, da kuma cin kashin kai . [19] [20] Ana lissafa waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a cikin manyan tarukan dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, kodayake ba duka membobin HRC ko jam'iyyun UNFCCC ne suka sanya hannu kan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba.

Haƙƙin rayuwa

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Ana kiyaye haƙƙin rayuwa ta hanyar sashe na 6 na ICCPR inda kowane ɗan adam ke da haƙƙin rayuwa. [21] Haƙƙin rayuwa yana da alaƙa da ma'aunin cika wasu hakkoki. Akwai duka abubuwan da ake hasashen da kuma tasirin da canjin yanayi zai yi akan 'yancin rayuwa. Rahoton kima na hudu na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) ya yi hasashen karuwar mutanen da ke fama da mutuwa da raunuka da ke faruwa daga karuwar ambaliyar ruwa, hadari, zafi, gobara da fari. [22] Sauyin yanayi zai yi tasiri daidai da 'yancin rayuwa ta hanyar karuwar yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma matsalolin da ke da alaka da girma da ci gaban yara, cututtuka na numfashi da kuma matakin ƙasa. [22] Haɓaka matakan teku na ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwa-akan tasirin sauyin yanayi, sakamakon ɗumamar ruwa da narkar da kankara. Auna matakin hawan teku lamari ne mai rikitarwa, duk da haka IPCC ta yi hasashen karuwar ma'aunin teku a duniya [23] tsakanin 0.44m da 0.74m ta 2100. Don ƙananan tsibiran bakin teku irin su Male', a cikin Maldives, hawan teku na mita 0.5 zai mamaye kashi 15 cikin 100 na tsibirin nan da 2025, kuma ya mamaye rabinsa nan da 2100. Kamar yadda kashi 42 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar ke rayuwa a tsakanin mita 100 a cikin gabar teku, ko da wani bangare na ambaliya na iya haifar da nutsewa, rauni da asarar rayuka.

Abubuwan da aka lura sune waɗanda 'yancin rayuwa ya riga ya hana rayuwa. Akwai wahala wajen nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi da kansa saboda batun ma'auni; ana auna canjin yanayi cikin shekaru da dama. Akwai fiye da kashi 95 bisa ɗari cewa sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam ya ninka haɗarin matsanancin zafi na rani a Turai a cikin shekaru goma na 1998 zuwa 2008. [24] Akwai yuwuwar kashi 75 cikin 100 na zafi a 2003 na Turai yana da nasaba da sauyin yanayi. [25] A kan wannan, yawan mace-mace daga wannan taron ya yi rajista a mutuwar mutane 15,000 a Faransa kadai. [26]

Hakkin abinci

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An samo wannan daga Mataki na II na ICESCR inda Jihohin da ke cikin Wa'adin dole ne su kara yawan albarkatun da suke da su don cimma 'yancin samun isasshen abinci. [27] Sauyin yanayi zai shafi dukkan ginshiƙai huɗu na amincin abinci ; samuwa, samun dama, amfani da kwanciyar hankali. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 da mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan hakkin abinci ya fitar ya bayyana cewa , yadda duniya ke noman abinci, dole ne a fuskanci sauye-sauye na gaske don tinkarar karuwar yawan jama'a da illolin sauyin yanayi, tare da kaucewa rugujewar muhalli. [28] Yarjejeniyar ta Paris ta amince da muhimmin fifiko na tabbatar da samar da abinci da kuma lahani na tsarin samar da abinci ga illar sauyin yanayi. Mataki na 2 ya yi kira da a daidaita da illolin sauyin yanayi da rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ta hanyar da ba za ta yi barazana ga samar da abinci ba. [29] Rahoton kimantawa na hudu na IPCC yana aiwatar da cewa samar da abinci zai karu a tsakiyar zuwa manyan latitudes tare da karuwar zafin jiki tsakanin 1 ° da 3 °C, duk da haka a ƙananan latitudes an saita yawan amfanin gonakin amfanin gona zai ragu wanda ke ƙara haɗarin rashin abinci a yankuna mafi talauci na duniya. Hukumar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa karin mutane miliyan 600 za su fuskanci matsalar karancin abinci mai gina jiki sakamakon sauyin yanayi. [30] Wataƙila hakan zai yi tasiri musamman a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

Samar da ruwa

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Yaro yana shan ruwa daga famfo a aikin ruwa na NEWAH a Puware Shikhar, gundumar Udayapur, Nepal .

Kwamitin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ( CESCR ) ya lura cewa 'yancin samar da ruwa ba kawai wani yanayi ne mai mahimmanci don rayuwa ba, amma kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu hakkoki, kamar; matsuguni, isassun ma'auni na lafiya, isasshiyar yanayin rayuwa, da haƙƙin abinci . [31] Jaridar Stern Review ta bayyana cewa mutane za su fi jin tasirin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen tsarin rarraba ruwa a duniya. [32] Waɗancan yankunan da suka riga suka fuskanci yanayin bushewa za su sami ƙarin raguwar samar da ruwa, (amma ba duka ba) nau'ikan yanayi suna hasashen raguwar kashi 30 cikin ɗari na gudu na shekara-shekara a cikin Basin Bahar Rum, sassan kudancin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka don 2 °C ya tashi sama da yanayin zafi a duniya, kuma 40 - 50 bisa dari na 4 °C ya tashi. Rahoton kima na IPCC na biyar ya bayyana cewa haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa ya ƙaru sosai tare da karuwar yawan iskar gas, tare da sauyin yanayi a cikin karni na 21st da aka yi hasashen rage sabuntar ruwan saman da albarkatun ruwan ƙasa sosai a mafi yawan busassun yankuna na wurare masu zafi.

Hakkin lafiya

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Mataki na 12 na ICESCR ya bayyana "haƙƙin zuwa mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali". [33] Yawancin kundin tsarin mulki na kasa suna kare hakkin kiwon lafiya ta wata hanya, kuma ana kiyaye shi sosai a wasu ka'idojin kasa da kasa da na yanki. Sauyin yanayi zai kara dagula rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu kudi da talakawa a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO ta yi kiyasin cewa tun daga shekarar 1970 sauyin yanayi ne ke haddasa mutuwar mutane 150,000 a duk shekara ta hanyar karuwar yaduwar cutar gudawa da zazzabin cizon sauro da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da suka fi yawa a Afirka da sauran yankuna masu tasowa. Kawai a 1 Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki a duniya daga matakan masana'antu kafin masana'antu na iya ninka yawan mace-mace a shekara sakamakon sauyin yanayi (a cewar WHO). [32]

Dama zuwa lafiya, tsabta, lafiya da muhalli mai dorewa

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Wannan bishiyar tana ba da kwanciyar hankali na kyau da iskar shaqa a muhalli.

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2021, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da ‘yancin dan Adam na samun lafiya, tsafta, lafiya da muhalli mai dorewa – kuduri mai lamba 48/13. [5] [6]

Musamman batutuwa

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Kaura

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Yiwuwar yanayin ƙaura a halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikice-rikicen kwarara-kan tasirin sauyin yanayi. Bincike ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da wasu sabbin mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 200 na cikin gida da kuma 'yan gudun hijira na duniya nan da shekara ta 2100. [34] "Mega-deltas" a Asiya, Afirka, da ƙananan tsibiran suna cikin haɗarin ambaliya da guguwa, wanda zai haifar da ƙaura mai yawa na mazauna yankin. Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da ƙaura ko dai zai yi tasiri ko kuma ya keta ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.

Adalci na yanayi

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Akwai tattaunawa mai mahimmanci game da manufar adalcin yanayi ga ɗan gudun hijirar muhalli ko 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi'. Wannan ra'ayi na nufin cike gibi a fannin shari'a da siyasa ga miliyoyin mutanen da ba za su iya samun kariya ta shari'a ta kasa da kasa ba saboda har yanzu ba a shigar da wannan tushen ƙaura cikin dokokin yanki da na ƙasa da ƙasa ba. A halin yanzu babu wata ƙayyadaddun ma'anar wanda za a iya sanyawa a matsayin ɗan gudun hijirar yanayi saboda har yanzu ba a sanya shi cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ba. A cikin 2014 Siego Alesana ya bar ƙaramin tsibiri mai tasowa na Tuvalu saboda rashin tabbas game da illar canjin yanayi. [35] Tuvalu dai yana da tsayin mita 4.6 ne kawai a saman teku kuma yana fuskantar hatsarin da ke tattare da hawan teku. Ko da yake an gabatar da tasirin sauyin yanayi a madadin Alesana da iyalinsa, lamarin ya dogara ne akan dalilan jin kai. Duk da haka Kotun Kula da Shige da Fice da Kariya ta bayyana cewa lalacewar muhalli da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa ya riga ya zama silar rayuwa a Tuvalu. [35] Ko da yake wannan shawarar ba ta dogara ne kan tasirin sauyin yanayi ba wanda ba a ce ba a yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ba kwata-kwata. [36] Hukumar kula da ƙaura ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta gabatar da ma'anar aiki game da ƙaura:

Baƙi na muhalli mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin mutane waɗanda galibi saboda dalilai na canje-canje kwatsam ko ci gaba a muhallin da ke yin illa ga rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, wajibi ne su bar gidajensu na yau da kullun, ko zaɓi yin hakan na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin, kuma wadanda suke tafiya a cikin kasarsu ko kasashen waje.

Har sai an sami ma'anar abin da ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaura na muhalli bisa doka, zai yi wahala a yi aiki da kowane adalci na gaskiya. Tunanin adalcin yanayi zai ga an aiwatar da dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta hanya mafi fayyace don kiyaye ƙa'idodin asali ta fuskar tasirin da ba a san shi ba wanda sauyin yanayi zai haifar.

Rikici

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Ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta na kasa da kasa Jijjiga sunayen kasashe 46 inda sauyin yanayi (ciki har da karancin ruwa, asarar gonaki, matsanancin yanayi, gajarta yanayin girma, da narkewar glaciers) na iya yin hulɗa tare da tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa don haifar da "haɗari mai girma. na tashin hankali." [37]

’Yan asalin ƙasar suna da matsayi na musamman idan ana batun tattaunawa kan irin tasirin sauyin yanayi zai yi ga al’umma. Yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar rayuwa, wanda kuma yakan wargaza sosai idan aka zo ga tasirin sauyin yanayi. A ƙasashe da yawa, dokokin birni sun bambanta a aikace ga ƴan asalin ƙasar fiye da sauran jama'a, wanda ke dagula duk wani magani na doka. Canjin yanayi yana shafar ƴan asalin ƙasar daban ba wai kawai saboda alaƙar su ta zahiri da ta ruhaniya da ƙasa da ruwa ba, har ma saboda suna da ƙwararrun ilimin muhalli da na al'ada waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don nemo mafi kyawun dabarun rage waɗannan tasirin. [38]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun gano hakkokin 'yan asalin kasar da ke da hadari musamman ga illolin sauyin yanayi. [39] [40] Sakamakon sauyin yanayi, an yi barazana ga rayuwa da al'adun ƴan asalin a duk faɗin duniya a Arewacin Amirka, Turai, Latin Amurka, Afirka, da Asiya da Pacific. Kimanin 'yan asalin kasar miliyan 370 ne abin ya shafa. [41]

 
Shirin kare hakkin yara

Masu bincike a Cibiyar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Waje sun gano cewa yara a Kudancin Asiya na iya zama cikin haɗari musamman ga take haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan bala'o'i masu alaƙa da yanayi. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da cin zarafi na jinsi, aikin yara, rabuwar iyali da shingen ci gaban su da koyo. Masu binciken suna jayayya cewa ba a ba da fifiko ga hakkin yara ba a cikin manufofin don rage haɗarin bala'i ko daidaitawa ga sauyin yanayi kuma dole ne manufofin daidaita yanayin canjin yanayi su tsara matakan da za su magance muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi 'yancin yara, musamman kare yara da ilimi. [42]

Ci gaba

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Ganin cewa da yawa daga cikin 'yan ƙasa mafi talauci a duniya sun dogara kai tsaye ga muhalli don kowane ko wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, yawancin hukumomin ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa suna ganin sauyin yanayi da ci gaba a matsayin "haɗin da ba za a iya raba su ba." [43] [44]

Duba kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "New UN Report Details Link between Climate Change and Human Rights". UN Environment (in Turanci). 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  2. ↑ "Report of the Human Rights Council on its thirty-first session. Advance unedited version". Human Rights Council. 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  3. ↑ Rajamani, Lavanya (2019-06-26). "Integrating Human Rights in the Paris Climate Architecture: Contest, Context, and Consequence". Climate Law. 9 (3): 180–201. doi:10.1163/18786561-00903003. ISSN 1878-6553. S2CID 199289341.
  4. ↑ "AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability — IPCC". Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The right to a clean and healthy environment: 6 things you need to know". UN News. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "a/hrc/48/l.23/rev.1". undocs.org. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  7. ↑ "Petition to the Inter American Commission on Human Rights Seeking Relief from Violations Resulting from Global Warming Caused by Acts and Omissions of the United States" (PDF). Inuit Circumpolar Council. 7 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  8. ↑ Limon, Marc (2009). "HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: CONSTRUCTING A CASE FOR POLITICAL ACTION" (PDF). Harvard Environmental Law Review. 33 (2): 439–476. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  9. ↑ "Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change" (PDF). Center for International Environmental Law. 14 November 2007.
  10. ↑ "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights" (PDF). United Nations. 15 January 2009. A/HRC/10/61. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  11. ↑ "OHCHR study on the relationship between climate change and human rights: Submissions and reference documents received". Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  12. ↑ See "Report" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-25., n.8, at 15-22.
  13. ↑ "UNHRC Resolution 19/10, Human rights and the environment" (PDF). United Nations. 19 April 2012.
  14. ↑ "Statement of the United Nations Special Procedures Mandate Holders on the occasion of the Human Rights Day Geneva, 10 December 2014". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  15. ↑ "UNHRC Resolution 28/11, Human rights and the environment" (PDF). United Nations. 7 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "COP21: "States' human rights obligations encompass climate change" – UN expert". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  17. ↑ "Adoption of the Paris Agreement" (PDF). UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. 12 December 2015. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1.
  18. ↑ "UNHRC Resolution 10/4, Human rights and climate change" (PDF). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 25 March 2009.
  19. ↑ See Malé Declaration, n.4; UNHRC Resolution 18/22, n.7; A/HRC/10/61, n.8; FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, n.10.
  20. ↑ "Human rights, climate change and cross-border displacement". Universal Rights Group (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  21. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" (PDF). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 23 March 1976.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights" (PDF). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 15 January 2009. A/HRC/10/61.
  23. ↑ "What is the definition of global mean sea level (GMSL) and its rate?". CU Sea Level Research Group (in Turanci). University of Colorado. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  24. ↑ Christidis, Nikolaos; Stott, Peter A.; Jones, Gareth S.; Shiogama, Hideo; Nozawa, Toru; Luterbacher, Jürg (2012-02-01). "Human activity and anomalously warm seasons in Europe". International Journal of Climatology (in Turanci). 32 (2): 225–239. Bibcode:2012IJCli..32..225C. doi:10.1002/joc.2262. ISSN 1097-0088. S2CID 129931524.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  26. ↑ Fouillet, A.; Rey, G.; Laurent, F.; Pavillon, G.; Bellec, S.; Guihenneuc-Jouyaux, C.; Clavel, J.; Jougla, E.; Hémon, Denis (2006). "Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (in Turanci). 80 (1): 16–24. Bibcode:2006IAOEH..80...16F. doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0089-4. ISSN 0340-0131. PMC 1950160. PMID 16523319.
  27. ↑ "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". OHCHR (in Turanci). 1966.: article 2(1), 11(1) and 23.
  28. ↑ De Schutter, Olivier (8 September 2008). "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food; Building resilience: a human rights framework for world food and nutrition security" (PDF). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/9/23.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  30. ↑ "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world" (PDF). Human Development Report: 8. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  31. ↑ "General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant)" (PDF). Refworld. 20 January 2003. E/C.12/2002/11.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "The Stern Review on the Economic Effects of Climate Change". Population and Development Review (in Turanci). 32 (4): 793–798. 2006-12-01. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00153.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
  33. ↑ "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". OHCHR (in Turanci). 1966.
  34. ↑ Docherty, Bonnie; Tyler Giannini (2009). "Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climage Change Refugees" (PDF). Harvard Environmental Law Review. 33: 349–403. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "AD (Tuvalu )". New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 4 June 2014. 501370. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  36. ↑ ""Climate refugees" revisited: a closer look at the Tuvalu decision". Vernon Rive. Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  37. ↑ Smith, Dan; Janani Vivekananda (November 2007). "A Climate of Conflict: The links between climate change, peace and war" (PDF). International Alert.
  38. ↑ Gerrard, Emily (2008). "Climate change and human rights: issues and opportunities for Indigenous peoples". University of New South Wales Law Journal. 31.
  39. ↑ "Climate change and indigenous peoples". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  40. ↑ Hampson, Françoise (13 July 2004). "The Human Rights Situation of Indigenous Peoples in States and Territories Threatened With Extinction for Environmental Reason" (PDF). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2004/CRP.1.
  41. ↑ Williams, Jay (2012-05-01). "The impact of climate change on indigenous people – the implications for the cultural, spiritual, economic and legal rights of indigenous people". The International Journal of Human Rights. 16 (4): 648–688. doi:10.1080/13642987.2011.632135. ISSN 1364-2987. S2CID 145663936.
  42. ↑ "Climate extremes and child rights in South Asia: a neglected priority" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  43. ↑ "Integrating Climate Change into Development" (PDF). U.S. Agency for International Development. November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-30.
  44. ↑ Khoday, Kishan (7 May 2007). "Climate Change and the Right to Development. Himalayan Glacial Melting and the Future of Development on the Tibetan Plateau" (PDF). Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper. Retrieved 26 April 2012.

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