Wikipedia

Rashin ruwa

Rashin ruwa (Wanda ke da alaƙa da damuwa na ruwa ko Rikicin ruwa). Shine rashin albarkatun ruwa mai kyau ko saukowan ruwa don biyan bukatu. Akwai nau'ikan karancin ruwa guda biyu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu na zahiri ne. Sauran shine karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki.::560. Rashin ruwa na zahiri shine inda babu isasshen ruwa don biyan duk bukatu. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwa da ake buƙata don yanayin halittu ya yi aiki. Yankunan da ke da Yanayin hamada galibi suna fuskantar karancin ruwa. Asiya ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka misalai ne na yankuna masu bushewa. Rashin ruwa na tattalin arzRashin ruwa asali ne daga rashin saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don jawo ruwa daga koguna, aquifers, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Har ila yau, yana haifar da rauni na iyawar ɗan adam don biyan buƙatun ruwa.[1]: 560 Mutane da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu suna rayuwa da karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki.:11

Rashin ruwa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na scarcity (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara water stress (en) Fassara da water crisis (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara Canjin yanayi
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en) Fassara Target 6.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) Fassara
Taswirar damuwa ta ruwa a duniya (alamu na karancin ruwa) a cikin 2019. Matsalar ruwa ita ce rabo na amfani da ruwa dangane da wadatar ruwa kuma saboda haka ƙarancin buƙata ne.[1]
hoton yanda ake wahalar samun ruwa

Akwai isasshen ruwa mai laushi a duniya kuma matsakaici a cikin shekara don biyan buƙatu. Saboda haka, karancin ruwa ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin lokacin da kuma inda mutane ke buƙatar ruwa, da kuma lokacin da kuma wurin da yake.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da karuwar bukatar ruwa a duniya shine karuwar yawan mutane. Sauran su ne hauhawar yanayin rayuwa, canza abinci (zuwa ƙarin kayan dabbobi), da fadada aikin gona mai ban ruwa. [3][4][5] Canjin yanayi (Ciki har da fari ko ambaliyar ruwa), sare daji, gurɓataccen ruwa da amfani da ruwa mara kyau na iya nufin babu isasshen ruwa.[6] Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarancin na iya zama aikin Manufofin tattalin arziki da hanyoyin tsarawa.

Binciken karancin ruwa yana kallon nau'ikan bayanai da yawa. Sun hada da ruwan kore (rafi na ƙasa), ingancin ruwa, bukatun kwararar muhalli, da cinikin ruwa mai kama da juna.[3] Matsalar ruwa ita ce ma'auni ɗaya don auna karancin ruwa. Yana da amfani a cikin mahallin Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 6.[7] Rabin mutane biliyan suna zaune a yankunan da ke da karancin ruwa mai tsanani a ko'ina cikin shekara, [1] kuma kusan mutane biliyan hudu suna fuskantar karancin ruwa aƙalla wata ɗaya a kowace shekara. [2]] Rabin Manyan birane duniya suna fuskantar karancin ruwa.[8] Akwai mutane biliyan 2.3 da ke zaune a kasashe da ke da karancin ruwa (ma'ana kasa da 1700 m3 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara). [9][10][11]

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don rage karancin ruwa. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar samarwa da buƙata, hadin kai tsakanin ƙasashe da kiyaye ruwa. fadada maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai amfani na iya taimakawa. Sake amfani da ruwa mai guba da cire gishiri sune hanyoyin yin wannan. Sauran suna rage gurɓataccen ruwa da canje-canje ga cinikin ruwa mai kama da juna.  

Ma'anar

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Rashin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki a duniya

An bayyana karancin ruwa a matsayin "yawanci, ko rashin shi, na albarkatun ruwa mai laushi" kuma ana zaton "mutum ne ke jagoranta".[1] : 4 Hakanan ana iya kiran wannan "rashin ruwa na zahiri".[2] Akwai nau'ikan karancin ruwa guda biyu. Ɗaya shine karancin ruwa na zahiri ɗayan kuma karancin ruwa ne na tattalin arziki.[3] : 560, Wasu ma'anoni na karancin ruwa suna kallon bukatun ruwa na muhalli. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta daga wata ƙungiya zuwa wata.[1] : 4 

 
Amfani da ruwa a duniya 1900-2025, ta yanki, a cikin biliyoyin m3 a kowace shekara

Abubuwan da suka danganci

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Akwai ma'anoni da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Sun rufe kalmomin "rashin ruwa", "matsalar ruwa", da "hadarin ruwa". Shugaba Ruwa Mandate, wani shiri na Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya ba da shawarar daidaita waɗannan a cikin 2014. [12]: 2 A cikin takardar tattaunawarsu sun bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi uku ba.[1][12]:3

Matsalar ruwa

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Yawancin ruwa sun jaddada ƙasashe a duniya a cikin 2020.

Wasu kungiyoyi sun bayyana "matsalar ruwa" a matsayin babban ra'ayi. Zai dubi wadatar ruwa, ingancin ruwa da samun dama. Samun dama ya dogara da kayan aikin da ke akwai. Har ila yau, ya dogara da ko kwastomomi za su iya biyan kuɗin ruwa.[12]: 4 Wasu masana suna kiran wannan "rashin ruwa na tattalin arziki".[13]

FAO ta bayyana damuwa ta ruwa a matsayin "alamu na karancin ruwa ko karancin ruwa". Irin waɗannan alamun na iya zama "ƙaruwar rikici tsakanin masu amfani, da gasa don ruwa, raguwar ƙa'idodin amintacce da sabis, gazawar girbi da rashin tsaro na abinci".[14]: 6 An auna wannan tare da kewayon alamun damuwa na ruwa.

Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya sun ba da wani ma'anar damuwa game da ruwa a cikin 2016. "Rashin jituwa na ruwa yana nufin tasirin amfani da ruwa mai yawa (ko dai janyewa ko amfani) dangane da wadatar ruwa. " [1] Wannan yana kallon jituwa na ruwan a matsayin "rashin buƙata".

Nau'o'in

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Masana sun bayyana nau'ikan karancin ruwa guda biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin su shine karancin ruwa na zahiri. Sauran shine karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Wadannan sharuɗɗa an fara bayyana su ne a cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 wanda Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta jagoranta. Wannan ya bincika amfani da ruwa a aikin noma a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Ya yi niyyar gano idan duniya tana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da abinci ga yawan jama'a a nan gaba.[13][14]:1

Rashin ruwa na zahiri

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Rashin ruwa na zahiri yana faruwa ne lokacin da albarkatun ruwa na halitta ba su isa su biya dukkan bukatun ba. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwa da ake buƙata don yanayin halittu ya yi aiki sosai. Yankunan da suka bushe sau da yawa suna fama da karancin ruwa na zahiri. Tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayi ya kara karancin ruwa a yankunan da ya riga ya zama matsala.[15] Hakanan yana faruwa inda ruwa yake da yawa amma inda albarkatun suka wuce gona da iri. Misali daya shine ci gaban kayan aikin ruwa. Wannan na iya zama don ban ruwa ko samar da makamashi. Akwai alamomi da yawa na karancin ruwa na zahiri. Sun haɗa da mummunar lalacewar muhalli, raguwar ruwan kasa da rarraba ruwa wanda ke son wasu kungiyoyi akan wasu.[14]:6

Masana sun ba da shawarar wani mai nunawa. Wannan ana kiransa karancin ruwa na muhalli. Yana la'akari da yawan ruwa, ingancin ruwa, da bukatun kwararar muhalli.

Ruwa yana da ƙarancin ruwa a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Wadannan an tsara su da kasa da mita 1000 da ke samuwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Misalan sune Tsakiyar da Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka). [16] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya gano cewa sama da mutane biliyan 1.2 suna zaune a yankunan da ke da karancin ruwa.[17] Wannan karancin ruwa yana da alaƙa da ruwan da ake samu don samar da abinci, maimakon ruwan sha wanda ya fi karami. [1] [18]

Wasu masana kimiyya suna son ƙara nau'i na uku wanda za'a kira ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli. Zai mai da hankali kan bukatar ruwa na yanayin halittu. Zai koma ga mafi ƙarancin adadi da ingancin fitar da ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da tsarin halittu mai ɗorewa da aiki. Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna jayayya cewa wannan wani bangare ne kawai na ma'anar karancin ruwa na zahiri.[14][13]

Rashin ruwa na tattalin arziki

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Mutane suna tattara ruwan sha mai tsabta daga wani tebur a garin Ghari Kharo, a yammacin Lardin Sindh a Pakistan.

Rashin ruwa na tattalin arziki ya faru ne saboda rashin saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don jawo ruwa daga koguna, aquifers, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Har ila yau, yana nuna rashin isasshen ikon ɗan adam don biyan buƙatun ruwa.[19]::560 Yana haifar da mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa ba don tafiya mai nisa don samun ruwa don amfani da gida da aikin gona. Irin wannan ruwa sau da yawa ba shi da tsabta.

Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki shine mafi yawan dalilin karancin ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin ƙasashe ko yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa don biyan bukatun gida, masana'antu, noma, da muhalli. Amma ba su da hanyar samar da shi a hanyar da za a iya samu. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan jama'ar duniya a halin yanzu suna zaune a yankunan da karancin ruwa ya shafa.[1][20]

Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar duniya yana fama da karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Yana da fasalin yawancin Afirka ta Kudu.[13]: 11 Don haka ingantaccen kayan aikin ruwa zai iya taimakawa wajen rage talauci. Zuba jari a cikin riƙe ruwa da kayan aikin ban ruwa zai taimaka wajen kara samar da abinci. Wannan shi ne musamman ga kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona mai ƙarancin amfanin gona.[21] Samar da ruwa wanda ya isa ga amfani zai amfana da lafiyar jama'a.[22] Wannan ba kawai batun sabon ababen more rayuwa ba ne. Harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa sun zama dole don magance talauci da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa. Rashin kudade yana nufin akwai buƙatar tsarawa.[23]

Ana mai da hankali ne akan inganta hanyoyin ruwa don sha da dalilai na gida. Amma ana amfani da ruwa da yawa don dalilai kamar wanka, wanki, dabbobi da tsaftacewa fiye da sha da dafa abinci.[22] Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jaddada ruwan sha yana magance wani ɓangare na matsalar. Don haka yana iya iyakance kewayon mafita da ake samu.[1][22]

Abubuwan da suka danganci

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Tsaro na ruwa

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Samfuri:Excerpt Wannan sashe wani yanki ne daga Tsaron Ruwa.

Manufar tsaron ruwa ita ce a yi amfani da mafi yawan amfanin ruwa ga mutane da muhallin halittu. Manufa ta biyu ita ce a iyakance kasadar illolin ruwa zuwa matakin da ake yarda da shi.[5][5] [24] Wadannan hatsarin sun hada da misali da ruwa mai yawa ( ambaliya), da karancin ruwa ko rashin ingancin ruwa ( gurbatattun ruwa).[19] Mutanen da ke rayuwa tare da babban matakin tsaro na ruwa koyaushe suna samun damar samun ingancin ruwa mai karɓuwa don lafiya, rayuwa da samarwa[24]. Misali, samun ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da kuma tsaftar muhalli wani bangare ne na tsaron ruwa.[25] Wasu kungiyoyi suna amfani da kalmar tsaron ruwa da ƙunci don abubuwan samar da ruwa kawai.

Kasadar Ruwa
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Wannan sashe wani yanki ne daga Tsaron Ruwa da Hadarin ruwa.

Hadarin ruwa yana nufin yiwuwar matsalolin da ke tattare da ruwa. Misalai sun hada da karancin ruwa, damuwa na ruwa, ambaliya, lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa.[26]  Akwai wata alaka tsakanin kasadar ruwa da tsaron ruwa. Wannan yana nufin yayin da haɗarin ruwa ke ƙaruwa, tsaro na ruwa yana raguwa. Hadarin ruwa yana da rikitarwa. Ya haɗa da haɗarin ambaliya da fari. Wadannan na iya haifar da gazawar ababen more rayuwa da kuma kara tsananta yunwa[1]. Lokacin da waɗannan bala'o'i suka faru, suna haifar da ƙarancin ruwa ko wasu matsaloli. Mahimman tasirin tattalin arziki na haɗarin ruwa yana da mahimmanci a lura. Hadarin ruwa na barazana ga dukkan masana'antu. Misalai sune bangaren abinci da abin sha, noma, mai da iskar gas da kuma abubuwan amfani. Noma na amfani da kashi 69% na jimillar ruwa a duniya. Don haka wannan matsalar tana da matukar rauni ga ruwa[27].

Kimantawa da Alamomi

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Tafkin Chadi ya ragu da kashi casa'in% tun daga shekarun 1960.[10]

Manuniya masu sauƙi
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Akwai alamomi da yawa don auna ƙarancin ruwa. Ɗaya daga ciki shine amfanin ruwa zuwa rabon samuwa. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da ƙimar mahimmanci. Wani kuma shine manuniyar IWMI. Wannan yana auna ƙarancin ruwa na jiki da na tattalin arziki. Wani kuma shi ne ma’aunin talauci na ruwa[28]. "Tsarin ruwa" shine ma'auni don auna ƙarancin ruwa. Masana suna amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Maƙasudin ci gaba mai dorewa wato (Sustainable development goals) SDG [28]. Rahoton FAO a shekarar 2018 ya ba da ma'anar hadarin ruwa. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rabo tsakanin jimlar ruwan da aka janye, wato Total freshwater Withdrawn (TFWW) ta dukkan manyan sassa da kuma jimillar albarkatun ruwa mai sabuntawa, Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR), bayan yin la'akari da bukatun muhalli, a turance Environmental Flow Requirements (EFR)". Wannan yana nufin cewa darajar TFWW ta rabu da bambanci tsakanin TRWR a debe EFR.[29]  Gudun muhalli shine magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don dorewar ruwa mai kyau da muhallin etuarine. Ma'anar da ta gabata a Burin Ci gaban Ƙarni 7, manufa 7.A, shine kawai adadin albarkatun ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, ba tare da la'akari da EFR ba. A ƙasa kaso goma% ƙananan damuwa; 10-20% yana da ƙananan-zuwa-matsakaici; 20-40% matsakaici-zuwa babba; 40-80% girma; sama da kashi tamanin cikin ɗari sosai.[15]

databox

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/21/2075/2017/ Kummu, M.; Guillaume, J. H. A.; de Moel, H.; Eisner, S.; Flörke, M.; Porkka, M.; Siebert, S.; Veldkamp, T. I. E.; Ward, P. J. (2016). "The world's road to water scarcity: shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards sustainability". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 6 (1): 38495. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638495K. doi:10.1038/srep38495. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5146931. PMID 27934888. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":15" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2016). "Four billion people facing severe water scarcity". Science Water Stress Advances (in Turanci). 2 (2): e1500323. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0323M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500323. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 4758739. PMID 26933676.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Liu, Junguo; Yang, Hong; Gosling, Simon N.; Kummu, Matti; Flörke, Martina; Pfister, Stephan; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Zhang, Xinxin; Zheng, Chunmiao; Alcamo, Joseph (2017). "Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future: Review on Water Scarcity Assessment". Earth's Future (in Turanci). 5 (6): 545–559. doi:10.1002/2016EF000518. PMC 6204262. PMID 30377623.
  4. ↑ Vorosmarty, C. J. (2000-07-14). "Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth". Science. 289 (5477): 284–288. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..284V. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.284. PMID 10894773. S2CID 37062764.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ercin, A. Ertug; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2014). "Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis". Environment International (in Turanci). 64: 71–82. Bibcode:2014EnInt..64...71E. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019. PMID 24374780.
  6. ↑ "Water Scarcity. Threats". WWF. 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  7. ↑ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named weforum17
  9. ↑ "Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity". www.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  11. ↑ "THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S LAND AND WATER RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE" (PDF).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 The CEO Water Mandate (2014) Driving Harmonization of Water-Related Terminology, Discussion Paper September 2014. Alliance for Water Stewardship, Ceres, CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project), The Nature Conservancy, Pacific Institute, Water Footprint Network, World Resources Institute, and WWF
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 IWMI (2007) Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Archived 2024-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Coping with water scarcity. An action framework for agriculture and food stress" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability". www.ipcc.ch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  16. ↑ Rijsberman, Frank R. (2006). "Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?". Agricultural Water Management (in Turanci). 80 (1–3): 5–22. Bibcode:2006AgWM...80....5R. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001.
  17. ↑ Molden, D. (Ed). Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan/IWMI, 2007, p.11
  18. ↑ Molden, David; Fraiture, Charlotte de; Rijsberman, Frank (1970-01-01). "Water Scarcity: The Food Factor". Issues in Science and Technology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 https://oxfordre.com/environmentalscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389414-e-609
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  21. ↑ Duchin, Faye; López-Morales, Carlos (December 2012). "Do Water-Rich Regions Have A Comparative Advantage In Food Production? Improving The Representation Of Water For Agriculture In Economic Models". Economic Systems Research. 24 (4): 371–389. doi:10.1080/09535314.2012.714746. S2CID 154723701.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Madulu, Ndalahwa (2003). "Linking poverty levels to water resource use and conflicts in rural Tanzania". Physics & Chemistry of the Earth - Parts A/B/C. 28 (20–27): 911. Bibcode:2003PCE....28..911M. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.024.
  23. ↑ Noemdoe, S.; Jonker, L.; Swatuk, L.A (2006). "Perceptions of water scarcity: The case of Genadendal and outstations". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 31 (15): 771–778. Bibcode:2006PCE....31..771N. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.003. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-abstract/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  25. ↑ https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/
  26. ↑ https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/21/2075/2017/
  27. ↑ https://www.morganstanley.com/what-we-do/investment-management
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6204262/
  29. ↑ https://www.unwater.org/publications/progress-on-level-of-water-stress-642/
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