'Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje
Haƙƙin samun gidaje (Hakkin samun matsugunni)[1] ya kunshi arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu dan samun isassun gidaje da matsugunnai. Ana kuma amfani da ita a wasu kundin tsarin mulki na kasashe da kuma cikin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da kuma al'adu.[2] 'Yancin samun matsuguni hakki ne mai zaman kansa a cikin dokar hakkokin dan adam na duniya wanda kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da kuma hakkokin al'adu ta sanar a yayin wani tsokaci na General Comment on Adequate Housing a shakara ta 1991. Shirin na 'Yancin Muhalli a karkashin ICESCR ya kuma haɗa da: isassun ayyuka, ababan more rayuwa, kaya da ababen amfani; tsaro na mallakar gidaje a shar'ance; zama acikin aminci; ta yadda za'a iya mallaka cikin sauki; wuri da kuma isasshen al'ada.[3]
 Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje | |
|---|---|
| Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
anti-homelessness legislation (en)  |
| Yana haddasa |
March for Housing (en) |
Shirin UN Human Settlement Programme wacce ke habbaka 'yancin muhalli tare da hadin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na 'Yancin Dan Adam shiri ne na kara tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Istanbul na 1996 da kuma Ajendar Muhalli. Ana kiran shirin da suna UN-HABITAT, wacce ke da alhakin habbaka hakkin mallakar matsugunni ta hanyar kula da tsare-tsare da kuma gangami na karawa juna sani.[2]
Sashi na 26, babi na biyu na Tsarin Mulkin Kasar South Africa ta tsara cewa, "kowa na da hakkin mallakar isasshen muhalli" kuma sashin cigaban dan-adam ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da wannan doka. A kasar Amurka, yawancin yankunanta basu da dokar 'yancin muhalli face a birnin Massachusetts inda masu iyali kadai ke da hakki na mallakar muhalli". Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na 1999 ta yarda da tsarin mallakar muhallin musamman a sashi na 43 wacce ta bayyana cewa "kowanne dan kasa na Najeriya na da hakkin mallaka ko siyan fili a ko ina a fadin Najeriya".[4]
Ma'ana
gyara sashe
An amince da haƙƙin mallakar gidaje a cikin kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama na duniya. Mataki na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta amince da 'yancin mallakar gidaje a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun ingantacciyar rayuwa.
Kowa na da hakkin samun ingantacciyar rayuwa don gudanar da jin dadin rayuwarsa da kuma iyalinsa, wanda ya hada da abinci, tufafi, muhalli da kuma kiwon lafiya da kuma bukatu na zamantakewar rayuwa, da kuma hakkin tsaro a yanayi na rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa,zawarci, tsufa da kuma ire-iren hali na rashin walwala acikin yanayi da yafi karfin ikonsa.
Mataki na 11 (1) na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) itama ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin matsugunni a zaman wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa.[2]
A dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ana ɗaukar haƙƙin mallakar gidaje a matsayin haƙƙi mai zaman kansa. An bayyana hakan a cikin 1991 Janar Comment no 4 akan isassun Gidaje ta Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Al'umma da Al'adu.[5] Bayanin gabaɗaya yana ba da cikakken fassarar haƙƙin matsugunni cikin sharuddan doka ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa.[2]
Ka'idodin Yogyakarta kan aiwatar da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya dangane da yanayin jima'i da kuma tsarin jinsi sun tabbatar da cewa: [6]
"Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya samu isasshen matsugunni , gami da kariya daga kora, batare da nuna bambanci ba, kuma Jihohi za su ɗauka duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan tsaro don tabbatar da tsaron wa'adin mulki da bayar da damar samun gidaje masu araha, wanda suka dace da al'adu da aminci. banda matsugunni da sauran wuraren kwana na gaggawa, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi ko arziki ko matsayin dangi; ɗaukar duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan hana aiwatar da korar da ba su dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ba, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an tanaji hukunci na adalci ga wadanda suke kawo korafi akan cewa an tauye masu hakki ta hanyar tilasta masu barin gidajensu ko kuma suna cikin barazana cin zarafi, wanda suka hada da 'yancin sakani matsugunni, wanda ya haɗa da haƙƙin mallakar wani fili mafi inganci ko dacewa da kuma isasshen muhalli, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba."
Har ila yau, haƙƙin samun gidaje yana kunshe a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 28 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin nakasassu, Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Turai (Mataki na 31 na Yarjejeniyar Zamantakewa ta Tarayyar Turai) da kuma cikin Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Al'umma. A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, abubuwan da suka shafi 'yancin samun gidaje a karkashin ICESCR sun hada da: tsaro na dokar samuwan ayyuka, kayan aiki, wurare da ababen more rayuwa; ikon mallaka cikin sauki, wuri mai zaunuwa, wacce ake iya zuwa, cancantar wuri da al'adu.[7] A matsayin manufar siyasa kuwa, an ayyana haƙƙin mallakar gidaje a cikin jawabin FD Roosevelt na 1944 akan Dokar Haƙƙin Na Biyu.
Aikin TENLAW ya ba da dama mai inganci ga bincike na kasa da kasa da na tsaka-tsaki a fagen gidaje da dukiya. Ya haifar da kujera na farko na gidaje a Jami'ar Rovira i Virgili (Spain) a kan Yuli 11, 2013, wanda ya buɗe damar yin bincike da yadawa a wannan yanki.
Matsuguni a fuskar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
gyara sashe
Haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje ya kasance muhimmin batu a taron Habitat na 1996 da aka yi a Istanbul kuma babban jigo a cikin yarjejeniyar Istanbul da Ajandar Habitat. Sakin layi na 61 na ajandar ya bayyana matakan da gwamnatoci ke buƙata don "ingantawa, kariya da tabbatar da ci gaba da cigaba da haƙƙin samun isasshen gidaje." Taron Habitat (Matsuguni) na 2001, wanda aka fi sani da Istanbul +5, ya sake tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul na 1996 da Ajandar Habitat kuma ta kafa shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta 'yancin samun gidaje tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Wanda aka sani da UN-HABITAT, shirin shine mafi mahimmancin taron kasa da kasa don haƙƙin gidaje. Yana da alhakin inganta haƙƙin gidaje, ta hanyar yakin wayar da kan jama'a, da habɓakar ma'auni da tsarin sa ido.
Ayyuka
gyara sasheCanada
gyara sasheDabarun Gidajen Kasa (NHS) da aka gabatar a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2017, sun yi alkawarin kafa dokoki masu tushe don aiwatar da kudurin gwamnati na ci gaba da aiwatar da hakkin samun gidaje, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Wancan dokar da aka yi alkawarinta, Dokar Dabarun Gidaje ta ƙasa, ta sami izinin sarauta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Bayan da aka fara gabatar da dokar ta NHS a ƙarshen 2017, a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2018, masu ba da shawara sun fitar da wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau, wanda ƙungiyoyi sama da 170 da fitattun 'yan Kanada suka sanya hannu ( jimlar 1,100 masu sanya hannu), suna roƙon shi da ya ba da haƙƙin mallakar gidaje. a cikin Dokar. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019 an gabatar da Dokar NHS a cikin Dokar Aiwatar da Kasafin Kudi, 2019 (Bill C-97). Dokar, kamar yadda aka fara gabatar da ita ta tabbatar da aniyar ci gaba da tabbatar da haƙƙin gidaje kamar yadda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, na buƙatar gwamnatocin nan gaba su dauka da kiyaye dabarun gidaje na ƙasa, tare da kafa Majalisar Gidaje ta ƙasa da mai ba da shawara kan gidaje na tarayya. Ya rasa, duk da haka, wani ma'ana mai ma'ana don sadaukar da haƙƙin matsugunni kuma bai ba da damar sauraron karar ba. A Kanada, haƙƙin mallakar gidaje ya zama doka tare da zartar da Dokar Dabarar Gidaje ta Ƙasa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Dokar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2019.
Afirka ta Kudu
gyara sasheA Afirka ta Kudu, sashe na 26 na babi na biyu na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da cewa "kowa na da 'yancin samun isasshen gidaje." Ma'aikatar Matsugunnan Jama'a ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da wannan umarni. Dangane da bayanan baya-bayan nan, kusan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu miliyan 3.6 har yanzu suna zaune a cikin rumfuna ko ƙauyuka na yau da kullun (bayanin 2013), [8] yayin da aka kiyasta cewa kusan 200,000 ba su da matsugunni ko kuma suna zanje ne a kan tituna (bayanin 2015).
Amurka
gyara sashe.jpg)
Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Amurka ba su da ikon fakewa. Banda ɗaya shine Massachusetts, inda iyalai (amma ba marasa gida ba) suna da haƙƙin tsari. A California, yaran da suka gudu suna da damar shigar da su matsugunnan gaggawa ba tare da izinin iyaye ba. [9] Birnin New York kuma ya amince da haƙƙin matsugunnin gaggawa. [10]
Najeriya
gyara sashe‘Yancin samun gidaje yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999, musamman a sashe na 43 da ke cewa “kowane dan Najeriya na da ‘yancin mallaka da mallakar kadarorinsa a ko’ina a Najeriya”. [11] Sannan ya bayyana a cikin sashe na 44 cewa ‘Ba za a mallake kadarorin ko wata dukiya ta tilas ba kuma ba za a mallaka wani hakki ko riba a cikin irin wadannan kadarorin tilas ba a kowane yanki na Najeriya sai ta hanyar da aka tsara. bisa ga doka cewa a cikin wasu abubuwa: yana buƙatar biyan diyya cikin gaggawa da kuma tabbatar da samun damar shiga kotu don tantance sha'awarsa a cikin kadarorin da adadin diyya da za a biya. Sharuɗɗan sashe na 16 (2) (d) na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar a cikin Maƙasudin Manufofi da Ka'idojin Jagoranci na Manufofin Jiha, wanda ya bayyana cewa "jahar za ta jagoranci manufofinta don tabbatar da cewa an samar da matsugunni mai kyau kuma ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa" yana nuna cewa an samar da matsuguni masu dacewa ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa. amincewa da buƙatar samar da matsuguni ga ƴan ƙasa amma irin wannan haƙƙin ya keɓe haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje. Bugu da kari, sashe na 6(6) (c) na kundin tsarin mulki ya ayyana Manufofi da Ka'idojin Umarni ba su dace ba.
Yanayin gidaje na mutane a Najeriya ya yi kasa da dokokin kasa da kuma ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama, musamman kungiyoyi masu rauni kamar mata, 'yan asalin kasar, LGBTQ, 'yan gudun hijirar da kuma mutanen da ke zaune tare da nakasa (PLW) a yankunan karkara na Abuja, Legas da kuma Fatakwal. A shekarar 2014, WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa kashi 69 cikin 100 na al’ummar biranen Najeriya na zaune ne a cikin ‘yan ta’adda ba tare da ababen more rayuwa kamar ruwan sha ba, da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli, da wutar lantarki, da kwashe shara, da kuma tituna. Haka kuma, a shekarar 2013, kididdigar yawan al’umma da kiwon lafiya ta Nijeriya ta nuna cewa ‘yan Nijeriya miliyan 57 da miliyan 130 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli bi da bi. A cewar Bankin jinginar gidaje na Najeriya, an samu gibin gidaje miliyan 22 a shekarar 2019. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bayyana cewa gibin gidaje a jihar ya kai gidaje miliyan 2.5, inda kashi 70 cikin 100 na al’ummarta ke zaune a gidajen da ba na yau da kullun ba. Ana samun karuwar bukatar gidaje kashi 20 a duk shekara a Abuja, Ibadan da Kano. Gabaɗaya, gidaje masu zaman kansu na kasuwa kaɗan ne kawai za su iya zama mai araha. Akwai ƙarancin gidaje na haya wanda ke buƙatar masu haya su sami hayar gaba na sama da shekara ɗaya. Ba a ba da kulawar kula da haya ko iyalai ba dangantakar mai gida da mai haya, tare da aiwatar da dokokin ƙa'ida.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Mishra, Prafulla C. (1998). "Right to Shelter: A Human Richt Perspective". Journal of the Indian Law Institute. 40 (1/4): 230–242. ISSN 0019-5731. JSTOR 43953319.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Edgar, Bill; Doherty, Joe; Meert, Henk (2002). Access to housing: homelessness and vulnerability in Europe. The Policy Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-86134-482-3.
- ↑ The right to adequate housing (Art.11 (1)). CESCR General comment 4 – see para. 8
- ↑ "Fundamental Right To Property And Right To Housing In Nigeria – A Discourse". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ↑ Terminski, Bogumil (2011). "The right to adequate housing in international human rights law: Polish transformation experiences" (PDF). Revista Latinoamericana de Derechos Humanos. 22 (2): 219–241. ISSN 1659-4304. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
- ↑ The Yogyakarta Principles, Principle 15. The Right to Adequate Housing
- ↑ The right to adequate housing (Art.11 (1)). CESCR General comment 4 - see para. 8
- ↑ http://www.thehda.co.za/uploads/files/HDA_South_Africa_Report_lr.pdf
- ↑ "A Handbook on California's "Right to Shelter Law"". Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- ↑ A Right to Shelter in New York
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0