Yaren Krio
Harshen Creole na Saliyo ko Krio yare ne na tushen Ingilishi wanda yake yare ne kuma yaren ƙasa da ake magana da shi a cikin ƙasar Saliyo ta Yammacin Afirka. Krio na magana ne da kashi 96 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar, kuma yana hada kan kabilu daban-daban na kasar, musamman a harkokin kasuwanci da zamantakewar juna. Krio shine harshen farko na sadarwa tsakanin ƴan Saliyo a gida da waje, [1] kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga Turancin Saliyo . [2] Harshen na asali ne ga mutanen Saliyo Creole, ko Krios, al'umma mai kimanin 104,311 zuriyar 'yantattun bayi daga West Indies, Kanada, Amurka da Daular Biritaniya, kuma miliyoyin mutane suna magana a matsayin harshe na biyu. sauran ‘yan kasar Saliyo ‘yan kabilar ‘yan asalin kasar . Krio, tare da Ingilishi, shine yaren hukuma na Saliyo.
Dubawa
gyara sasheHarshen Krio wani yanki ne na harsuna da bambancin Ingilishi waɗanda Mazaunan Nova Scotian daga Arewacin Amurka, Maroons daga Jamaica, da ƴancin bayi na Afirka da yawa waɗanda suka zauna a Saliyo suka kawo.
Dukan ’yantattun bayi— Jamaika Maroons, African-Americans, and liberated Africans — sun rinjayi Krio, amma Jamaican Maroons, Igbo, Yoruba da Akan Liberated Africans sun fi tasiri. Da alama mai yiyuwa ne ainihin tsarin nahawu da tsarin wasali na Krio wani yanki ne na Jamaican Maroon Creole da Maroons ke magana, saboda akwai cikakkun bayanai da muhimman alakoki na tarihi kai tsaye tsakanin Jamaica da Saliyo. Har ila yau, yaren ya sami tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi na Ba'amurke na Vernacular yayin da yawancin kalmomin Afirka a cikin Krio sun fito daga Akan, Yoruba da Igbo .
A matsayin yaren Creole na tushen Ingilishi, Saliyo Krio ya bambanta da pidgin kamar yadda harshe ne a kan kansa, tare da tsayayyen tsari da ka'idoji na nahawu. Krio kuma ya zana daga wasu harsunan Turai, kamar Fotigal da Faransanci, misali kalmar Krio gentri</link> / gentree</link> , wanda ke nufin dukiya ko samun dukiya, an samo shi daga tsohuwar kalmar Faransanci ' gentry ', da kuma kalmar Krio pikin</link> , wanda ke nufin 'yaro', a kaikaice ya fito daga kalmar Portuguese pequeno</link> ma'ana 'kanana' kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don nufin yara a cikin Portuguese.
A Saliyo, mutanen da ke da digiri daban-daban suna magana da yaren Krio, da kuma canje-canjen yanki zuwa Krio. Yawancin masu magana a Saliyo Krio suna zaune a Freetown babban birnin kasar ko kusa da shi. Ya zuwa 2007, akwai kusan mutane 350,000 waɗanda ke magana da Krio a matsayin yaren farko. Har ma fiye da mutane sun kasance suna amfani da shi a matsayin babban harshe don ayyukan sadarwa a cikin ƙasa gaba ɗaya.
Asalin harshe
gyara sasheWata ka'idar ta nuna tushen Krio na farko ya koma zamanin cinikin bayi na Atlantic a ƙarni na 17 da 18 lokacin da wani yaren " pidgin " na Ingilishi ( Pidgin English na Yammacin Afirka, wanda ake kira Guinea Coast Creole English ) ya tashi don sauƙaƙe kasuwancin bakin teku. tsakanin Turawa da Afirka. Wannan farkon pidgin daga baya ya zama yaren kasuwanci na yanki tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma da kansu kuma mai yiwuwa ya yada tsarin kogin zuwa cikin Afirka. Bayan kafuwar Freetown, an shigar da wannan pidgin da aka rigaya a cikin jawabin ƙungiyoyin ƴancin bayi da suka sauka a Saliyo tsakanin 1787 zuwa kusan 1855. A hankali pidgin ya samo asali har ya zama tabbataccen harshe, yaren asali na zuriyar ’yantattun bayi (waɗanda a yanzu ƙabila ce da al’adu daban-daban, Creoles), da kuma harshen Saliyo. [3]
Amfanin harshe
gyara sasheAmfanin Krio a Saliyo
gyara sasheYawancin Creoles na kabilanci da na al'adu suna zaune a ciki da wajen Freetown, babban birnin Saliyo, kuma al'ummarsu sun kai kusan kashi 3 zuwa 6% na yawan jama'ar Saliyo (Freetown shine lardin da bayin da aka dawo daga Landan da Nova Scotia suka zauna). [4] Duk da haka, saboda tasirin al'adunsu a Saliyo, musamman a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ana amfani da yarensu a matsayin yare a tsakanin dukkanin kabilun Saliyo.
- ↑ Thompson, V. A. D. (2013).
- ↑ Saidu Bangura, 2015 A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English: A Sociohistorical and Ecological Perspective, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, PhD thesis, p. 124, 222, 232-242.
- ↑ Fourah Bay College, Freetown: Guide to Krio, (held at SOAS Univ. of London Library, 195?
- ↑ Simon Schama: Rough Crossings, London, 2007