Yan Brazil a Najeriya
'Yan Brazil a Najeriya, Amaros ko Agudas sun ƙunshi zuriyar bayi' yan Afro-Brazil da aka 'yanta waɗanda suka bar Brazil suka zauna a Najeriya . Kalmar 'yan Brazil a Najeriya na iya komawa zuwa baƙin ƙaura daga Brazil.
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| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Calabar, Port Harcourt | |
| Harsuna | |
| Turanci · Harsunan Najeriya · Portuguese | |
| Addini | |
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Predominantly: | |
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
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Afro-Brazilian • Americo-Liberian • Saro people • Sierra Leone Creole people • Tabom people • Brazilian diaspora • Yorubas |
Farawa daga shekara ta Alif 1830, yawancin ƴan Afirka da aka kwato waɗanda suka sha wahala ta hanyar tilasta musu aiki da nuna bambanci a cikin Brazil sun fara komawa Lagos, tare da wasu dabarun al'adu da zamantakewar da suka dace da zamansu a Brazil. Waɗannan ean Afirka da suka sami 'yanci galibi ana kiransu "Aguda" ko "Amaro", kuma sun haɗa da waɗanda suka dawo daga Cuba.
Tarihi
gyara sashe
A lokacin da ake tsaka da cinikin bayi a Afirka ta Yamma, fursunonin yaƙi da yawa ko waɗanda aka sace don sayarwa a kasuwannin bayi an sayar da su ga Turawa kuma an yi jigilar su zuwa ƙetaren Tekun Atlantika. [1] Kimanin adadin bayi daga Gulf of Guinea zuwa Brazil sun kai kimanin 300,000 a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadanda aka kaman sun sauka a Bahia kafin su kara matsawa kudu don aiki a gonaki, taimakawa 'yan kasuwa ko kayan shaho na fararen Brazil. Kamar yadda wasu tsiwirwirinsu ƴan mishan, sanã'anta tanadi ko samu tura a sakamakon wariyar launin fata, tãguwar ruwa na Afirka hijirarsa baya ga ƙasashen yammacin Afrika Coast ci gaba. Zuwa tsakiyar goma sha tara, al'ummar Afro-Brazil ta fara fitowa tare da gabar yammacin Afirka, waɗanda kuma zuriyar bayi suka haɓaka waɗanda suka tsallaka Tekun Atlantika sau biyu. Waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun dawo da hankalin Afro-Brazilian game da abinci, noma, gine-gine da addini.
Maido da mutanen Afirka na farko da aka yi rubuce-rubuce daga kasar Brazil zuwa Kasar da ake kira Najeriya a yanzu shi ne kora da gwamnatin ta yi a shekara ta (1835) bayan wani boren Yarbawa da Hausawa a garin Salvador da aka fi sani da Revolt na Malê . Bayan tawaye, gwamnatin Brazil - da tsoron kara tawaye - ta ba da izinin 'yantar ko kuma nuna wa' yan Afirka zaɓi su koma gida ko ci gaba da biyan haraji mai yawa ga gwamnati. [1] Ƴan Afirka da suka sami ƴanci kuma suka adana wasu kuɗi sun sami damar komawa Afirka sakamakon mawuyacin hali, haraji, wariyar launin fata da rashin gida. A cikin 1851, Mina Afirka 60 sun haɗa dala 4,000 don siyan jirgi zuwa Badagry. [1]
Bayan an daina bautar a Cuba da Brazil a 1886 da 1888 bi da bi, ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa Lagos ya ci gaba. Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka dawo sun zaɓi dawowa Najeriya saboda al'adu, mishan da kuma tattalin arziki. Yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Yarabawa . A cikin Legas, an ba su filayen ruwa na Popo Aguda a matsayin mazauninsu. Zuwa shekarun 1880, sun ƙunshi kusan 9% na yawan jama'ar Legas. Zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta alif (1920) ƙaura ta tsaya.
Kodayake Legas da ke bakin teku ita ce hanyar da aka fi so, amma yawancin wadanda suka dawo daga zuriyar kungiyoyi ne kamar Ijeshas, Oyos, Ijebu da Egba wadanda ke cikin gida. Agudas suna sane da garuruwansu na asali amma sun gwammace su kafa shago a Legas saboda yana da kyau ga kasuwanci, an karbe su sosai a Badagry sannan kuma saboda yaƙe-yaƙe da ke faruwa a ciki. Jirgin da ke tare da Agudas a tashar jirgin ruwa a Badagry zai sami tarba daga taron yara da ke yabonsu yayin da suka sauka daga jirgin, yayin da a ƙetaren bakin haure ana kallon baƙi. [1] A wasu lokuta, Oba na Legas ya ba su filaye don gina gida kuma ya ba su maza da za su taimaka musu a canjinsu zuwa rayuwar gida. [1] Wannan duk da cewa, Legas ta bambanta da Bahia. Manyan wadanda suka dawo din suna cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma da yawa daga cikin yaran baƙi ne zuwa Legas. Sun ci gaba da bin al'adun Bahia kamar Katolika kuma sun kafa wata ƙungiyar haɗin kai a cikin Tsibirin Lagos . Saboda riƙe da ɗariƙar Katolika da sutturar Yammacin Turai, 'yan asalin Afirka sun kira su "baƙin fata" ko Agudas. [1] Game da neman arziki a Afirka, wasu daga cikin mutanen Agudas na farko sun kasance masu rikitarwa ta ɗabi'a akan batutuwa kamar su bayi kuma sun zama yan kasuwar bayi kansu, [2] kamar Francisco Felix de Sousa da Domingo Martinez.
Mazauni
gyara sasheLokacin da Agudas ya dawo daga Bahia da Pernambuco, sai suka zauna a sassan gabashin Legas a filin da Oba Ojulari ya bayar . [3] A shekara ta 1852, an shata wannan yankin a matsayin mazaunan Brazil (abin da daga baya aka san shi da suna Popo Aguda). A wannan lokacin, Lagos babban birni ya bi halaye na kabilanci da al'adun da ke bayyane a cikin garin. 'Yan Saros din sun rayu ne a Olowogbowo, wani yanki a gefen yamma na tsibirin Lagos, Turawan sun rayu kuma sun yi ciniki a tsayin Marina kuma' yan asalin Lagos sun zauna a yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin tsibirin. [1] A kusurwar yamma mafi kusurwa na yankin Brazil ya isa sassan gabashin Olowogbowo a Filin Tinubu, yayin da tsakiyar yankin yankin Brazil din shi ne Campos Square - wanda aka sa wa sunan Cuban da ya dawo Hilario Campos. Sauran manyan titunan sun hada da Bamgbose da Tokunboh. A cikin ƙididdigar abubuwan da ke tattare da rikice-rikice sun bayyana, jama'ar ba su da alamun nuna ƙabilanci, kuma an sami ruwa a cikin ayyukan addini na mazauna.
Popo Aguda kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci, tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar rarraba kayan da aka shigo dasu. [1] Shugabanta, Onipopo, a yau yana jagorantar bukukuwa daban-daban na tunawa da ke faruwa a cikin kwata-kwata. Akwai kuma wata ƴar uwa ta zan ƙasar ta Brazil a cikin Ago Egba, yankin mulkin mallaka na Egba a cikin garin Legas, wanda yake a babban yankin Ebute Metta.
Al'adu
gyara sasheWadanda suka dawo daga Brazil da zuriyarsu ta yau ana kiransu "Agudas" (daga agudão , kalma mara dacewa ta Portuguese don auduga da kyau fassara azaman algodão ) ko "Amaro". Yawancinsu 'yan Katolika ne, amma wasu suna bautar Orishas na Afirka waɗanda suka kawo daga Brazil. Wasu daga cikin 'yan Aguda ma musulmai ne. Yawancin su har yanzu suna da sunayen Portuguese . Wasu sunayen dangin Fotigal da aka saba dasu a Najeriya sun haɗa da Da Silveira, De Silva, De Souza, da Moreira. A cikin 1800s, babban rarrabewar rarrabuwa shine ta haihuwa, Agudas da aka kama daga Yammacin Afirka wadanda suka yi kaura zuwa Legas ana kiransu Papae ko Mamae kuma waɗanda aka haifa a Brazil sannan kuma aka dawo ana kiransu Yaya ko Yayo.
Turawan Birtaniyya da suka hade da Legas a 1861 da kuma bunƙasa kasuwanci sun amfani al'umar Brazil. Tare da Saros, sun zama masu haɓaka burgesois . Sun yi amfani da salon ado na yamma, dawakai na tsere da shirya waltzes, raye-rayen murabba'i da soirees na kida inda aka yi Molière. [1] Koyaya, da lokaci da yawa sun fara rungumar al'adunsu kuma lokacin da 'ya'yan waɗanda suka dawo suka girma, sai suka zo suka rungumi Legas a matsayin gidansu. Haɗin garin na Legas wanda ya haifar da haɓakar wannan ajin ma ya zo ne tare da fahimtar cewa masu mulkin mallaka ba sa barin nan da nan kuma duk wani fata na kafa ajin siyasa ya dushe. 'Yan Brazil din sun fara kulla alaka da hukumomin gargajiya a Legas, yayin da wasu suka sabunta dangantaka da' yan Afirka a can bayan kasa ta hanyar wadata su da makamai. Agudas ya samar da makamai ga Ijeshas a yakin da suka yi da Ibadan. Farawa a cikin 1880s, da yawa sun fara canza sunayensu zuwa na Afirka yayin da aka kirkiro reliefungiyar Agaji ta Aurora don bincika al'adunsu. Abincin Agudas a farkon 1920s ya haɗa da abincin da ake ɗauka na Afirka a Bahia amma ana ɗaukarsa daban da waɗanda 'yan asalin tsibirin ke ci. Sun ci pirão de caranguejo a lokacin hutu kuma sun shirya mungunzá , mingau (porridge) da feijão-de-leite (wake na madarar kwakwa) a matsayin kayan abinci. [1] A harkar noma, wadanda suka dawo sun kuma yaɗa amfani da Rogo a matsayin amfanin gona. [4]
Agudas ya yi bikin Ista tare da fitowar Caretas ko adadi na [1] burrinha a Epiphany [1] da Nosso Senhor do Bonfim (Ubangijinmu na ƙarshe) wanda ke da alaƙa da Obatala an yi bikin a lokacin yuletide.
Popo Aguda jama'a ce da ke da kusanci sosai kuma an san mazauna da iya tattalinsu da kuma ƙa'idodin aiki. [2]
Addini
gyara sasheMafi yawan 'yan Agudas mabiya ɗarikar Katolika ne, amma jama'ar yankin suna da adadi mai yawa na dangin musulmai da wadanda har yanzu suke bin addinin gargajiya. Bambancin addini ba shi da mahimmanci ko rarraba kamar yadda yake ga 'yan asalin Afirka, kuma suna jin daɗin yin aure daga ɗayan addinan uku. [1] Kafin a gina katafaren cocin, an yi taro a cikin ginin gora a kan Broad St, filin da daga baya aka gina St Mary Convent. Firist na farko shi ne Padre Anthonio, shi ne mai kula da cocin Katolika kafin zuwan mishaneri na Faransa. Yin baftisma yana da mahimmanci ga jama'ar yankin kuma hakan ma wata hanya ce ta shiga yankin Aguda. [1]
Wani babban coci, an gama Holy Cross Pro-Cathedral a cikin 1881, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar kuɗi daga ƙungiyar taron. An tsara shi don zama mafi mahimmancin tsari a cikin mulkin mallaka na Legas lokacin kammala shi. [1] Asali an gina shi da hasumiya guda, bayan fewan shekaru bayan haka kuma an ƙara wata hasumiya tare da tsarin da ke kafa gicciyen gicciye tare da hasumiyoyi biyu. Agudas ne ya gina Cocin, amma mishanan Faransa ne suka lura da ginin. Daga cikin magina akwai rukuni na Francisco Nobre (wanda aka gina ɗayan hasumiyoyin), Balthazar dos Reis, João da Costa da Lázaro Borges da Silva (ƙwararren magina) tare da waɗanda suka koya musu aikin. Wannan rukuni kuma ya gina tsohon Masallacin Masallaci, [1] wanda ake kira Jamiu Central Mosque.
Ciniki
gyara sasheCiniki tsakanin Lagos da Brazil ya tashi a cikin 1860s kuma a 1869, Brazil ce ta uku mafi girma zuwa Lagos zuwa Lagos, ta kasance bayan Biritaniya sosai amma ta sha gaban Faransa. [1] Wadanda suka dawo daga Legas suka mamaye kasuwancin tare da Brazil suka sayar da auduga, kayayyakin gargajiya da kayan goro ga ’yan Afirka a Bahia. Koyaya, wannan kasuwancin Transatlantic ya ragu a hankali kuma a farkon karni na ashirin babu kusan babu shi. [1] Sun fara hidimar kasuwanci tare da Brazil a tsakiyar karni na sha tara amma a shekarun 1880, masu gasa masu lalata da kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tilasta da yawa yin watsi da kasuwancin fitarwa. Noma ba da daɗewa ba aikin gona ya zama hanya don haɓaka guntun aiki a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki. Kafin koma baya, yan kasuwa da yawa sun sami wadata kuma sun zama sanannun iyalai a cikin garin na Legas. Irin wadannan magabatan sun hada da Angelo Campos, Esan da Rocha da Joaquim Branco (wadanda aka fara zama a Dahomey) wadanda suka sami damar daukar nauyin 'ya'yansu don karin ilimi a Bahia, Havana ko Turai. A cikin Bahia, Afro-Brazilawa sun kafa yawancin ƙwararrun ƙwadago, Aguda da suka dawo sun kawo ƙwarewar kasuwanci da suka ƙware a Bahia kuma sun gwammace koyawa yaransu sana'a ko sana'ar hannu kamar masan, aikin kafinta ko ɗinki. Wasu sun yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na kamfanonin ciniki na Turai. A cikin shekara ta Alif (1897) daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan Aguda 96 da aka lissafa a cikin kundin adireshi, 11 sun kasance magina ne da magina, 6 magina ne, tela 9, masassaƙa 21, magatakarda 17 da kuma yan kasuwa 24 [1] Wanda ke kan gaba a kera suttura a Legas Victoria shine Yaya Clemencia Guinaries.
Har ila yau, 'yan kasar ta Brazil da ke cinikin kayayyaki sun kuma samu fa'idar amfani da alakar da ke tsakanin su da garuruwan su na asali don tsallake hanyoyin kasuwanci na gargajiya ta hanyar bude hanyoyi kai tsaye daga Legas zuwa cikin gida da kuma yin biris da biranen kasuwar gargajiya da matsakaita. Baya ga fataucin kayayyaki, saka hannun jari cikin kadarori ya kasance ruwan dare tsakanin iyalai masu wadata.
Gine-gine
gyara sashe
Gine-ginen Brasil a Najeriya kyauta ne na dubban slavesancin bayi da suka dawo gida a cikin ƙarni na 19. [5] Horar da matsayin kafintoci, cabinetmakers, magina, da bricklayers a Brazil, da tsohon bayi sun musamman a zahiri gwani sana'a kuma aka san su da exuberant da kuma abinda ya shafi style a kan doorways, haske fentin facades da chunky kankare ginshikan wanda aka kafe a cikin Baroque styles rare a Brazil a cikin ƙarni na 18.
A farkon 1800 Lagos, babban tsarin gine-ginen shine gidajen laka da gidaje tare da shinge ta amfani da ciyawar ganye a matsayin rufi; waɗannan gidajen galibi an kasasu gida-gida don rike dangin dangi. Gidan Oba da sarakuna sun fi girma, suna da manyan farfajiyoyi, ginshiƙai da baka, haɗuwa da salon Turawa da na asali. Tasirin Turawa ya samo asali ne a lokacin mulkin Oba Akinsemoyin wanda ya gayyaci masu bautar Fotigal zuwa Lagos, [2] kuma bayin sun sake gyara fadarsa ta amfani da tubalin da aka shigo da su daga Fotigal don tsari da farantin rufin rufi. A cikin 1830s, hijirar waɗanda suka dawo daga ƙasarsu ta sake canza salon ginin. Sakamakon tasirin tsarin gidan mulkin mallaka na Brazil, [3] sun gabatar da sabon salon gine-gine zuwa Lagos wanda ba da daɗewa ba attajirai masu hannu da shuni suka rungume shi. Tsarin gine-ginen Brazil ya zama sananne a Tsibirin Lagos a ƙarshen karni na 19. Gine-ginen gidaje ne masu hawa daya da aka gina don mazauna masu matsakaici kuma wasu kuma hawa biyu ko uku ne masu kyan gani (sobrados) waɗanda aka gina don abokan arziƙi. Gine-ginen benaye da aka ware sun ba da daraja ga masu su. An gina su da rufaffiyar tagogi, [3] suna da sarari tsakanin saman bango da rufin kuma tare da mahadi. Falon ƙasa yawanci ana buɗe shi zuwa kan titi kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman ajiya, kantin sayarwa ko gidaje taimakon gida. Gidajen an gina su ne don dangin nukiliya sabanin tsarin dangi na tsarin gine-ginen Yarbawa na farko.
Wannan salon ya shahara a tsohuwar Legas a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin amma yayin da birni ya haɓaka, da yawa daga cikin gidajen an sake fasalta su ko rushe su don ba da damar manyan gidaje. [3]
Gine-ginen tarihi
gyara sashe- Gidan mashaya na Hephzhi: An kammala wannan gidan a shekarar alif (1924). Gidajan PH Williams ne, wani ɗan kasuwar Legas wanda iyayensa suka koma Afirka daga Trinidad lokacin yana ƙarami. Gidan bene ne mai hawa uku wanda Herbert Macaulay ya tsara . Ofar ta buɗe zuwa babban hanyar da za ta kai baƙi zuwa falo, ɗakuna biyu da ke kusa da juna sun kasance a gefe. Matakalar katako tana hawa bene tare da tsari iri ɗaya kamar ƙasa a ƙasa amma tare da ƙananan hanyoyi da ɗakuna. Tagayen suna da girma kuma suna gefen duka ginin da kuma bayan ginin. [1]
- Holy Cross Cathedral : Wannan ita ce Cocin Katolika na farko kuma cocin farko na tubali da aka gina a Legas. Ginin an fara shi ne a (1878) kuma a ƙarshe aka kammala shi a (1880) [3] Bayyanannun tsarin gicciye ne tare da naves na hanya, transepts da hasumiyoyi biyu. Kodayake ma'aikatan Brazil sun fi son salon baroque, mishanaran Faransa waɗanda suka kula da gini sun sanya salon Gothic da aka yi amfani da shi. [3] Bayan shekaru masu yawa, an rusa hasumiyoyin biyu kuma an fadada ƙarshen Gabas.
- Gidan Ruwa : Wannan gidan ne Joao Esan da Rocha ya gina sannan kuma ɗansa, Candido ya faɗaɗa shi. An kira shi Gidan Ruwa ne saboda Joao Esan ya haƙa rijiya a bayan gidan wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sayar da ruwan bututu ga 'yan Legas. [3] Ya so a gina gidan a cikin salo irin na gidan da yake zaune a Bahia bayan da ya sami kulawa sosai [3] karin yan uwa.