Wikipedia

Taron Basel

Yarjejeniyar Basel game da Sarrafa Matsaloli masu haɗari da zubar da su, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Basel, yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da aka tsara don rage motsin datti mai haɗari tsakanin al'ummomi, kuma musamman don hana canja wurin datti mai haɗari daga ci gaba. zuwa kasashen da basu da ci gaba ba. Duk da haka, baya magance motsin sharar rediyo. Har ila yau, taron na da nufin rage radadin da ake samu da kuma gubar da ake samu, don tabbatar da yadda ake tafiyar da su yadda ya kamata ga tushen tsarar jama'a, da kuma taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa wajen kula da muhalli masu hadari da sauran sharar da suke samarwa.

Taron Basel
Asali
Characteristics
Wuri
Place Basel (en) Fassara
Coordinates 47°34′N 7°35′E / 47.56°N 7.59°E / 47.56; 7.59
Map
Screening
Lokacin farawa Mayu 5, 1992 (1992-05-05)
Tarihi
basel.int
hoton masu taron basel
Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar

An buɗe taron don sanya hannu a ranar 21 ga watan Maris 1989, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu 1992. Ya zuwa Satumba 2022, akwai ƙungiyoyi 190 a taron. Bugu da kari, Haiti da Amurka sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amma ba su amince da shi ba. [1] [2]

Basel Convention signatories

Bayan wata koke da ta bukaci daukar mataki kan batun da sama da mutane miliyan daya suka sanya wa hannu a duniya, akasarin kasashen duniya, amma ba Amurka ba, sun amince a watan Mayun 2019 da aka yi wa yarjejeniyar Basel kwaskwarima ta hada da sharar filastik a matsayin kayan da aka tsara. [3] [4] Ko da yake Amurka ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar, jigilar dattin filastik daga Amurka a halin yanzu ya zama "ciniki na laifuka da zaran jiragen ruwa sun hau kan teku," a cewar Basel Action Network (BAN), da masu jigilar kaya. na irin wannan jigilar kaya na iya fuskantar alhaki, saboda an haramta safarar sharar filastik a kusan kowace ƙasa. [5]

Tarihi

gyara sashe

Tare da tsaurara dokokin muhalli (misali, RCRA) a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1970s, farashin zubar da sharar haɗari ya tashi sosai. A sa'i daya kuma, hada-hadar sufurin jiragen ruwa a duniya ya sa zirga-zirgar sharar kan iyakokin kasar cikin sauki, kuma kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba da dama sun yi fatan samun kudin waje. Sakamakon haka, cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari, musamman ga ƙasashe matalauta, ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A cikin 1990, ƙasashen OECD sun fitar da kusan tan miliyan 1.8 na datti masu haɗari. Ko da yake akasarin wannan sharar ana jigilar su ne zuwa wasu kasashen da suka ci gaba, wasu manyan abubuwan da suka faru na zubar da shara sun haifar da kiraye-kirayen a daidaita su. [6]

Daya daga cikin al'amuran da suka kai ga kafa yarjejeniyar Basel ita ce matsalar zubar da shara <i id="mwPA">a tekun Khian</i>, inda wani jirgin ruwa dauke da toka daga birnin Philadelphia na Amurka ya zubar da rabin kayansa a gabar tekun Haiti kafin a tilasta masa shi yayi nesa. Ya yi tafiya tsawon watanni da yawa, yana canza sunansa sau da yawa. Rashin sauke kayan a kowace tashar jiragen ruwa, an yi imanin ma'aikatan sun jibge da yawa daga cikinsa a cikin teku.

Wani lamarin kuma shi ne lamarin da ya faru a shekarar 1988 inda wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyar suka yi jigilar ganga 8,000 na datti daga kasar Italiya zuwa karamin garin Koko na Najeriya domin biyan hayar dala 100 duk wata da wani dan Najeriya ya yi amfani da gonarsa.

A taron da ya gudana daga ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba zuwa 1 ga watan Disamba 2006, bangarorin yarjejeniyar Basel sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi sharar lantarki da kuma rushe jiragen ruwa.

Haɓaka ciniki a cikin kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su ya haifar da haɓakar kasuwa na samfuran da aka yi amfani da su kamar kwamfutoci. Wannan kasuwa tana da biliyoyin daloli. Abin da ke faruwa shine bambancin lokacin da kwamfutocin da aka yi amfani da su suka daina zama "kayayyaki" kuma su zama "sharar gida".

Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2022, akwai bangarori 190 da ke cikin yarjejeniyar, wanda ya hada da kasashe mambobin MDD 187, da tsibirin Cook, da Tarayyar Turai, da kuma kasar Falasdinu. Kasashe shida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ba su cikin yarjejeniyar sun hada da East Timor, Fiji, Haiti, San Marino, Sudan ta Kudu, da Amurka.

Ma'anar datti mai haɗari

gyara sashe

Sharar gida tana faɗuwa ƙarƙashin iyakokin yarjejeniyar idan tana cikin rukunin sharar da aka jera a cikin Annex I na taron kuma tana nuna ɗaya daga cikin halaye masu haɗari waɗanda ke cikin Annex III. [7] A wasu kalmomi, dole ne a jera duka biyun kuma su mallaki sifa irin su zama mai fashewa, mai ƙonewa, mai guba, ko lalata. Wata hanyar da sharar ke iya faɗowa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar yarjejeniyar ita ce idan aka ayyana shi a matsayin ko kuma a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin sharar haɗari a ƙarƙashin dokokin ko dai ƙasar da ke fitar da kayayyaki, ko ƙasar da ke shigo da su, ko kuma ta kowace ƙasa. [8]

An yi ma'anar kalmar zubarwa a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 2 al 4 kuma kawai yana nufin ƙari IV, wanda ke ba da jerin ayyukan da aka fahimta a matsayin zubarwa ko farfadowa. Misalai na zubarwa suna da faɗi, gami da farfadowa da sake amfani da su.

A madadin haka, don faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ikon taron, ya isa a haɗa sharar gida a cikin Annex II, wanda ke lissafta sauran sharar gida, kamar sharar gida da ragowar da ke fitowa daga ƙonewar sharar gida. [9]

Ba a rufe sharar rediyon da ke ƙarƙashin sauran tsarin kula da ƙasa da sharar gida daga aikin jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun.

Ƙoƙarin Annex IX don ayyana sharar gida waɗanda ba a la'akari da sharar gida masu haɗari kuma waɗanda za a keɓe su daga iyakar Yarjejeniyar Basel. Idan waɗannan sharar gida duk da haka sun gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari har ta kai ga nuna halayen Annex III, ba a keɓe su ba.

Wajibi

gyara sashe

Baya ga sharuɗɗan shigo da fitar da sharar da ke sama, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu don sanarwa, yarda da bin diddigin sharar gida a kan iyakokin ƙasa. Abin lura ne cewa babban taron ya sanya haramci gabaɗaya kan fitarwa ko shigo da sharar gida tsakanin jam’iyyu da waɗanda ba jam’iyyu ba. Banda wannan ka'ida shine inda sharar gida ke ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya wacce ba ta cire daga Yarjejeniyar Basel ba. {Asar Amirka sanannen ce wacce ba ta cikin taron kuma tana da adadin irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin don ba da damar jigilar abubuwa masu haɗari zuwa ƙasashen Basel Party.

Majalisar OECD kuma tana da nata tsarin kula da shi wanda ke tafiyar da zirga-zirgar abubuwan haɗari tsakanin ƙasashen OECD. Wannan yana ba da damar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ƙasashen OECD su ci gaba da yin kasuwanci a cikin sharar gida tare da ƙasashe kamar Amurka waɗanda ba su amince da yarjejeniyar Basel ba.

Dole ne ƙungiyoyin da ke taron su mutunta haramcin shigo da wasu jam'iyyu.

Mataki na 4 na yarjejeniyar Basel ya yi kira da a rage yawan sharar gida gabaɗaya. Ta hanyar karfafa wa kasashe gwiwa su ajiye sharar gida a cikin iyakokinsu da kuma kusa da tushen sa, ya kamata matsin lamba na cikin gida ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don rage sharar gida da rigakafin gurbatar yanayi. Gabaɗaya an hana ƙungiyoyin fitar da sharar da aka rufe zuwa, ko shigo da sharar da aka rufe daga waɗanda ba jam'iyyu ba zuwa babban taron.

Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa safarar sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba laifi ne amma ba ta ƙunshi tanadin tilastawa ba.

A cikin labarin na 12, an umurci jam'iyyun da su yi amfani da wata yarjejeniya da ta kafa dokoki da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace da lalacewa da ke fitowa daga motsin datti mai haɗari a kan iyakoki.

Yarjejeniya ta yanzu ita ce, kamar yadda ba a keɓance sarari a matsayin "ƙasa" a ƙarƙashin takamaiman ma'anar, fitarwar e-waste gida zuwa wuraren da ba na ƙasa ba ba za a rufe ba.

Basel Ban Amendment

gyara sashe

Bayan da aka fara amincewa da wannan yarjejeniya, wasu ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ce bai yi nisa ba. Kasashe da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa sun yi jayayya da dakatar da jigilar duk wani sharar gida mai hadari ga kasashe masu tasowa. Musamman, yarjejeniyar ta asali ba ta hana fitar da sharar gida zuwa kowane wuri ba sai Antarctica amma kawai tana buƙatar tsarin sanarwa da tsarin yarda da aka sani da "ƙamin sanar da izini" ko PIC. Bugu da ari, yawancin dillalan sharar gida sun nemi yin amfani da kyakkyawan sunan sake amfani da su kuma sun fara tabbatar da duk fitar da kaya zuwa wuraren sake amfani da su. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar cikakken dakatarwa gami da fitar da kaya don sake amfani da su. Wadannan damuwa sun haifar da haramcin cinikin sharar yanki da yawa, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Bamako.

Lobbying a taron Basel na 1995 da kasashe masu tasowa, Greenpeace da wasu kasashen Turai irin su Denmark, ya haifar da amincewa da wani gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar a 1995 mai suna Basel Ban Amendment Yarjejeniyar Basel. Kasashe 86[10] da Tarayyar Turai sun amince da gyaran gyare-gyaren, amma bai fara aiki ba (domin hakan na bukatar amincewa da kashi uku bisa hudu na kasashe mambobin kungiyar). A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 2019, Croatia ta zama ƙasa ta 97 da ta amince da gyaran da zai fara aiki bayan kwanaki 90 a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba 2019. Kwaskwarimar ta haramta fitar da datti daga jerin kasashe masu tasowa (mafi yawa OECD ) zuwa kasashe masu tasowa. Basel Ban ya shafi fitarwa don kowane dalili, gami da sake amfani da su. Wani yanki na damuwa na musamman ga masu ba da shawara na gyaran gyare-gyaren shine siyar da jiragen ruwa don ceto, fasa jirgin. Ƙungiyoyin masana'antu da dama da kuma ƙasashe ciki har da Ostiraliya da Kanada sun yi adawa da gyare-gyaren Ban. Adadin amincewa da shigar da karfi na Canje-canjen Ban yana ƙarƙashin muhawara: gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar sun fara aiki bayan amincewa da "kashi uku cikin hudu na Jam'iyyun da suka yarda da su" [Art. 17.5]; Ya zuwa yanzu, bangarorin yarjejeniyar Basel sun kasa cimma matsaya kan ko wannan zai kasance kashi uku cikin hudu na jam'iyyun da suka shiga yarjejeniyar Basel lokacin da aka amince da dokar, ko kuma kashi uku cikin hudu na jam'iyyun babban taron na yanzu. na COP 9 na Basel Convention. Ana iya samun matsayin tabbatar da gyara a shafin yanar gizon Sakatariyar Basel.[11] Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta aiwatar da cikakken Basel Ban a cikin Dokokin Ship na Sharar gida ( EWSR ), wanda ya sa ya zama doka a duk ƙasashe membobin EU. Norway da Swizalan ma sun aiwatar da dokar haramta Basel a cikin dokokinsu.

Dangane da kulle-kullen da aka yi game da shigar da dokar ta-baci, Switzerland da Indonesiya sun kaddamar da "Initiative karkashin jagorancin kasa" (CLI) don tattaunawa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba hanyar da za a bi don tabbatar da zirga-zirgar kan iyaka na sharar gida., musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙasashe masu tattalin arziƙi a cikin sauyin yanayi, ba sa haifar da rashin kula da sharar gida mara kyau. Wannan tattaunawa dai na da nufin ganowa da kuma nemo hanyoyin magance dalilan da suka sa har yanzu ake kai wa kasashen da ba za su iya magance su ta hanyar da ta dace ba. Ana fatan CLI za ta ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da manufofin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima. Gidan yanar gizon Basel Convention yana ba da labari game da ci gaban wannan yunƙurin.[12]

Tsarin sharar filastik

gyara sashe

Sakamakon korafe-korafen jama'a, a watan Mayun 2019 akasarin kasashen duniya, amma ba Amurka ba, sun amince da gyara yarjejeniyar Basel ta hada da sharar filastik a matsayin abin da aka tsara. [3] An kiyasta cewa tekunan duniya suna dauke da metric ton miliyan 100 na filastik, wanda kusan kashi 90% na wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga tushen kasa. Ƙasar Amirka, wadda ke samar da sharar filastik mai nauyin tan miliyan 42 a kowace shekara, fiye da kowace kasa a duniya, [13] ta yi adawa da gyaran, amma tun da ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar ba ta samu damar kada kuri'a ba. akan shi don ƙoƙarin toshe shi. Bayani game da, da hotunan gani na, namun daji, irin su tsuntsun teku, filastik, da kuma binciken kimiyya da nanoparticles ke shiga ta hanyar shingen jini-kwakwalwa an ba da rahoton cewa sun kara rura wutar ra'ayin jama'a don haɗin gwiwar aiwatar da doka ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Sama da mutane miliyan a duk duniya sun rattaba hannu kan wata takardar koke na neman daukar matakin hukuma. [3] [14] [4] Ko da yake Amurka ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar, jigilar dattin filastik daga Amurka a halin yanzu ya zama "ciniki na laifuka da zaran jiragen ruwa sun hau kan teku," a cewar Basel Action Network (BAN), da masu jigilar kaya. na irin wannan jigilar kaya na iya fuskantar alhaki, saboda Yarjejeniyar Basel kamar yadda aka gyara a watan Mayun 2019 ta haramta safarar sharar filastik zuwa kusan kowace ƙasa. [5]

Yarjejeniyar Basel ta ƙunshi manyan bayanai guda uku akan sharar filastik a cikin Annex II, VIII da IX na Yarjejeniyar. Canje-canjen Sharar Filastik na babban taron yanzu yana kan Jihohi 186. Baya ga tabbatar da cewa cinikin dattin filastik ya kasance a bayyane da kuma tsari mai kyau, a karkashin yarjejeniyar Basel dole ne gwamnatoci su dauki matakai ba wai kawai don tabbatar da ingancin muhalli na datti ba, har ma da magance sharar robobi daga tushensa.[15]

Kungiyar Basel

gyara sashe

Ƙungiyar Basel Action Network (BAN) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta jama'a mai zaman kanta wadda ke aiki a matsayin mai sa ido ga mabukaci don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Basel. Babban manufar BAN shine yaƙi da fitar da datti mai guba, gami da sharar filastik, daga al'ummomin masana'antu zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. BAN ya dogara ne a Seattle, Washington, Amurka, tare da ofishin haɗin gwiwa a Philippines. BAN tana aiki don hana cinikin kan iyaka a cikin sharar lantarki mai haɗari, zubar da ƙasa, ƙonewa, da kuma yin amfani da ayyukan gidan yari.[16]

Duba kuma

gyara sashe

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "Status as at 13 January 2013" . United Nations Treaty Database . Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ "Parties to the Basel Convention" . www.basel.int . Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 UN Environment Programme, 12 May 2019 "Governments Agree Landmark Decisions to Protect People and Planet from Hazardous Chemicals and Waste, Including Plastic Waste"
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Phys.org, 10 May 2019 "180 Nations Agree UN Deal to Regulate Export of Plastic Waste"
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Maritime Executive, 14 March 2021 "Report: U.S. Plastic Waste Exports May Violate Basel Convention"
  6. ↑ Krueger, Jonathan (2001). Stokke, Olav; Thommessen, Øystein (eds.). Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 2001/2002 . Earthscan Publications. pp. 43–51.
  7. ↑ art 1 al a
  8. ↑ art 1 al b
  9. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015., p.16
  10. ↑ Convention, Basel. "Ratification of the Basel Convention Ban Amendment" . www.basel.int . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014.
  11. ↑ "Ban Amendment" . 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 15 December 2004.
  12. ↑ Convention, Basel. "Basel Convention Home Page" . www.basel.int . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010.
  13. ↑ National Geographic, 30 Oct. 2020, "U.S. Generates More Plastic Trash than Any Other Nation, Report Finds: The Plastic Pollution Crisis Has Been Widely Blamed on a Handful of Asian Countries, But New Research Shows Just How Much the U.S. Contributes"
  14. ↑ The Guardian, 10 May 2019, "Nearly All Countries Agree to Stem Flow of Plastic Waste into Poor Nations: US Reportedly Opposed Deal, which Follows Concerns that Villages in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia Had ‘Turned into Dumpsites’"
  15. ↑ Environment, U. N. (21 October 2021). "Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" . UNEP - UN Environment Programme . Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  16. ↑ "The e-Stewards Initiative: How to Become an e-Steward Recycler" . Basel Action Network. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taron_Basel&oldid=465821"