Wikipedia

Shan taba

  Shan taba wani aiki ne wanda ake ƙonewa wani abu kuma ana shan hayaki da ya haifar don a ɗanɗana shi kuma a sha shi cikin jini mutum. Mafi yawanci, abin da aka yi amfani da shi shine busassun ganye na shuka na taba, wanda aka mirgine shi da karamin rectangle na takarda a cikin wani dogon silinda da ake kira sigari. Sauran nau'ikan shan sigari sun haɗa da amfani da bututun shan sigari ko bong.

shan taba
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na smoking (en) Fassara
Adadin mutanen Aljeriya prevalence of tobacco consumption (en) Fassara
Mace da ke shan sigari, mafi yawan nau'in shan sigari
Mutumin da ke shan wiwi a Kolkata, Indiya
Wata mace da ke shan crack cocaine

Ana amfani da shan sigari da farko a matsayin hanyar gudanarwa don sunadarai masu aiki saboda abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin tsire-tsire da aka bushe sun bar su kuma ana iya isar da su cikin iska a cikin hanyar numfashi, inda suke da sauri a cikin jini na huhu sannan su isa tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Game da shan taba sigari, waɗannan abubuwa masu aiki sune cakuda ƙwayoyin aerosol wanda ya haɗa da alkaloid nicotine mai aiki a cikin magunguna, wanda ke motsa masu karɓar nicotinic acetylcholine a cikin kwakwalwa. Sauran sanannun abubuwa masu aiki da ake sha ta hanyar shan sigari sun haɗa da tetrahydrocannabinol (daga wiwi), morphine (daga opium) da cocaine (daga crack).

Shan taba yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi sani da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Shan taba shine mafi mashahuriyar hanyar, ana yin sa da mutane sama da biliyan daya a duniya, wadanda mafi yawansu suna cikin Kasashe masu tasowa.[1] Magunguna da ba a saba amfani da su ba don shan sigari sun haɗa da wiwi da opium. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan an rarraba su a matsayin magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kamar heroin, amma amfani da waɗannan yana da iyaka sosai saboda yawanci ba sa samuwa a kasuwanci. Ana yin sigari da farko a masana'antu amma kuma ana iya mirgine su da hannu daga taba da takarda mai juyawa. Sauran kayan aikin shan sigari sun haɗa da bututu, sigari, bidis, hookahs, da bongs.

Shan taba yana da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya, saboda numfashi na hayaki yana haifar da ƙalubale ga matakai daban-daban na jiki kamar numfashi. Shan taba yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa kamar ciwon huhu, ciwon zuciya, COPD, dysfunction erectile, da lahani na haihuwa.[1] An nuna cututtukan da suka shafi shan taba suna kashe kusan rabin masu shan taba na dogon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin yawan mace-mace da wadanda ba masu shan taba ba ke fuskanta. Shan taba ya haifar da mutuwar mutane sama da miliyan biyar a kowace shekara daga 1990 zuwa 2015.[2] Wadanda ba masu shan sigari suna da asusun mutuwar 600,000 a duniya saboda hayaki na biyu.[3] Hadarin lafiyar shan sigari ya sa kasashe da yawa su kafa haraji mai yawa a kan kayayyakin taba, su buga tallace-tallace don hana amfani, su iyakance tallace-tafiye da ke inganta amfani, da kuma ba da taimako tare da barin waɗanda ke shan sigari.[1]

Ana iya yin amfani da taba sigari tun farkon 5000 KZ, kuma an rubuta shi a al'adu daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. Shan taba na farko ya samo asali ne tare da bukukuwan addini; a matsayin hadayu ga alloli; a cikin al'adun tsaftacewa; ko kuma don ba da damar shamans da firistoci su canza tunaninsu don dalilai na duba ko haskakawa ta ruhaniya. Bayan binciken Turai da cin nasara a Amurka, aikin shan taba da sauri ya bazu zuwa sauran duniya. A yankuna kamar Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu, ya haɗu da ayyukan shan sigari (yawanci na wiwi). A Turai, ya gabatar da sabon nau'in ayyukan zamantakewa da kuma wani nau'in shan miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda a baya ba a sani ba.

Ra'ayi game da shan sigari ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci kuma daga wuri zuwa wani: mai tsarki da zunubi, mai rikitarwa da rashin mutunci, haɗari mai haɗari da haɗarin lafiya. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na karni na 20, ana kallon shan sigari a cikin mummunan haske, musamman a kasashen Yamma.

Tarihi

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Amfani da farko

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Ana ba wa matan Aztec furanni da bututun shan sigari kafin su ci a wani biki, Florentine Codex, 1500.

Tarihin shan sigari ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon 5000 KZ don bukukuwan shamanistic.[4] Yawancin wayewa na dā, kamar na Babila da na Sinanci, sun ƙone turare a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun addini, kamar yadda Isra'ilawa da Ikklisiyoyin Katolika da Orthodox na baya suka yi. Shan taba a Amurka mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga bukukuwan ƙone turare na shamans amma daga baya aka karbe shi don jin daɗi, ko kuma a matsayin kayan aikin zamantakewa.[5] An yi amfani da shan taba, da kuma magungunan hallucinogenic daban-daban, don cimma matsaya da shiga cikin hulɗa da duniyar ruhu.

Abubuwa irin su wiwi, man shanu mai tsabta (ghee), kifin kifi, busassun fatar maciji da kuma kayan shafawa daban-daban da aka tsara a kusa da sandunan turare sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 2000 da suka gabata.  Fumigation (dhupa) da hadayar wuta (homa) an tsara su a cikin Ayurveda don dalilai na kiwon lafiya, kuma an yi su aƙalla shekaru 3,000 yayin shan sigari, dhumrapana (a zahiri "sha hayaki"), an yi su akalla shekaru 2,000.   Kafin zamanin yau an cinye waɗannan abubuwa ta hanyar bututu, tare da tsokoki daban-daban ko chillums.[6] Binciken archaeological ya kuma nuna kasancewar bututu don shan opium a Cyprus da Crete da zaran Bronze Age.

Shan taba cannabis ya zama ruwan dare a Gabas ta Tsakiya kafin zuwan taba, kuma ya kasance da wuri a kan aikin zamantakewa na yau da kullun wanda ke kewaye da nau'in bututun ruwa da ake kira hookah. Shan taba, musamman bayan gabatar da taba, wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'ummar musulmi da al'adu kuma ya zama hade tare da muhimman al'adu kamar bukukuwan aure, jana'iza kuma an bayyana shi a cikin gine-gine, tufafi, adabi da shayari.[7]

An gabatar da shan sigari na cannabis a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta hanyar Habasha da gabar gabashin Afirka ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa na Indiya ko Larabawa a karni na 13 ko a baya kuma sun bazu a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da waɗanda ke ɗaukar kofi, wanda ya samo asali ne a tsaunuka na Habasha.[8] An sha shi a cikin bututun ruwa na Calabash tare da kwanon taba na terracotta, a bayyane yake wani abu ne na Habashawa wanda daga baya aka kawo shi gabas, kudanci da tsakiyar Afirka.

Rahotanni daga masu binciken Turai na farko da masu cin nasara don isa Amurka suna ba da labarin al'adun da firistoci na asali suka sha sigari kansu cikin irin wannan matsayi mai girma na maye wanda ba zai yiwu al'adun sun iyakance ga taba kawai ba.[9]

Yaduwa

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Yarinyar Farisa da ke shan sigari ta Muhammad Qasim, ƙarni na 17

A cikin 1612, shekaru shida bayan sulhu na Jamestown, an ba da John Rolfe a matsayin mazaunin farko da ya sami nasarar shuka taba a matsayin amfanin gona. Bukatar ta karu da sauri kamar yadda taba, wanda ake kira "kyen zinariya", ya farfado da Kamfanin Virginia daga tafiye-tafiyen da ya gaza don neman zinariya a Amurka. Don biyan bukatun tsohuwar duniya, an shuka taba a jere, da sauri ya lalata ƙasar. Wannan ya zama abin motsawa don zama a yamma zuwa cikin nahiyar da ba a sani ba, kuma kamar haka fadada samar da taba.[10] Bayin da aka ba da izini sun zama ma'aikata na farko har zuwa Bacon's Rebellion, daga inda aka mayar da hankali ga Bautar.[11] Wannan yanayin ya ragu bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka yayin da bautar ta zama mara amfani. Koyaya an farfado da aikin a cikin 1794 tare da kirkirar gin din auduga.[12]

Wani Faransa mai suna Jean Nicot (wanda aka samo kalmar nicotine daga sunansa) ya gabatar da taba zuwa Faransa a cikin 1560. Daga Faransa taba ya bazu zuwa Ingila. Rahoton farko ya rubuta wani ɗan jirgin ruwa na Ingila a Bristol a cikin 1556, wanda aka gani "yana fitar da hayaki daga hanci".[13] Kamar shayi, kofi da opium, taba yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin magani.[14] An gabatar da taba sigari a kusa da 1600 daga 'yan kasuwa na Faransa a cikin abin da a yau shine Gambiya da Senegal. A lokaci guda, motoci daga Maroko sun kawo taba zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da Timbuktu kuma Portuguese sun kawo kayan (da shuka) zuwa kudancin Afirka, suna kafa shahararren taba a duk faɗin Afirka a cikin shekarun 1650.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gabatar da shi ga Tsohon Duniya, taba ya kasance ƙarƙashin zargi akai-akai daga shugabannin jihohi da na addini. Murad IV, sultan na Daular Ottoman 1623-40 ya kasance daga cikin na farko da ya yi ƙoƙari ya hana shan sigari ta hanyar da'awar cewa barazana ce ga ɗabi'ar jama'a da lafiyar jama'a. Sarkin sarakuna na Chongzhen na kasar Sin ya ba da umarnin hana shan sigari shekaru biyu kafin mutuwarsa da kuma hambarar da Daular Ming. Daga baya, sarakunan Manchu na Daular Qing, za su yi shelar shan taba "laifuka mafi muni fiye da na watsi da harbi". A zamanin Edo Japan, wasu daga cikin gonakin taba na farko sun yi watsi da su ta hanyar shōgun a matsayin barazana ga tattalin arzikin soja ta hanyar barin gonaki masu mahimmanci su zama sharar gida don amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi maimakon amfani da su don shuka amfanin gona.[15]

 
Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, kamar yadda aka nuna a US patent 238,640

Shugabannin addinai galibi sun kasance sanannun tsakanin waɗanda suka yi la'akari da shan taba na lalata ko saɓo. A shekara ta 1634, Babbar Ikklisiya ta Moscow da duk Rus' sun haramta sayar da taba kuma sun yanke wa maza da mata da suka yi watsi da haramcin su yanka hanci da kuma wuka a baya har sai fata ta fito daga bayansu. Shugaban cocin Yammacin Paparoma Urban VII ya kuma yi Allah wadai da shan taba a cikin wata sanarwa ta 1590 ta papal. Duk da kokarin da aka yi da yawa, an yi watsi da ƙuntatawa da haramtacciyar duniya. Lokacin da James VI da ni, mai tsayayya da shan sigari kuma marubucin A Counterblaste to Tobacco, ya yi ƙoƙari ya hana sabon yanayin ta hanyar tilasta karuwar haraji na 4000% akan taba sigari a cikin 1604, ya zama gazawar, kamar yadda London ke da masu sayar da taba 7,000 a farkon karni na 17. Daga baya, sarakuna masu tsauraran ra'ayi za su fahimci rashin amfani da haramtacciyar shan sigari kuma a maimakon haka sun juya kasuwancin taba da noma zuwa mallakar gwamnati mai riba.[7]

A tsakiyar karni na 17 an gabatar da kowane babban wayewa ga shan taba kuma a lokuta da yawa sun riga sun haɗa shi cikin al'adunsu, duk da yunkurin sarakuna da yawa don dakatar da aikin tare da hukunci mai tsanani ko tarar. Taba sigari, duka samfurori, da shuka sun bi manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kasuwanni, sannan kuma zuwa cikin hinterlands. An kirkiro kalmar harshen Ingilishi shan sigari a ƙarshen karni na 18; kafin wannan lokacin ana kiran aikin shan sigari.[13]

An yi amfani da taba sigari da wiwi a Afirka ta Kudu, kamar sauran wurare a duniya, don tabbatar da dangantakar zamantakewa, amma kuma sun kirkiro sabbin gaba ɗaya. A cikin abin da ke Kongo a yau, an shirya wata al'umma da ake kira Bena Diemba ("Mutanen Cannabis") a ƙarshen karni na 19 a Lubuko ("The Land of Friendship"). Bena Diemba sun kasance masu zaman lafiya waɗanda suka ƙi barasa da magungunan ganye don neman wiwi.[16]

Ci gaban ya kasance mai ɗorewa har zuwa Yaƙin basasar Amurka a cikin shekarun 1860, daga inda ma'aikata na farko suka sauya daga bautar zuwa sharecropping. Wannan ya haɗu da canji a cikin buƙata, ya haifar da masana'antu na samar da taba tare da sigari. James Albert Bonsack, mai sana'a, a cikin 1881 ya samar da na'ura don hanzarta samar da sigari.[17]

Opium

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Hoton wani rami na opium a bangon Le Petit Journal, 5 ga Yuli 1903

A cikin karni na 19, aikin shan opium ya zama ruwan dare a kasar Sin. A baya, an sha opium ne kawai ta hanyar amfani, sannan kuma kawai don kaddarorin magani (opium maganin rigakafi ne). An kuma haramta miyagun ƙwayoyi a kasar Sin a wani lokaci a farkon karni na 18 saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da ya haifar. Saboda rashin daidaituwa na kasuwanci, duk da haka, 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje sun fara shigo da opium zuwa China ta hanyar Canton, ga takaici ga hukumomin kasar Sin. Kokarin da jami'in kasar Sin Lin Zexu ya yi na kawar da cinikayya ya haifar da barkewar Yaƙin Opium na farko . Rashin nasarar kasar Sin a yaƙe-yaƙe na farko da na biyu na opium ya haifar da halatta shigo da opium zuwa kasar Sin.[18]

Shan opium daga baya ya bazu tare da Baƙi na kasar Sin kuma ya haifar da sanannun wuraren opium da yawa a cikin Chinatowns a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Turai da Amurka. A ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, shan sigari na opium ya zama sananne a cikin al'ummar fasaha a Turai, musamman Paris; unguwanni na masu zane-zane kamar Montparnasse da Montmartre sun zama "babban birnin opium". Duk da yake wuraren opium da aka fi ba da abinci ga 'yan kasar Sin masu ƙaura sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin Chinatowns a duk duniya, yanayin tsakanin masu zane-zane na Turai ya ragu sosai bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na . [18] Amfani da opium ya ragu a kasar Sin a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. [18]

Yunkurin yaki da taba sigari

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Mutane da yawa sun kasance masu sukar amfani da taba tun lokacin da ya sami karbuwa. A cikin shekara ta 1798, Dokta Benjamin Rush (likitan Amurka na farko, wanda ya sanya hannu kan Sanarwar 'yancin kai, Babban Likita a karkashin George Washington, kuma mai fafutukar yaki da taba sigari) ya kasance "ya yi adawa da amfani da taba sigogi na yau da kullun" saboda ya yi imanin cewa (a) "ya haifar da sha'awar shan giya mai ƙarfi," (b) "ya kasance mai cutarwa ga kiwon lafiya da ɗabi'a ga" wadanda ba su ba su da taba sigiri ba, kuma ba su da kyau.

Tare da sabuntawa na samar da sigari tare da karuwar tsammanin rayuwa a cikin shekarun 1920, mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya ya fara zama mafi yawa.[1] A Jamus, kungiyoyin masu adawa da shan sigari, galibi suna da alaƙa da kungiyoyin masu hana shan giya, na farko da aka buga shawarwari game da amfani da taba a cikin mujallar Der Tabakgegner (The Tobacco Opponent) a cikin 1912 da 1932.[19] A cikin 1929, Fritz Lickint na Dresden, Jamus, ya buga takarda da ke dauke da shaidar kididdiga game da haɗin ciwon daji da taba. A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, Adolf Hitler ya yi Allah wadai da al'adar shan sigari da ya yi a baya a matsayin ɓata kuɗi, kuma daga baya tare da karin maganganu.[20] Wannan motsi ya kara karfafawa tare da manufofin haihuwa na Nazi yayin da ake ganin matan da ke shan sigari ba su dace da zama mata da uwaye a cikin iyalin Jamus ba.[21]

Yunkurin da aka yi a Nazi Jamus ya kai ga iyakar abokan gaba a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da kungiyoyin masu adawa da shan sigari suka rasa goyon baya.   A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, masana'antun sigari na Amurka sun sake shiga kasuwar baƙar fata ta Jamus. Shigar da taba sigari ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama ruwan dare, [22] kuma an kashe shugabannin yakin neman taba sigari na Nazi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Marshall, Amurka ta aika taba kyauta zuwa Jamus; tare da tan 24,000 a 1948 da tan 69,000 a 1949. [22]  Kowane mutum amfani da sigari na shekara-shekara a cikin Jamus bayan yakin ya tashi daga 460 a 1950 zuwa 1,523 a 1963.[23] A ƙarshen karni na 20, kamfen ɗin hana shan sigari a Jamus ba su iya wuce tasirin ƙarshen zamanin Nazi a cikin shekarun 1939-41 kuma Robert N. Proctor ya bayyana binciken lafiyar taba na Jamus a matsayin "mai laushi".[23]

manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Tobacco Fact sheet N°339". May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO2014" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Reitsma, Marissa B; Fullman, Nancy; Ng, Marie; Salama, Joseph S; Abajobir, Amanuel (April 2017). "Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 389 (10082): 1885–906. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30819-X. PMC 5439023. PMID 28390697.
  3. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (23 May 2013). "Smoking". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  4. ↑ See Gately; Wilbert
  5. ↑ Robicsek (1978), p. 30
  6. ↑ P. Ram Manohar, "Smoking and Ayurvedic Medicine in India" in Smoke, pp. 68–75
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gilman & Xun 2004.
  8. ↑ Phillips, pp. 303–19
  9. ↑ Coe, pp. 74–81
  10. ↑ Kulikoff, pp. 38–39.
  11. ↑ Cooper, William J., Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860, Univ of South Carolina Press, 2001, p. 9.
  12. ↑ The People's Chronology, 1994 by James Trager
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lloyd & Mitchinson
  14. ↑ Tanya Pollard, "The Pleasures and Perils of Smoking in Early Modern England" in Smoke, p. 38
  15. ↑ Timon Screech, "Tobacco in Edo Period Japan" in Smoke, pp. 92–99
  16. ↑ Roberts 2004.
  17. ↑ Burns, pp. 134–35.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Jos Ten Berge, "The Belle Epoque of Opium in Smoke, p. 114
  19. ↑ Proctor 2000
  20. ↑ Proctor 2000
  21. ↑ Proctor 2000
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Proctor 2000
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Proctor 2000
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