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Jirgin ruwa na Reed

Jiragen ruwa na Reed da koma rafts tare da kwale-kwale da sauran kwale-kwale, suna daga cikin tsoffin nau'ikan jiragen ruwa da aka anfani da su koma a sani . Sau da yawa ana amfani da su azaman kwale-kwalen kamun kifi na gargajiya, har yanzu ana amfani da su a wasu wurare a duniya, kodayake galibi an maye gurbinsu da kwale-kwale . Ana iya bambanta kwale-kwale na Reed da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, tun da yawancin kwale-kwalen suna hana ruwa da wani nau'i na kwalta. [1] Kazalika da jiragen ruwa da rafts, an kuma gina ƙananan tsibirai masu iyo daga ciyayi.

Jirgin ruwa na Reed
kira
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na kwale-kwale
Jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na Totora a bakin teku a Huanchaco, Peru

Gawarwakin da aka fara ganowa daga jirgin ruwan redi na da shekaru [7000,]wanda aka samu a kasar Kuwait . Ana siffanta kwale-kwalen Reed a farkon petroglyphs kuma sun kasance gama gari a Masar ta dā. Wani sanannen misali daga Littafin Fitowa shi ne akwatin gawa da aka sa jariri Musa a cikinsa. An kuma gina su tun daga farko a Peru da Bolivia, kuma an sami kwale-kwale masu irin wannan ƙirar a tsibirin Easter da kuma New Zealand inda ƴan asalin ƙasar Māori suka yi su. Har yanzu ana amfani da jiragen ruwa na Reed a cikin Peru, Bolivia, Habasha, kuma har zuwa kwanan nan a Corfu . Binciken da bincike na masanin ƙabilar Norway da ɗan wasan kasada Thor Heyerdahl ya haifar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da gine-gine da iyawar jiragen ruwa.

Tarihi

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Petroglyphs na jirgin ruwan Reed da maza
 
Daki-daki. Kera kwale-kwalen papyrus a tsohuwar Masar. Rubutun bango daga Haikalin Rana na Nyuserre Ini a Abu Gurob, Masar. c. 2430 BCE . Neues Museum

Hoton da ke hannun dama yana nuna petroglyphs na kwale-kwalen redu da maza. Jirgin ruwan Reed yayi kama da wanda aka nuna a zanen kogo a Scandinavia, wani abu da ya jagoranci Thor Heyerdahl akan tunanin cewa Scandinavian sun fito ne daga yankin da a yau shine Azerbaijan . A cikin Gobustan Petroglyph Reserve akwai fiye da 6,000 petroglyphs da mafarauta suka sassaƙa waɗanda suka rayu a cikin waɗannan kogo shekaru 12,000 da suka wuce. A lokacin Tekun Caspian ya kasance mafi girma kuma ya wanke kan ƙananan duwatsun dutsen.

Wani wurin kuma shi ne Wadi Hammamat a Qift, Misira, inda akwai zane-zane na jiragen ruwa na Masar wanda aka rubuta a 4000 BC

 
Masarawa ta dā ta yi amfani da redu na papyrus don yin jiragen ruwa

Shahararrun da aka fi sani da ragowar kwale-kwalen da aka yi da redu (da kwalta) sun fito ne daga wani jirgin ruwan teku mai shekaru 7000 da aka samu a wurin binciken kayan tarihi na H3, Kuwait. [2]

Masarawa na d ¯ a sun gina kwale-kwale daga ciyayi na papyrus, waɗanda aka noma a kogin Nilu da Delta. An kuma yi amfani da wannan itacen don wasu dalilai da yawa, musamman don samar da fatun da aka rubuta papyrus. [3] Hakanan ana iya amfani da sauran reeds na jinsin Cyperus . [3] Theophrastus a cikin Tarihin Tsirrai ya bayyana cewa riging a kan jirgin ruwa na Sarki Antigonus, ya kasance yana ɗaure ƙofofi lokacin da Ulysses ya kashe masu neman a cikin zaurensa, [4] an yi shi ne daga papyrus Reed. [3] An yi ƙeƙasassu masu haske da suka dace da kewaya kogin Nilu da ’yan itace da aka yanke daga itacen papyrus, kamar yadda bas-reliefs daga daular ta huɗu ta nuna inda mutane suke yankan papyrus, kuma suna amfani da shi don yin igiya da jirgin ruwa da kuma gina jirgin ruwa. [3]

In ji Littafi Mai Tsarki, sa’ad da Fir’auna ya ba da doka cewa a kashe dukan mazajen Isra’ila, jaririn Musa ya ceci mahaifiyarsa, kuma ta sa shi ya ratsa bisa Kogin Nilu a cikin akwati na ciyayi . [5] Ƙwaƙwalwar wannan ƙaramin kwale-kwale ko kwandon da aka yi da shi wataƙila papyrus ne. Annabi Ishaya ya yi nuni ga tukwane na Hashawa a cikin Isaiah 18:2 .

Thor Heyerdahl

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Jirgin ruwan Reed Ra II

A cikin 'yan shekarun baya-bayan nan, bincike da bincike na mawallafin ƙabilar Norwegian da ɗan wasan kasada Thor Heyerdahl, 1914-2002, sun haifar da kyakkyawar godiya ga gine-gine da damar jiragen ruwa.

Heyerdahl ya so ya nuna cewa tsohon Bahar Rum ko mutanen Afirka na iya ketare Tekun Atlantika kuma su isa Amurka ta hanyar tafiya tare da Canary Current . A cikin 1969, Heyerdahl ya kera jirgin ruwan reda na farko, Ra , mai suna Ra, gunkin rana na Masar. Zanensa ya dogara ne akan samfuran Masarawa na dā da zane. Wasu ‘yan kwale-kwalen da suka fito daga tafkin Chadi a jamhuriyar Chadi ne suka kera jirgin da ciyawar papyrus daga tafkin Tana a kasar Habasha . An harba shi ne a gabar tekun Maroko, kuma ya tashi a wani yunƙuri na tsallaka Tekun Atlantika. Bayan makonni da yawa, ma'aikatansa sun gyara jirgin a hanyar da ta sa Ra ta yi rawar jiki ta dauki ruwa. A ƙarshe Ra ya rabu kuma aka watsar da shi.

A shekara mai zuwa, Heyerdahl ya shirya ginin wani jirgin ruwa mai kama da Ra II . Masu ginin jirgin ruwa daga tafkin Titicaca sun gina wannan a Bolivia . Har ila yau, jirgin ya tashi daga Maroko, ya yi nasara a wannan lokacin kuma ya isa Barbados . [6]

A cikin 1978, Heyerdahl ya gina jirgin ruwa na Redi na uku, Tigris , mai suna Tigris River, wanda ke bayyana iyakar gabashin Mesopotamiya. Manufar gina wannan jirgin shine don nuna cewa Mesofotamiya zai iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa ta hanyar kasuwanci da ƙaura zuwa wayewar Indus Valley, yanzu Pakistan ta zamani. An gina Tigris a Iraki kuma ya bi ta Tekun Fasha, sannan zuwa Pakistan, ya shiga Tekun Bahar Maliya . Ta zauna a cikin teku cikin yanayin ruwan teku har tsawon wata biyar. Sannan a kasar Djibouti an kona Tigris da gangan don nuna adawa da yake-yaken da ake ta fama da shi a ko'ina a kusa da tekun Bahar Maliya da kuma Kahon Afirka .

Reed jiragen ruwa na Lake Titicaca

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Wannan kwale-kwale mai ƙarfi na tsibiran Uros na iya ɗaukar mutane sama da 20

Totora reeds suna girma a Kudancin Amirka, musamman a kusa da tafkin Titicaca, da kuma a tsibirin Easter . Wa]anda al'adun gargajiya na Kudancin Amirka kafin Colombia suka yi amfani da waɗannan ciyayi don kera kwale-kwale. Kwale-kwalen, da ake kira balsa, sun bambanta da girma daga kananan kwalekwalen kamun kifi zuwa tsayin mita talatin. Har yanzu ana amfani da su a tafkin Titicaca, wanda ke kan iyakar Peru da Bolivia, 3810 m sama da matakin teku. [7]

Uros ƴan asalin ƙasar ne kafin su fara saduwa da Incas . Suna zaune, har yau, a kan tsibirai masu iyo da mutum ya yi a warwatse ko'ina cikin Tekun Titicaca . Wadannan tsibiran kuma an gina su daga totora reeds. [8] Kowane tsibiri mai iyo yana tallafawa tsakanin gidaje uku zuwa goma, kuma an gina su da ciyawa. [7] Uros har yanzu suna gina kwale-kwale na totora Reed, waɗanda suke amfani da su don kamun kifi da farautar tsuntsayen teku. [8]

Reed boat craftsmen from Suriqui, a town on the Bolivian side of lake Titicaca, helped Thor Heyerdahl construct Ra II and Tigris. Thor Heyerdahl attempted to prove that the reed boats of Lake Titicaca derived from the papyrus boats of Egypt.

Kusa da gabar kudu maso gabas na tafkin Titicaca akwai kango na tsohuwar jihar Tiwanaku . Tiwanaku yana ƙunshe da gine-ginen gine-gine masu girma da manyan duwatsu na fasaha na musamman. [9] Duwatsun korayen andesite, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar sassaƙaƙƙun sassaƙaƙƙun sassaƙa da monoliths, sun samo asali ne daga tsibirin Copacabana, dake ƙetaren tafkin Titicaca. [10] Wata ka'ida ita ce, waɗannan manyan duwatsun andesite, waɗanda nauyinsu ya haura ton 40, an yi jigilar su da nisan kilomita 90 a cikin tafkin Titicaca a cikin kwale-kwale. [11]

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    Tsibirin Reed mai iyoakan dandan Titicaca
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    Urosgirbitotoraa kanwaje Titicaca, ana amfani da shi a al'ada don gina ruwa
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    MutuminUroyana jan jirgin ruwa da aka yi datotora Reed
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    Uro-Indiya yana aiki a cikin kwale-kwale
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    Komawa kan abokan da ke da tare da kama

An kuma kera kwale-kwale na Reed ta amfani da totora reed a tsibirin Ista . Abin ban sha'awa, ƙirar waɗannan kwale-kwale sun yi daidai da ƙirar da aka yi amfani da su a Peru. [12]

Wasu misalai

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  • Tule Reeds, wanda ya yaɗu a Arewacin Amirka, an yi amfani da su don kera kwale-kwalen da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Amirka daban-daban suka yi. Mutanen daga Ohlone, Coast Miwok da Bay Miwok sun yi amfani da tule don kera jiragen ruwa don amfani a cikin tashar San Francisco Bay. [13] Kungiyoyin Arewa na Chumash kuma sun yi amfani da tule wajen kera kwale-kwalen kamun kifi. [14]
  • Kazalika da Peru da Bolivia, har yanzu ana gina kwale-kwale na Reed a Habasha . [15] kuma an yi amfani dashi har zuwa kwanan nan a Corfu . [16]
  • A cikin asusun da Eusebius na Kaisariya na Eridu Farawa ya bayar shine da'awar cewa jirgin ruwan da Xisuthrus ya gina ya rayu, aƙalla har zuwa ranar Berossus, a cikin "Dutsen Corcyrean" na Armeniya .
  • An yi Mokihi bisa ga al'ada daga raupo ko korari a New Zealand. Har yanzu ana gina shi akan kogin Waitaki [1] Archived 2021-09-26 at the Wayback Machine da kuma a South Westland [2]
  • Ana amfani da kwale-kwalen addu’o’i a wani bukin addinin Hindu da ke gudana duk shekara a bakin kogin Ganges inda dubban mutane ke ƙona turare da kyandir a kan ƙananan kwale-kwalen da suke shawagi a cikin kogin da dare, kwale-kwalen suna ɗauke da buri da addu’o’insu.
  • A cikin 1836, Narcissa Whitman ya kwatanta kwale-kwalen da Indiyawa suka ja da su a kan doki a baya a Snake Fort, Fort Boise .
  • A cikin 2007, jirgin ruwan Reed Abora3, wanda masanin kimiyyar Jamus Dominique Görlitz ya jagoranci, ya tashi daga New York don tabbatar da cewa sauran tafiye-tafiye tsakanin tekun na iya yiwuwa a cikin jiragen ruwa.
  • Ana kuma gina wasu kwale - kwalen da tagulla (duba hoton da ke ƙasa).
gyara sashe
  •  
    Aymara Totora Reed Boat akan nuni aSmithsonian, Washington, DC
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    Fasinjoji sun tu dan wasan wani babur daga cikin wani jirgin ruwansa ka daaka saƙa, kusa da ƙauyenHampi, Indiya. Yuli 2008.
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    Abun binne, barque tare da aikin biyu na mutum, Gebelein, Upper Egypt. Kamar Naqada II, 3400-3200 BC. Ruwan da aka lullube da yumbu, 46 cm tsayi.
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    SamfurinTigrisaPyramids na Güímar,Tenerife.
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    Kwale-kwalen kwale-kwale na zamani da aka jera a bakin teku a Peru
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    Masunta sun yi rauni daga baya ruwan papyrus(tankwas)agefen Tanaa Habasha

Duba kuma

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Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ McGrail S (1985) Towards a classification of Water transport World Archeology, 16 (3).
  2. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science. AAAS. 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. S2CID 36178755. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Papyrus" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  4. ↑ Odyssey xxi. 390.
  5. ↑ Exodus Chapter 1 Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine Pages 15-16.
  6. ↑ Ryne, Linn. Voyages into History at Norway.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Puno" (PDF). Mincetur. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Lake Titicaca. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  9. ↑ Isbell, W. H., 2004, Palaces and Politics in the Andean Middle Horizon. in S. T. Evans and J. Pillsbury, eds., pp. 191-246. Palaces of the Ancient New World. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C.
  10. ↑ Ponce Sanginés, C. and G. M. Terrazas, 1970, Acerca De La Procedencia Del Material Lítico De Los Monumentos De Tiwanaku. Publication no. 21. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia
  11. ↑ Harmon, P., 2002, Experimental Archaeology, Interactive Dig - Archaeology Magazine's Online Excavations web page, Archaeology Magazine .
  12. ↑ Heiser C. B. (1974) "Totoras, Taxonomy, and Thor" Plant ScienceBulletin, 20 (2).
  13. ↑ Jones TL and Klar K (2007) California prehistory: colonization, culture, and complexity Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
  14. ↑ Hogan CM (2008) Morro Creek Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham.
  15. ↑ de Graafa M, van Zwietenb PAM, Machielsb MAM, Lemmac E, Wudnehd T, Dejene E and Sibbing FA () "Vulnerability to a small-scale commercial fishery of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) endemic Labeobarbus compared with African catfish and Nile tilapia: An example of recruitment-overfishing?" Fisheries Research, 82 (1-3) 304-318.
  16. ↑ Sordinas A (1970) "Stone implements from northwestern Corfu" Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Anthropological Research Center, University of Memphis.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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