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Wayewar Kwarin Indus

Wayewar Kwarin Indus [1] ( IVC ), wanda kuma aka sani da wayewar Indus ko wayewar Harappan wayewar zamanin Bronze ne a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Kudancin Asiya, yankin ta dawwama daga 3300 kafin xuwan Yesu zuwa 1300 Kafin zuwan Yesu, kuma zuwa lokacinda ta shahara a shekara ta 2600 BC zuwa 1900 BC [2] [4] Tare da tsohuwar Masar da Mesofotamiya, ɗaya ne daga cikin wayewar farko ta Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya, kuma daga cikin ukun, mafi wanzuwa. Yankunanta sun mamaye wani yanki daga yawancin kasar Pakistan, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan, da arewa maso yammacin Indiya. [2] [5] Wayewar ta bunƙasa daga a yankin filayen kogin Indus, wanda suka ratsa cikin yankjn Pakistan, da kuma tsarin koguna masu ciyarwa waɗanda suka ratsa a kusa da Ghaggar Hakra, wani kogin dake bunkasa dangane da yanayi a arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan. [2] [6]

Wayewar Kwarin Indus

Suna saboda Kogin Indus
Wuri
Map
 27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E / 27.329167°N 68.138889°E / 27.329167; 68.138889
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Zamanin Tagulla
Rugujewar da aka tono na Mohenjo-daro, lardin Sindh, Pakistan, yana nuna Babban Baho a gaba. Mohenjo-daro, a gefen dama na Kogin Indus, Gidan Tarihi ne na UNESCO, wuri na farko a Kudancin Asiya da aka bayyana haka.
Ƙananan hotuna masu jefa ƙuri'a ko ƙirar wasan yara daga Harappa, c. 2500 BC Figurines na Terracotta suna nuna yoking na shanun zebu don ja da keken keke da kasancewar kaji, tsuntsayen daji na gida.

Kalmar Harappan wani lokaci ana amfani da ita ga wayewar Indus bayan rukuninta da aka binko na tarihi a Harappa, wanda aka fara tonowa a farkon karni na 20 a lokacin da yake lardin Punjab na Birtaniya ta Indiya kuma yanzu Punjab, Pakistan. [7] [9] Bayan an gano Harappa sannan ba da daɗewa ba Mohenjo-daro shine ƙarshen aikin da aka fara bayan binciken Tsaffin kayan tarihi na Indiya a cikin British Raj a 1861. [2] Akwai a baya kuma daga baya al'adu da ake kira Harappan na Fari da Harappan ta Baya a wuri guda. Da farko al'adun Harappan sun kasance daga al'adun Neolithic, na farkonsi kuma sanannen su shine Mehrgarh, a Balochistan, Pakistan. [10] [11] Wani lokaci ana kiran wayewar Harappan Mature Harappan don bambanta ta da al'adun farko.

manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Dyson 2018
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Wright 2009.
  3. ↑ Wright 2009, p. 1.
  4. ↑ Wright: "Mesopotamia and Egypt ... co-existed with the Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 BC."[3]
  5. ↑ Wright: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer-lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today’s northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."[2]
  6. ↑ Giosan et al. 2012.
  7. ↑ Habib 2015.
  8. ↑ Habib 2015, p. 13.
  9. ↑ Habib: "Harappa, in Sahiwal district of west Punjab, Pakistan, had long been known to archaeologists as an extensive site on the Ravi river, but its true significance as a major city of an early great civilization remained unrecognized until the discovery of Mohenjo-daro near the banks of the Indus, in the Larkana district of Sindh, by Rakhaldas Banerji in 1922. Sir John Marshall, then Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, used the term 'Indus civilization' for the culture discovered at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, a term doubly apt because of the geographical context implied in the name 'Indus' and the presence of cities implied in the word 'civilization'. Others, notably the Archaeological Survey of India after Independence, have preferred to call it `Harappan', or 'Mature Harappan', taking Harappa to be its type-site."[8]
  10. ↑ Shaffer 1992
  11. ↑ Kenoyer 1991.
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