Ilimi na harsuna da yawa a Afirka

Ilimi na Harsuna da yawa a Afirka shine hangen nesa game da yadda za a kusanci koyar da dalibai a jihohi daban-daban a Afirka la'akari da harsuna daban-daban da za a iya amfani da su don koyarwa. Nahiyar tana fuskantar bambancin harsuna da ake magana a jihohin ta daban-daban; saboda haka, kamar sauran yankuna masu yawan jama'a a duniya kamar Arewacin Amurka ko Turai, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda harsuna za a yi amfani da su azaman matsakaiciyar koyarwa, a cikin waɗanne takamaiman yankuna, da kuma har zuwa wane mataki. Wannan matsala ce da masu bincike da masu tsara manufofi ke dubawa shekaru da yawa kuma sun bar ƙasashen Afirka da mafita daban-daban don koyar da harshe a makarantun su.

Ilimi na harsuna da yawa a Afirka
Dalibai na makarantar sakandare a cikin aji a Afirka ta Kudu.

Gabatarwa

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Bukatar ilimin harsuna da yawa a Afirka ya dogara da iyalai, makarantu, da sauran kungiyoyi masu alaƙa don yin yanke shawara mai rikitarwa game da waɗanne harsuna ya kamata a ɗauka da muhimmanci da kuma yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da su a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi. Wani ra'ayi na yau da kullun shine cewa amfani da harsunan kasa da kasa a matsayin matsakaici na koyarwa, wanda ya dace da ikon mulkin mallaka na Turanci (kamar Faransanci a Senegal ko Ingilishi a Afirka ta Kudu), ya fi dacewa ga yaro tun yana ƙarami don fara bunkasa don su zama masu amfani a nan gaba.[1] Koyaya, kamar yadda ilimi na yau da kullun ke cikin yaren mulkin mallaka, matsala ce al'ummar yankin har ma da malamai galibi ba sa sadarwa a cikin waɗannan harsuna sosai. A mafi yawan lokuta, yara suna amfana da ilimi a cikin yarensu ko yaren yankin na wurin koyarwa fiye da yadda suke yi daga koyarwa a cikin yaren da aka karɓa daga tsohon ikon mulkin mallaka. Masana ilimin harshe sun bincika wannan sabon abu kuma sun gano hanyoyi daban-daban da jihohin Afirka suka dauka don magance batun.

Tasirin mulkin mallaka

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Tarihin nahiyar Afirka mai arziki na Mulkin mallaka na Turai ya haifar da tasiri mai yawa a kan hanyar ci gaban kowace jiha. Yawancin gwamnatocin zamani na Afirka da ababen more rayuwa sun bunkasa ne ta hanyar mulkin mallaka a lokacin tsakanin mulkin mallaka da 'yancin kai, gami da hanyoyin aiwatar da ilimi. Har ma a yau, wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke da tasirin mulkin mallaka a Afirka sun nace kan nuna yarensu a matsayin harshen da ya fi muhimmanci don koyarwa a Afirka. Wasu malamai har ma suna jayayya cewa Ingilishi shine mafi mahimmancin harshe don shiga cikin ilimin Afirka, duk da shahararren yarukan uwa waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a cikin al'ummomin yankin. Kamar yadda za mu iya gani a ƙasa, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya daban-daban suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da dabarun da suka fi tasiri don aiwatar da ilimin harsuna da yawa a jihohin Afirka.

Shirye-shiryen ilimin harshe

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Binciken UNESCO

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Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) tana aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun da ke tasiri ga zaɓin harshe a cikin tsarin ilimi na ba kawai ƙasashen Afirka ba, har ma da sauran ƙasashe da yawa a duniya. Hukumar da ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke aiki da farko a cikin wannan rawar ita ce UNESCO, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin raunin da karfi na harsuna biyu ga ɗaliban Afirka a cikin binciken su. UNESCO ta lura cewa samfuran harsuna biyu marasa ƙarfi suna haɗawa da hanyar koyarwa ta farko kamar koyar da ɗalibi na shekara ɗaya zuwa huɗu a cikin yaren gida ko yaren mahaifiyar ɗalibin, kafin canzawa zuwa yare na biyu. Sabanin haka, samfuran harsuna biyu masu ƙarfi suna haɗawa da hanyar fita ta ƙarshe wanda zai sami manufa ta ƙwarewa a cikin harsuna guda biyu, watau, yare ɗaya (L1; harshen uwa) da yare biyu (L2; harshen na biyu).

Shekara daya zuwa hudu na koyarwa a cikin yaren yankin bai nuna cewa ya isa ba saboda yara a kasashe masu tasowa ko al'ummomin matalauta gabaɗaya ba su da ikon canzawa daga L1 a ƙarshen aji na 3 kuma su kasance masu ƙwarewa a cikin tsarin karatun a lokaci guda. Nazarin daliban Afirka ta Kudu na aji 6 waɗanda suka sami ilimi ta hanyar matsakaiciyar L1 a matsakaici sun sami nasarar nasara ta ƙasa ta 69%, yayin da waɗanda suka sami ilimin L2 sun sami kashi 32% kawai.

Shirye-shiryen harsuna da yawa

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UNESCO ta kammala cewa akwai kimanin samfuran huɗu waɗanda ke ba da sakamako mafi kyau don ilimin harsuna da yawa a Afirka:

  1. L1 a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa a makarantar firamare da sakandare, tare da ƙarin harsuna da aka koya a matsayin zaɓuɓɓuka. Wannan samfurin ne da aka yi amfani da shi a Afirka ta Kudu, inda za a koyar da masu koyon Afrikaans a cikin Afrikaans kuma suna da darasi ɗaya na Turanci a rana.
  2. Shekaru shida zuwa takwas da aka koyar a L1 sannan aka bi ta hanyar koyarwa ta biyu. Misali ne kuma ana amfani dashi a Afirka ta Kudu.
  3. Shekaru takwas da aka koyar a L1 sannan aka sauya shi zuwa L2 a shekara ta tara. Wannan samfurin ne da aka yi amfani da shi a Habasha inda ɗalibansa suka sami kashi 83.7% lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da shi da raguwa mai yawa zuwa 44% lokacin da aka cire shi.

Ka'idar ciniki

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Wata dabarar da aka saba amfani da ita da kungiyoyi da mutane ke amfani da ita don rinjayar ilimin harsuna da yawa shine wayar da kan jama'a. Ana amfani da wannan a matsayin hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don tabbatar da zaɓin harshe a ilimi. An kafa dabarun ta hanyar binciken Ericka Albaugh lokacin da ta bincika tsarin zabar matsakaiciyar harshe a yankin Sahara na Afirka.[2] A shekara ta 2007, Albaugh ta gabatar da hanyar ka'idar ciniki a cikin labarinta mai taken "Zaɓin Harshe a Ilimi: Siyasa ta Tabbatar" wanda ya bayyana manyan 'yan wasa biyar waɗanda ke tasiri ga shawarar wane harshe ne za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin matsakaici na koyarwa a Afirka: shugabannin ƙasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikatar ilimi, iyaye da manyan' yan yankin.[3]

  • Shugabannin masu kishin kasa (haɗewar L1 da L2) suna fuskantar shawarwari daban-daban a cikin sake fasalin harshe bisa ga masu jefa kuri'a da suke wakilta.
  • Bureaucrats (L2 fifiko) galibi suna la'akari da amfani da harshen uwa mara tasiri a matsayin matsakaici na koyarwa. Ko da a Ghana, alal misali, wasu makarantu sun yi watsi da manufofin da ke umurtar su da su yi amfani da L1 har zuwa wani lokaci.
  • Ma'aikatar Ilimi (L1 fifiko) gabaɗaya tana bin shawarar da ƙwararrun yankuna suka yanke, kamar yadda Albaugh ya yi iƙirarin cewa masu yin doka suna fuskantar yiwuwar takunkumin zamantakewa idan sun yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da sake fasalin harshe.
  • Iyaye (haɗe-haɗe na duka L1 da L2) sun kasu kan fifiko na yaren da aka yi amfani da shi, da farko ta hanyar shekaru; ƙananan iyaye kusan sau biyu suna da tsayayya da amfani da umarnin L1 a makarantu fiye da tsofaffi saboda dalilai na yau da kullun kamar fa'idodin tattalin arziki na koyon yarukan Turai da suka fi dacewa.
  • Ƙwararrun yankuna (L1 fifiko) sune ƙwararrun harshe suna ba da shawarar fa'idodin amfani da L1s bisa ga abubuwan lura da aka yi a yankunansu, amma wannan ba don da'awar cewa shine mafi kyawun matsakaici na koyarwa ba.

'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa

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Kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, akwai kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran IGOs da yawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin inganta ilimi a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, gami da waɗanda ke Afirka, kamar Peace Corps, wata hukumar sa kai ta Amurka da ke bayyana manufarsu [4] ta ilimi a Afirka ita ce yin aiki tare da ɗalibai don inganta ikon ilmantarwa da malamai don inganta ikon koyarwar su a cikin harshen Ingilishi. Wata sananniyar kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa wacce ke aiki a kan ci gaban ilimi na harsuna da yawa a ƙasa a Afirka sama da shekaru hamsin shine SIL, wanda ya gabatar da shirin yaren uwa da ake kira PROPELCA tare da fitattun shugabannin ilimi a Afirka.[5] An tsara shirin ne don sauƙaƙe koyar da Turanci da Faransanci ta hanyar koyarwa a cikin harshen uwa.[3] Gudanar da wannan ƙirar koyarwa ta fara ne a Babban Taron Kamaru a cikin 1995 ta Maurice Tadadjeu, ƙwararren masanin harshe wanda ya yi aiki tare da SIL. Bayan samun kyakkyawan ra'ayi, an gwada ƙirar a makarantu a Senegal kuma an ƙaddara ta zama nasara. A yau, ana amfani da shi azaman samfurin don koyar da harsuna na kasa da kasa ta hanyar koyar da harshe saboda ci gaba da aiwatarwa da nasara a kasashen Yammacin Afirka na Kamaru, Ghana, da Senegal.[3][3]

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. "How should Africa teach its multilingual children? | British Council". www.britishcouncil.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  2. "Ericka Albaugh". Faculty and Staff Profiles (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Albaugh, Ericka (2007). "Language Choice in Education: A Politics of Persuasion". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 45: 1–32. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06002266. S2CID 154915746 – via JSTOR. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  4. "Projects in South Africa". www.peacecorps.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  5. "Fifty years of language development in Africa". SIL International (in Turanci). 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2020-07-30.