Harsunan Phla-Phera

Harsunan Phla-Pherá (Xwla-Xwela) sun samar da wata ƙungiya mai yuwuwa ta yarukan Gbe da ake magana da su galibi a kudu maso gabashin Benin; ana samun wasu al'ummomi a kudu maso gabas na Togo da kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Kungiyar, wacce ta kunshi kimanin wakilai goma, H.B. Capo ne ya gabatar da ita a cikin rarrabuwa yarukan Gbe ta 1988 a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan rassa biyar na Gbe. Ƙarin bincike da SIL International ta gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya tabbatar da yawancin binciken Capo kuma ya haifar da daidaita wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyinsa na gwaji; musamman, Phla-Pherá ya kasu kashi a gabashin da yamma. Phla-Pherá yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan rassan Gbe dangane da yawan masu magana. Har ila yau, ita ce reshe mafi yawan harsuna daban-daban na Gbe, saboda wani bangare na kasancewar al'ummomi da yawa da suka rabu da ƙasa, amma galibi saboda tasirin da harsuna da ba na Gbe ba a baya. Wasu daga cikin mutanen Phla-Pherá ana zaton su ne ainihin mazaunan yankin da suka haɗu da baƙi na Gbe.

Phla–Pherá
Geographic distribution	southeastern Ghana, southern Togo & Benin, and southwestern Nigeria
Linguistic classification	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta–Congo Kwa Volta–Niger Gbe Phla–Pherá
Glottolog	east2845

Kalmar Phla-Pherá haɗuwa ce ta sunayen manyan yaruka biyu na wannan rukuni. Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa na sunayen biyu (Xwla (Phla) da Xwela (Phera)).

Yanayin ƙasa da yawan jama'a

Yankin yaren Gbe. Green spots ne harsuna na Phla-Pherá cluster bisa ga Capo (1988).

Yawancin yarukan Phla-Pherá ana magana da su a lardunan Mono, Atlantique, da Oueme (Weme) na Benin. Alada, lacca wanda wani lokacin ana haɗa shi a cikin ƙungiyar Phla-Pherá, ana magana da shi a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya a kudu maso gabashin babban birnin gudanarwa na Benin Porto-Novo. ee daga cikin yaren Phla-Pherá, Xwla (mai suna [xwla]), ana magana da shi a yammacin kogin Mono, tare da bakin teku tsakanin Anexo (Togo) da Grand Popo (Benin); an kira wannan yaren Popo a baya. Fon a cikin siffofinsa daban-daban, wanda ke wakiltar wani reshe na Gbe, shine harshen da ya fi dacewa a wannan yanki kuma al'ummomin masu magana da Phla-Pherá sun warwatse a duk yankin Fon.

Harsunan Phla-Pherá suna daga cikin wadanda ba a bincika su sosai ba daga cikin yarukan Gbe. A wasu lokuta, an san kusan fiye da sunan yaren da ƙauyen da ake magana da shi. Saboda wannan, yana da wahala a tantance jimlar adadin masu magana da yarukan Phla-Pherá. Wani kusanci na gwaji, bisa ga ƙarancin bayanan jama'a da ke cikin Ethnologue, shine masu magana 400 000 ba tare da Alada ba, ko 600 000 zuwa 700 000 ciki har da Alada.

Rarrabawar farko ta Capo

Yawancin bincike na kwatankwacin Hounkpati BC Capo ya gudanar da rarrabawar tasirin harsunan Gbe a cikin shekarun saba'in, kuma wasu sakamako sun ragu a ƙarshen shekarun saba'i da farkon shekarun tamanin a cikin nau'ikan labarai game da takamaiman ci gaban sauti a cikin rassa daban-daban na Gbe. A cikin aikinsa na 1988 Renaissance na Gbe, an buga rarrabawar ciki na Gbe a karo na farko (wani ɓangare na gabatarwa a cikin 1991 A Comparative Phonology of Gbe fassarar Turanci ne na wannan). A cikin wannan rarrabuwa, Phla-Pherá an dauke shi daya daga cikin rassa biyar na Gbe, sauran su ne Ewe, Gen, Fon, da Ajá. A cewar Capo (1988:15), ƙungiyar Phla-Pherá ta ƙunshi waɗannan laccoci:

• Alada (Allada, Arda) - kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, kudu maso gabashin Porto-Novo .
• Toatli (Tori) - Lardin Atlantique da Weme, yammacin yankin Alada.
• Toftfin (Toffi, Tofin) - lardin Weme, Benin, arewacin Tafkin Nokoué .
• Phelá (Fida, Péda, Xwela, Phera) - gabashin Tafkin Ahémé a lardin Atlantique na Benin .
• Phla (Pla, Xwla, Hwla, Popo) - a kan iyakar Togo da Benin, tsakanin Anexo da Grand Popo .
• Ayizɔ (Ayizo, Ayize) - lardin Atlantique, Benin.
• Kotafon (Kotafohn) - Lardin Mono, Benin .
• Gbési (Gbesi) - lardin Mono, arewacin Tafkin Ahéme, Benin .
• Tsáphɛ (Sahwe, Saxwe) - lardin arewacin Mono, Benin .
• Sɛ (Se) - yammacin lardin Mono, Benin.

Ayizɔ, Gbesi (gbesiin) da Kotafɔn (kógbè) yare ɗaya ne na asali.

Capo ya haɗa laccoci na Phla-Pherá galibi bisa ga wasu siffofi na phonological da morphological, gami da ci gaban proto-Gbe *tʰ da *dʱ cikin /s/ da /z/, bambancin da aka riƙe tsakanin *ɛ da *e, da kuma faruwar wasu prefixes.

Capo ya lura cewa 'sunan Phla-Pherá ba sa amfani da shi ta hanyar masu magana da laccoci daban-daban da ya ƙunshi' kuma cewa 'a zahiri, sashin Phla-Fera ba shi da haɗin kai fiye da sauran.' Koyaya, a cewar Capo, masu magana da su 'sun fahimci kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin laccocin da aka jera a nan fiye da tsakanin duk wanda aka jera a wasu [rassan]". Ya sanya alamun Alada iri-iri a matsayin banda, kamar yadda wasu mutane 'sun dauki Alada da harshen Fon Gun a matsayin yare ɗaya'.

Bincike na gaba

A farkon shekarun da suka gabata, Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta bazara ta fara binciken don tantance waɗanne al'ummomin Gbe zasu iya amfana daga kokarin karatu da rubutu da kuma ko za a buƙaci ƙarin shirye-shiryen ci gaba a wasu sauran al'ummomi. Binciken harshe da aka gudanar a yayin wannan binciken shine don ba da haske game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan Gbe daban-daban. An gabatar da wasu sakamakon wannan binciken a cikin Kluge (2000, 2005, 2006).

Dangane da bincike na lokaci-lokaci na fasalulluka da harshe da aka samo daga cikin nau'ikan Gbe 49, Kluge ya raba harsunan Gbe zuwa manyan rukuni uku: yamma, tsakiya, da gabas. Ƙungiyar gabas ta ƙunshi rukuni uku: Fon (kusan daidai da reshen 'Fon' na Capo), yammacin Phla-Phera, da gabashin Phla-Fhera (tare kusan daidai da yarukan Phla-phera na Capo). Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, wannan ɓangaren binciken Kluge ya tabbatar da rashin tabbas game da rarraba yaren Alada: wasu sakamakon da za a iya samu suna nuna shigarwa a cikin ƙungiyar Fon, yayin da wasu ke ba da shawarar kasancewa memba na ɗaya daga cikin rukunin Phla-Pherá. Hakazalika, sakamakon Kluge ya nuna rashin tabbas game da rarraba Ayizo da Kotafon.

Yawancin laccoci da Kluge ya yi la'akari da su ba a haɗa su cikin binciken Capo ba (cf. Capo 1991:14ff), wato Ajra, Daxe, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Movolo, Se, da Seto, dukansu Kluge (2000:32, 2005:41ff,47, 2006:74ff,79) an rarraba su a matsayin Phla-Phera.

Bambancin harsuna

Kamar dai yadda Capo ya yarda da bambancin reshe na Phla-, binciken Kluge bai haifar da cikakkiyar shaida game da ainihin tsarin rassan Phla-Fera na yamma da gabashin ba - hanyoyi daban-daban na lissafi sun samar da tsari daban-daban daga yarukan da suka dace (cf. 2000:62-3, 2005:45ff). Bambancin da ke cikin wannan subfamily mai yiwuwa ne saboda wani bangare na gaskiyar cewa al'ummomin Phla-Pherá daban-daban ba su mamaye wani yanki na musamman ba amma sun warwatse a bakin tekun Bight na Benin.

Koyaya, wani dalili mafi mahimmanci na bambancin da aka lura yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayin tarihi. A cikin wani aiki na 1979 game da tarihin mutanen Gbe (wanda ake kira Adjatado a lokacin), mishan na Katolika Roberto Pazzi ya nuna cewa 'harsuna uku sun fito ne daga rabin tsire-tsire tsakanin kungiyoyin baƙi da 'yan asalin Tádó: su ne Gɛ̀n, Sáhwè da Xweɖá.' Harsunan biyu na ƙarshe suna cikin reshen Papohla-Pherá, kuma Capobɛ ya kara da cewa Tsáphɛ da Phelá suna da Cá (Yoruboid) da E Stado a matsayin substrata. Wannan hulɗa da haɗuwa da mutanen da ba na Gbe ba tare da mutanen Gbe da kuma tasirin wannan tsari akan harshe ba za a iya gujewa ba ya yada hoton da aka gabatar ta hanyar bincike na harshe. Har yanzu ba a gudanar da bincike kan asalin tarihin mutanen Phla da Pherá ba.

Saboda rashin tabbas game da tsarin ciki na gabashin Gbe manyan rukuni, Ethnologue ya watsar da Phla-Pherá gaba ɗaya daga rarrabawar yarukan Gbe. Wasu daga cikin laccocin Capo da Kluge na Phla-Pherá an haɗa su a wasu rassan (alal misali, ana samun Xwla a ƙarƙashin Aja) yayin da wasu ba a haɗa su cikin kowane rukuni na Gbe (misali Xwela).

Bayani da nassoshi

 

Manazarta

• Afeli, Kossi A. da Bolouvi, Lebene Ph. (1998) 'Harsunan Togo, masu fahimta da juna' (Lura da rubuce-rubuce na 5, Sadarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba na Al'ummar Afirka). Cape Town: CASAS.
• Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1988) Renaissance na Gbe (tunanin da ya dace da kuma ginawa akan L'EVE, FON, GEN, AJA, GUN, da sauransu). Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
• Capo, Hounkpati BC (1991) A Comparative Phonology of Gbe, Littattafai a cikin Harsunan Afirka da Harshe, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Benin: Labo Gbe (Int)
• Capo, Hounkpati BC (1998) 'A classification of the languages of Benin' (Notes and records no. 4, Communications of the Center for Advanced Studies of African Society). Cape Town: CASAS.
• Kluge, Angela (2000) 'Harshe iri- na Yammacin Afirka - bincike mai yawa na siffofin ƙamus da ƙamus'. [ba a buga rubutun MA ba, Jami'ar Wales, Kwalejin Cardiff].
• Kluge, Angela (2005) 'Binciken ƙamus na lokaci-lokaci na nau'ikan yaren Gbe: Tasirin ka'idojin hukunci daban-daban' Binciken Harshe 3, 1, 22-53.
• Kluge, Angela (2006) 'Binciken inganci da yawa na siffofin ilimin lissafi da aka samo daga cikin nau'ikan yaren Gbe na Afirka ta Yamma' Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 27, 1, 53-86.
• Pazzi, R. (1979) Gabatarwa ga tarihin al'adun Ajatado (Etudes et Documents de Sciences Humaines 1, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ilimi ta Kasa). Lomé: Jami'ar Benin.