Harsunan Mali
Mali ƙasa ce mai yare da bandaban yawa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 21.9. Harsunan da ake magana a can suna nuna tsarin zama na dā, ƙaura, da dogon tarihinta. Ethnologue ya ƙidaya fiye da harsuna 80. cikin wadannan, Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Hassaniya, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay, Soninke da Tamasheq sune harsunan hukuma. [1]Faransanci shine harshen aiki.
 Harsunan Mali | |
|---|---|
languages of a country (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
languages of the Earth (en) |
| Bangare na |
culture of Mali (en) |
| Ƙasa | Mali |
Amfani da harshe
gyara sashe
Faransanci, wanda aka gabatar a lokacin mulkin mallaka, an riƙe shi a matsayin harshen hukuma a lokacin samun 'yancin kai har zuwa 2023. A matsayin harshe na aiki, ana amfani dashi a cikin gwamnati da ilimi na yau da kullun. Kimanin yawan mutanen Mali da ke magana da Faransanci a zahiri ba su da yawa, kuma kusan dukansu suna magana da Faransi a matsayin yare na biyu. 1[2] kimantawa cewa akwai kusan 9,000 Malian masu magana da Faransanci a matsayin yare na farko.
An samo shi daga yawan masu halartar makaranta, an kiyasta a 1986 cewa kusan kashi 21% na yawan jama'a suna magana da Faransanci, adadi da ya fi ƙasa da waɗanda ke magana da Bambara. [3] Faransanci ya fi fahimta a cikin birane, tare da adadi na 1976 wanda ke nuna kashi 36.7% na "Francophone" a cikin biranen birane, amma kawai kashi 8.2% a yankunan karkara. Amfani [4] Faransanci yana da nauyin jinsi, tare da adadi na 1984 wanda ke nuna kashi 17.5% na maza da ke magana da Faransaniya, amma kawai kashi 4.9% na mata.
Bambara ( Bambara </link> ), harshen Manding (a cikin dangin Mande ) an ce kashi 80% na yawan jama'a suna magana a matsayin harshe na farko ko na biyu.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>Ana <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">magana</span> [ ] a tsakiya da Kudancin Mali. Bambara da wasu harsunan Manding guda biyu Malinke ko Maninkakan a kudu maso yamma da Kassonke (a yankin Kayes a yamma), suna cikin harsuna 13 na ƙasa. Ana amfani da shi azaman harshen ciniki a Mali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin harsuna.
(Bambara kuma yana kusa da yaren Dyula ( Dyula </link> ko Julakan</link> ; French: Dioula </link> ), ana magana da shi a Cote d'Ivoire da Burkina Faso . Sunan "Jula" shine ainihin kalmar Manding ma'anar "dan kasuwa.")
Sauran harsunan Mande (ba a cikin ƙungiyar Manding ba) sun haɗa da Soninke (a yankin Kayes a yammacin Mali) da Harsunan Bozo (a tsakiyar Nijar).
Sauran harsuna sun haɗa da Senufo a yankin Sikasso (kudu), Fula ( Fula: Fulfulde </link> ; French: Peul </link> ) a matsayin yaren kasuwanci da ya yaɗu a yankin Mopti da ma bayansa, harsunan Songhay tare da Nijar, harsunan Dogon na Pays Dogon ko "Ƙasar Dogon" a tsakiyar Mali, Tamasheq a gabashin Saharar Mali da Larabci a yammacinsa.
Goma sha uku daga cikin harsunan asali da aka fi magana da su ana daukar su "Harsunan ƙasa".
Yawancin ilimi na yau da kullun ga kurame a Mali suna amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amurka, wanda kurma na Amurka mai wa'azi Andrew Foster ya gabatar a Afirka ta Yamma. Akwai wasu yarukan kurame guda biyu a Mali. Ɗaya, Harshe na Kurame na Tebul, ana samunsa a ƙauyen da ke da ƙarancin kurma. Wani, Bamako Sign Language, ya bunkasa a cikin al'ummomin shayi na birane; ana barazanar amfani da ASL a ilimi.
Bayanan harshe
gyara sasheYawancin harsunan Mali suna daga cikin Harsunan Mande, wanda aka yarda da shi gabaɗaya a matsayin reshe na Nijar-Congo, dangin harshe mafi girma a Afirka. Harsunan da ba na Mande ba sun haɗa da yarukan Dogon, watakila wani reshe na Nijar-Congo, da yarukan Senufo, waɗanda ba shakka suna cikin wannan iyali.
Mande, Senufo, da Dogon sun fito fili a tsakanin Nijar-Congo saboda bambancin tsarin kalmomin SOV. Harsunan Gur suna wakiltar Bomu a Kogin Bani na Mali da Burkina Faso. Fulfulde, wanda ake magana a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka, memba ne na reshen Senegambian.
Sauran iyalai na harsuna sun haɗa da Afro-Asiatic, wanda harshen Berber Tamasheq da Larabci ke wakilta, da kuma Harsunan Songhay, waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin Nilo-Saharan amma suna iya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa.
Harsunan da ake magana
gyara sasheTebur mai zuwa yana ba da taƙaitaccen harsuna 63 da Ethnologue ta ruwaito (akwai kuma harsunan kurame 3:
| Harshe (Ethnologue) | Rukunin | Iyalin harshe | Matsayi na Shari'a | Masu magana da L1 a Mali* | Masu magana da L2 a Mali** | Babban yanki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hassaniya Larabci | Larabci | Afro-Asiatic: Semitic | Jami'i | 106,000 | ? | NW |
| Bambara, Bamanankan | Gudanarwa | Mande | Jami'i | 4,000,000 | 10,000,000 | Dukkanin |
| Bomu | Nijar-Congo / Gur | Jami'i | 102,000 | ? | SE | |
| Bozo, Tiéyaxo | Bozo | Mande | Jami'i | 118,000 | ? | Tsakiya |
| Dogon, Toro So | Dogon | Jami'i | 50,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Fulfulde, Maasina | Fula | Nijar-Congo / Senegambian | Jami'i | 1,000,000 | ? (wasu masu magana da L2) | Tsakiya |
| Maninkakan, Kita | Gudanarwa | Mande | Jami'i | 434,000 | ? | W |
| Senoufo, Mamara (Miniyanka) | Senufo | Nijar da Kongo | Jami'i | 738,000 | ? | S |
| Senoufo, Syenara | Senufo | Nijar da Kongo | Jami'i | 155,000 | ? | S |
| Songhay, Koyraboro Senni | Songhay (Kudancin) | Jami'i | 430,000 | ? (harshe na kasuwanci) | N | |
| Soninke (& Marka/Maraka) | Mande | Jami'i | 1,280,000 | ? | NW | |
| Tamasheq | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic / Berber | Jami'i | 250,000 | ? | N |
| [Hasiya] | Gudanarwa | Mande | Jami'i | 700,000 | ? | NW |
| Bankagooma | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 6,000 | ? | S | |
| Bobo Madaré, Arewa | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 18,400 | ? | SE | |
| Bozo, Hainyaxo | Bozo | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 30,000 | ? | Tsakiya |
| Bozo, Jenaama | Bozo | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 197,000 | ? | Tsakiya |
| Bozo, Tièma Cièwè | Bozo | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 2,500 | ? | Tsakiya |
| Bangerime | Dogon ne? | Babu ko ɗaya? | 2,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Ampari | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 5,200 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Ana Tinga | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 500 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Bankan Tey | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 1,320 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Ben Tey | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 3,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Bondum Dom | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 24,700 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Bunoge | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 1,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Dogul Dom | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 15,700 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Donno haka | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 45,300 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Jamsay | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 130,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Kolum So | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 19,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Nanga Dama | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 3,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Tebul Ure | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 3,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Tene Kan | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 127,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Tiranige Diga | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 4,200 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Tommo Don haka | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 60,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Tomo Kan | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 133,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Toro Tegu | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 2,900 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Dogon, Yanda Dom | Dogon | Babu ko ɗaya? | 2,000 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Duungooma | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 70,000 | ? | S | |
| Jahanka | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 500 | ? | SW | |
| Jalunga, Dyalonke | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 9,000 | ? | SW | |
| Jowulu | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 10,000 | ? | SE | |
| Jula, Dioula | Gudanarwa | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 50,000 | 278,000 | Shin, duk? |
| Kagoro | Gudanarwa | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 15,000 | ? | W |
| Konabéré | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 25,000 | ? | SE | |
| Koromfé | Nijar-Congo / Gur | Babu ko ɗaya? | 6,000 | ? | SE | |
| Maninkakan, Gabas | Gudanarwa | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 390,000 | ? | SW |
| Maninkakan, Yamma | Gudanarwa | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 100,000 | ? | SW |
| Marka | Mande | Babu ko ɗaya? | 25,000 | ? | SE | |
| Mòoré | Nijar-Congo / Gur | Babu ko ɗaya? | 17,000 | ? | SE | |
| Pana | Nijar-Congo / Gur | Babu ko ɗaya? | 2,800 | ? | Tsakiyar Gabas | |
| Pulaar | Fula | Nijar-Congo / Senegambian | Babu ko ɗaya? | 175,000 | ? | W |
| Pular | Fula | Nijar-Congo / Senegambian | Babu ko ɗaya? | 50,000 | ? | SW |
| Samma | Nijar-Congo / Gur | Babu ko ɗaya? | 2,500 | ? | SE | |
| Senoufo, Shempire | Senufo | Nijar da Kongo | Babu ko ɗaya? | 14,800 | ? | SE |
| Sannuwa, lokacin da yake | Senufo | Nijar da Kongo | Babu ko ɗaya? | 3,000 | ? | SE |
| Senoufo, Mai Tsarki | Senufo | Nijar da Kongo | Babu ko ɗaya? | 350,000 | ? | S |
| Songhay, Humburi Senni | Songhay (Kudancin) | Babu ko ɗaya? | 15,000 | ? | N | |
| Songhay, Koyra Chiini | Songhay (Kudancin) | Babu ko ɗaya? | 200,000 | ? | N | |
| Tadaksahak | Songhay (Arewa) | Babu ko ɗaya? | 100,000 | ? | N | |
| Tamajaq | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic / Berber | Babu ko ɗaya? | 190,000 | ? | N |
| Tondi Songway Kiini | Songhay (Kudancin) | Babu ko ɗaya? | 3,000 | ? | N | |
| Zarmaci | Songhay (Kudancin) | Babu ko ɗaya? | 1,700 | ? | NE |
- Masu magana da harshe na farko / yaren uwa. Adadin daga Ethnologue.
- Masu magana da harshe Na biyu ko ƙarin. Yana da wahala a sami daidaitattun adadi don wannan rukuni.
Manufofin Harshe da Shirye-shiryen
gyara sasheFaransanci shine harshen aiki. [5] da Loi 96-049 na 1996 harsuna goma sha uku na asali sun amince da gwamnati a matsayin Harsunan ƙasa: Bamanankan, Bomu, Bozo, D фанsɔ, Fulfulde, Hassaniya Larabci, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Soŋoy, Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxanŋ . [6] Wannan ya maye gurbin Dokar 159 PG-RM na 19 ga Yulin 1982 (Mataki na 1).
Ilimi
gyara sasheFaransanci wani bangare ne na tsarin karatun makaranta. Akwai sabuwar manufa don amfani da harsunan Mali a cikin maki na farko da kuma sauyawa zuwa Faransanci. Masu fafutuka suna koyar [7] karatu da rubutu ga masu magana da harsunan Manding (Bambara, Malinke, Maninkakan, Dyula) a cikin daidaitaccen nau'in N'Ko.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedLingua 2023 - ↑ ethnologue.com, cites: Johnstone (1993)
- ↑ 386,000 in a population of ~ 8.2 Million in 1986, according to Data faostat, year 2005 : http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/help-copyright/copyright-e.htm Archived 2006-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (last updated 11 February 2005)
- ↑ Anne Lafage (1993), p. 219, citing Perrot: 1985 for both 1974 and 1984 figures.
- ↑ Loi 96-049 Portant modalités de promotion des langues nationales
- ↑ Leclerc, Jacques. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, "Mali," Laval University, Canada Archived 2002-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Citing: GAUTHIER, François, Jacques LECLERC et Jacques MAURAIS. Langues et constitutions, Montréal/Paris, Office de la langue française / Conseil international de la langue française, 1993, 131 p
- ↑ Empty citation (help)