Hassaniya Larabci

Hassaniya Larabci ( Larabci: حسانية‎ </link> ; Wanda kuma aka fi sani da Hassaniyya, Klem El Bithan, Hassani, Hassaniya, da Maure ) nau'in Larabci ne na Maghrebi wanda Larabawan Mauritaniya da Sahrawi suke magana . Kabilar Beni Ḥassān Bedouin ne suka yi magana da shi na asalin Yaman waɗanda suka ba da ikonsu akan galibin Mauritania da Maroko kudu maso gabas da Saharar Yammacin Sahara tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa 17. Hassaniya Larabci shine yaren da ake magana da shi a yankin da ke kusa da Chinguetti kafin zamani.

Hassaniya Larabci
'Yan asalin magana	3,763,900
Dangin harshen	Afroasiatic (en) Semitic (en) Larabci Maghrebi Arabic (en) Hassaniya Larabci
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen larabci
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mey
Glottolog	hass1238

Harshen ya maye gurbin Harsunan Berber da aka fara magana a wannan yankin. Kodayake a bayyane yake yaren yamma, Hassānīya yana da nisa daga wasu bambance-bambance na Maghrebi na Larabci. Yanayinta ya fallasa shi ga tasiri daga Zenaga-Berber da Wolof. Akwai yaruka da yawa na Hassaniya, waɗanda suka bambanta da farko. Har yanzu akwai alamun Kudancin Larabawa a cikin Hassaniya Larabci da ake magana tsakanin Rio de Oro da Timbuktu, a cewar G. S. Colin . A yau, ana magana da Larabci na Hassaniya a Aljeriya, Morocco, Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nijar, Senegal da Yammacin Sahara.

Fasahar sauti

Tsarin sauti na Hassānīya yana nuna abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Dukkanin alamomi na Larabci na gargajiya suna wakiltar su a cikin yaren, amma akwai kuma sabbin alamomi da yawa. Kamar yadda /dˤ/ a wasu yarukan Bedouin, Classical /q/ ya dace da yaren /ɡ/; /dę/ da /ð/ sun haɗu cikin /ð/; kuma an adana interdentals /θ/ da /đ/. Harafin ج /d͡ʒ/ an gane shi a matsayin /ʒ/ . /ɡ/; /dˤ/ and /ðˤ/ /ðˤ/ /θ//ð/ج /d͡ʒ/ /ʒ/

Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta akwai haruffa biyu na sautin gargajiya da takwaransa na yare. Don haka, na gargajiya /q/</link> ana wakilta ta /ɡ/</link> in /ɡbaðˤ/</link> 'dauka' amma ta /q/</link> in /mqass/</link> 'almakashi'. Hakazalika, /dˤ/</link> zama /ðˤ/</link> in /ðˤəħk/</link> 'dariya (suna)', amma /dˤ/</link> in /mrˤədˤ/</link> 'ba lafiya'. Wasu tushen baƙon ma suna da kamanni biyu: /θaqiːl/</link> 'nauyi (na tunani)' vs. /θɡiːl/</link> 'nauyi (na zahiri)'. Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan "classicizing" ana sauƙin bayyana su azaman lamuni na kwanan nan daga harshen adabi (kamar /qaː.nuːn/</link> 'doka') ko daga yaruka masu zaman kansu idan akwai ra'ayoyi da suka shafi tsarin rayuwa (kamar /mqass/</link> 'almakashi' a sama). Ga wasu, babu bayyanannen bayani (kamar /mrˤədˤ/</link> 'ba lafiya'). Etymological /ðˤ/</link> yana bayyana kullum kamar /ðˤ/</link> , ba kamar yadda /dˤ/</link> .

Duk /dˤ/ haka, matsayin sauti na /q/ da /dā/ da /ɡ/ da /ðā/ sun bayyana sosai, ba kamar sauran nau'ikan Larabci ba. Hakazalika, /ʔ/ na gargajiya a mafi yawan mahallin ya ɓace ko ya juya zuwa /w/ ko /j/ (/ahl/ 'iyali' maimakon /ʔahl/, /wak.kad/ 'insist' maimakon / becauseak.kad/ da /jaː.məs/ 'yesterday' maimakon / /ʔams/). A wasu kalmomin wallafe-wallafen, duk da haka, an kiyaye shi a sarari: /mət ./mət.ʔal.lam/ 'sha wahala (mutumin) ' (na gargajiya /mu.ta.ʔal.lim/).

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Hassānīya ya kirkiro ƙamus da yawa ta hanyar yaduwar bambancin da ba a nunawa ba. Baya ga abin da aka ambata a sama, /rī/ da /lī/ suna da matsayi na sauti kuma /bīīīī/ da yawa. An samo wani karin karin karin sauti daga Harshen Zenaga Berber makwabta tare da jerin palatal /c ɟ ɲ/ daga yarukan Nijar-Congo na kudu. Akalla wasu masu magana suna yin bambanci /p/-/b/ ta hanyar aro daga Faransanci (da Mutanen Espanya a Yammacin Sahara). Dukkanin, yawan sautin a cikin Hassānīya shine 31, ko 43 idan aka ƙidaya ƙananan lokuta.

Sautin wakoki na Hassaniya Larabci

		Labari		Tsakanin hakora		Dental / Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Rashin ƙarfi	Faringel	Gishiri
		fili	mai da hankali	fili	mai da hankali	fili	mai da hankali
Hanci		m	Ya kasance			n	(Sai)	ɲ
Dakatar da	ba tare da murya ba	(p)				t	Ya ce:	c	k	q		(ʔ)
	murya	b	Bishara			d	Diyya	ɟ	ɡ	(Guyya)
Rashin lafiya								(t͡ʃ)
Fricative	ba tare da murya ba	f		θ		s	Sanya	ʃ		χ	ħ	h
	murya	v	(Sai)	ð	ð	z	Zuwa	ʒ		ʁ	Sanya
Trill						r	Rubuce-rubuce
Kusanci						l	Sanya	j	w

A matakin sauti, baƙaƙe na gargajiya /f/</link> da /θ/</link> yawanci ana gane su kamar yadda aka faɗa [v]</link> (daga baya alamar /v/</link> ) da [θ̬]</link> . Ƙarshen har yanzu, duk da haka, ana furta shi daban da /ð/</link> , Bambancin mai yiwuwa yana cikin adadin iskar da aka hura (Cohen 1963: 13-14). A cikin geminated da kalma-ƙarshen matsayi duk wayoyi ba su da murya, ga wasu lasifika /θ/ a fili a duk wurare. Ƙunƙarar uvula /ʁ/</link> Hakanan an gane shi ba shi da murya a cikin wani matsayi, ko da yake ba mai banƙyama ba ne amma mai banƙyama: [qː]</link> . A wasu mukamai, etymological /ʁ/</link> da alama yana cikin bambancin kyauta tare da /q/</link> (Etymological /q/</link> , duk da haka ya bambanta kawai tare da /ɡ/</link> ).

Sautin sautin

Sautin sautin ya zo a cikin jerin biyu: tsawo da gajeren lokaci. Tsawon wasula iri ɗaya ne kamar yadda yake a cikin Larabci na gargajiya /aː iː uː/, kuma gajerun suna faɗaɗa wannan ta ɗaya: /a i u ə/ . Ana iya fahimtar diphthongs na gargajiya /aj/ da /aw/ ta hanyoyi daban-daban, bambance-bambance na yau da kullun shine [eːʲ] da [oːʷ], bi da bi. Duk da haka, abubuwan da suka faru kamar [aj] da [aw] da kuma [eː] da [oː] suna yiwuwa, kodayake ba su da yawa.

*/ka.tab/ yadda yake a mafi yawan yarukan Maghrebi Larabci, ana sauke gajerun wasula a cikin sassan budewa (sai dai sunan mata wanda ya ƙare /-a/ < /-ah/): */tak.tu.biː/ > /tə.ktbi/ 'ku (f. sg.) rubuta', */ka.ta.ba/ > */ka-tab/ > / Jokerb/ 'ya rubuta'. A cikin sauran sassan da aka rufe /a/ gabaɗaya ya dace da /a/ na gargajiya, yayin da /i/ na gargajiya da /u/ suka haɗu cikin /ə/. Abin sha'awa, duk da haka, /j/ na morphological yana wakiltar [i] da /w/ ta [u] a cikin kalma-farko kafin matsayi: /u.ɡəft/ 'Na tsaya sama' (tushen w-g-f; cf. / refubt/ 'Na rubuta', tushen k-t-b), /i.naɡ.ɡaz/ 'ya saukowa' (subject prefix i-; cf. /jə. supplyb/ 'yana rubutu', subject prefix jə-). A wasu mahallin wannan wasula ta farko har ma ya kara tsawo, wanda a bayyane yake nuna matsayinta na wasula: /uːɡ.vu/ 'sun tsaya sama'. Bugu da kari, gajerun wasula /a i//a.raː.ɡaːʒ/" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"/a i/"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAb8" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/a da/ cikin sautin budewa ana samun su a cikin kalmomin aro na Berber, kamar /a.raː ./a.raː.ɡaːʒ/ 'mutum', /i.vuː.kaːn/ 'kayan maraƙi na shekara 1 zuwa 2', da /u/ a cikin tsari mai wucewa: /u.ɡaː.bəl/ 'an sadu da shi' (cf. /ɡaː. bəl/ 'ya sadu da shi').

Canjin lambar

Yawancin masu magana da harshen Hassaniya na Larabci suna yin sauya lambar. A Yammacin Sahara ya zama ruwan dare don sauya lambar tsakanin Hassaniya Larabci, Larabci na zamani, da Mutanen Espanya, kamar yadda Spain ta riga ta mallaki wannan yankin; a sauran ƙasashen Hassaniya, Faransanci shine ƙarin yaren da ake magana.

Rubutun kalmomi

Hassaniya Larabci ana rubuta shi da Rubutun Larabci. Koyaya, a Senegal, gwamnati ta karɓi amfani da Rubutun Latin don rubuta yaren, kamar yadda aka kafa ta Dokar 2005-980 ta 21 ga Oktoba, 2005.

Hassaniya Larabci haruffa (Senegal)
A	B	C	D	Ḍ	E	Ni	F	G	H	Ḥ	Na	J	K	L	M	N	Ñ	O	Q	R	S	Ṣ	Ŝ	T	Ṭ	Sanya	U	V	W	X	Sanya	Y	Z	Ż	Ẓ	ʔ
a	b	c	d	ḍ	da kuma	Ya kasance a cikin	f	g	h	ḥ	i	j	k	l	m	n	ñ	o	q	r	s	ṣ	Abubuwan da suka faru	t	ṭ	氣	u	v	w	x	Sanya	da kuma	z	ż	Zaha	ʼ

Masu magana rarraba

A cewar Ethnologue, akwai kusan masu magana da Hassaniya miliyan uku, an rarraba su kamar haka:

• Mauritania: 2,770,000 (2006)
• Yammacin Sahara da kudancin Morocco, wanda aka sani da Yankin Tekna: 200,000+ (1995)
• Mali: 175,800 - 210,000 (2000)
• Senegal: 162,000 (2015)
• Aljeriya: 150,000 (1985)
• Libya: 40,000 (1985)
• Nijar: 10,000 (1998)