Harsunan Senegambian

Harsunan Senegambian
Linguistic classification	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Yammacin Atlantika; Harsunan Senegambian; ; ; ;

Senegambian, da aka fi sani da Arewacin Yammacin Atlantic, ko kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan wani lokacin rikice-rikice kamar harsunan Atlantic, reshe ne na harsunan Atlantika-Congo da ke tsakiyar Senegal, tare da yawancin harsuna da ake magana a can da kuma makwabta kudancin Mauritania, Gambiya, Guinea-Bissau" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau, da Guinea. Duk da haka, mutanen Fula sun bazu tare da yarensu daga Senegal a fadin yamma da tsakiyar Sahel. Harshen da ya fi yawan jama'a shi ne Wolof, harshen ƙasa na Senegal, tare da masu magana da asali miliyan huɗu da miliyoyin masu amfani da harshe na biyu. Akwai watakila masu magana da miliyan 13 na nau'ikan Fula daban-daban, kuma sama da masu magana da Serer miliyan daya. Babban fasalin harsunan Senegambian shine cewa ba su da sautin, ba kamar yawancin Harsunan Atlantic-Congo ba.

Ka duba wannan shafin domin sanin yanda zaka gyara wannan mukalar Koyon rubuta mukala

Akwai yuwar admin ya goge wannan shafin matukar ba'a inganta ta ba.

Rarraba

David Sapir (1971) ya ba da shawarar reshen Yammacin Atlantic na yarukan Nijar-Congo wanda ya haɗa da reshen Arewa wanda ya fi dacewa da Senegambian. Koyaya, Yammacin Atlantic na Sapir da rassansa sun zama na ƙasa da na al'ada maimakon ƙungiyoyin asali. Binciken da aka yi tun daga wannan lokacin, Segerer & Pozdniakov (2010, 2017), ya cire harsunan Kudancin Atlantic. Sauran harsunan (Arewa ko Senegambian) suna da alamar rashin sautin. Rashin Serer-Fulani-Wolof yana da halayyar maye gurbi. Haɗakar da yarukan Nalu da ba a tabbatar da su ba tabbas ba ne.

Yawancin rarrabuwa, gami da wanda Ethnologue 20 ya yi amfani da shi, ya nuna Fula yana da alaƙa da Wolof fiye da Serer, saboda kuskuren kwafin a cikin wallafe-wallafen. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

^[1]Cibiyar Max Planck don ilimin Juyin Halitta ta rarraba harsunan Senegambian a ƙarƙashin sunan Arewa-Central Atlantic a cikin bayanan Glottolog.

Canjin ma'ana

Harsunan Senegambian sanannu ne saboda maye gurbin su, wani abu wanda ma'anar farko ta kalma ta canza dangane da yanayin sa da / ko yanayin sa. A cikin Fula, alal misali, ma'anar farko ta sunaye da yawa tana canzawa dangane da ko tana da mutum ɗaya ko jam'i:

An bayyana harsunan Yammacin Atlantic ta hanyar tsarin su na suna, wanda yayi kama da waɗanda ke cikin wasu harsunan Nijar-Congo, mafi shahara Harsunan Bantu. Yawancin Yammacin Atlantic, kuma hakika Nijar-Congo, tsarin suna da alamomi tare da prefixes, kuma masana harsuna gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana nuna tsarin proto-Niger-Congo. Harsunan reshen Fula-Serer na Senegambian, duk da haka, suna da ƙididdiga ƙididdiga ko haɗuwa da ƙididdiga da ƙididdigewa. Joseph Greenberg ya yi jayayya cewa siffofin da aka haɗa sun fito ne daga masu ƙayyadewa masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka yarda da ajin suna:

CL-Noun CL-Det → CL-Noon-CL → Noun-CL

Kalmomin kwatankwacin

Kwatanta kalmomin ƙamus na asali na harsunan Senegambian: ^[2]

Harshe	ido	kunne	hanci	hakora	harshe	baki	jini	kasusuwa	itace	ruwa	suna; sunan mahaifi
Wolof	Bət / gət	Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi	bakkan	bəny / gamsu	lambu	gemminy	Ya kasance	Ƙarƙashin ƙashi	Garab	ndɔx	tur; mai tsarki
Sereer	A cikin damuwa	Nayif	Onyis	Anyíìny (PL)	ɗélém	Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi	fo ʔɔl ɔla	o hij ola / a kij aka	i ndaxar na / taxar ka	hoton hoto:
Sine	Rashin jituwa	Yana da kyau	ɲis	Salansa	ɗelɛm	Ya kasance mai laushi	foʔyeʔ	kiʔy	ndaxar	Fuskar	Rashin hankali
Fula / Pular	yiit-ere / git-e	yanzu-ru / sauka	dangi-al / dangi-e	nyii-re / nyi"-e	tafiyar da -ɗe	hundu-ko / kundu-le; kara-ho	ʔyii ʔy-an	ʔyi-ʔ-al / ʔyiʔ-e	legal / legal	A gaban / di'e	in-nde / in-ɗe; yettoo-re / gettoo-je
Ndut	Tushen	ma'auni	Harkokin Kasuwanci	sashi	Ƙananan ƙwayoyin	ɓuk	ɲif	ʔyo	kɪlɪl	Ya kasance a cikin	kaː
Sili	Tushen	nuf	Harkokin Kasuwanci	sashi	Ƙananan ƙwayoyin	ɓuq	ɲif	ʔyox	kilik	ƙwayoyin cuta	thiː
Safi	yaji	ma'auni	kiɲin	sashi	Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta	Gaddafi	ɲif	ʔjɔx	kidik	mazup	tik
Lala	Gira	Arewa	kumun	sashi	peɾim	kuː	ɲif	ʔyɔx	ƙanƙara	su	Rashin jin daɗi
Babu	kuas	Arewa	Kunnen	siːs	Ƙananan ƙwayoyin	ku	ɲif	ʎoh	ƙanƙara	A cikin shekara	tek
Banhum	ci-gil / i-	ci-nuf / xa-	Nayan zamba / -əŋ	gu-rul / xa-	bu-lemuc / i-	bu-rul / i-	Mu-leen	gu-xuun / xa- / ba-, ku-	ci-nɔ / mu-nn	mu-nd / +-əŋ	gu-rɛt / xa-; ci-ram / nya-
Cobiana	si-ggih / nyi-	idan-nuf / ŋa-	gu-nyikin / ŋa-	bu-gees / ja-	jaarum / a-	a-cis / ga-s	bu-heeh	gu-maab / ŋa-	u-doʔ / t-	ma-leem	gi-sɛh / ŋa-; gu-mantiinya / ŋa-
Cassanga	idan-gir / ga-, nyi-	gu-nuf / makirci-	gu-nyikən / ŋa-	gu-gees / ŋa-	Yarda da kuma a-	a-cis / ga-s	Bi-lɛr	gu-maab / ŋa-	gu-rien / ŋa-	ma-yaab	gu-sɛr / ŋa-; si-mbur / nyi-
Konyagi	ì-ŋkə́r	æ̀-nə̀f / væ̀-	ì-cə̀l / wæ̀-s	Ø-bènyə́ / wæ̀-	Ø-ryə̀w̃ / wæ̀-	Ø-w̃ə̀s / wæ̀-	Ya zama haka	Ø-ỹə̀c / wæ̀-	æ̀-tə́x / væ̀-	wə-̀ŋkà	ù-w̃æcə́ / wæ̀-m
Tenda	a-ŋgəz / b+	a-nəv / b+	ɛ-cən / o-z	yiŋga / ɔ-	liw / o-d	e-tey / o-z	ɔ-zat	a-capar / b+	ɛ-təɣ / ɔ-	maza (o-class)	ɔ-wac / ɔ-m; лиrc / o-c
Bedik	ngəs	ga-nəf / ba-	e-cəl / ma-s	gi-nyaŋga / ma-	I-ɗem / mə-	bə-məš / ma-	Ma-yel	ɛ-bɛʔy / Ø-m	ga-t / ba-t	Ya kasance mai sunaŋga	yatse
Pajade	m-aasa	ko-nufa	Nya-Sɛnɛ	pe-nnya	pe-deema	pa-mməs	p-wadon yanzu	pe-jeere	Ma-tte	Ma-Mbe	micc
Biafada	Gərä	Yara-nəfa	nya-sin / ba+	cede / maa-s	bu-deema	mməsə / maa-m	bwa-hanna	bu-jedä	bu-r / maa-r	ma-mbiya	Rashin amfani da shi

Bayanan da aka ambata

↑ Robert. JSTOR Hammarström. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

[1] Robert. JSTOR Hammarström. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[Wilson-2] Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

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