Harshen Limbum
Limbum harshe ne na Grassfields na Kamaru, tare da ƙananan masu magana a Najeriya . Wasu suna amfani da shi azaman yaren kasuwanci, amma shine asalin harshen asalin mutanen Wimbum, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin Donga-Mantung na yankin Arewa maso yamma, a saman titin Ring.
| Harshen Limbum | |
|---|---|
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
lmp |
| Glottolog |
limb1268[1] |
Masu magana
gyara sashe
Wimbum ya ƙunshi dangi uku: dangin Yaƙi da ke da hedkwata a Mbot, dangin Tang a Tallah, da dangin Wiya a Ndu . [2] Waɗanda ke kewaye da yankin akwai wasu ƙauyukan Wimbum, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin dangi uku. Kowane ƙauye yana da sarki, wanda kuma aka sani da fon, wanda ke da ikon cin gashin kansa, kuma a ƙarƙashinsa manyan hakimai ko shugabannin kwata. [3] Ƙungiyoyin guda uku suna da alaƙa da juna, suna raba harshe. [2] Mutanen suna zaune ne a Nkambe Plateau, wani tsauni mai ban mamaki mai cike da ciyayi da kwararorin daji suka yanke, kimanin mil sama da matakin teku. [4] Yawancin manoma ne, noman masara, wake, dankali, dawa, kayan lambu, tumatir, ayaba, da kuma plantain da kofi a ƙananan wurare masu zafi. [5] [6] Wasu suna gudanar da kasuwanci, musamman a garuruwan Nkambé da Ndu . Wasu suna yi wa gwamnati aiki, musamman a Nkambe .
Wasu masanan harshe suna ganin Limbum yana da yaruka uku: yare na arewa, na tsakiya, da na kudu. Masu magana da yare ɗaya gabaɗaya na iya fahimtar masu magana da wani. Yarukan uku sun rataye a cikin dangi guda uku, kuma suna iya haifar da tasirin harsunan makwabta zuwa arewa da kudu. [7] Limbum yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da wasu harsunan maƙwabta kamar Yamba da sauran harsunan da ke nesa kamar Bamum, Ngemba da Bamileke . Ya bambanta da wasu harsunan maƙwabta kamar Bebe da Noni . [8]
Nahawu
gyara sasheNahawun Limbum yayi kama da Ingilishi ta wasu hanyoyi, gami da:
- Tsarin kalma jigo ne – fi’ili – abu . [9] Misali, la'akari:
- Gwa Ta᷅ta a᷅ byɛ᷅' kwaa᷅. [10] (Oda na Limbum na al'ada)
- Matar Tata ta dauki masara. (fassarar kalma-zuwa kalma Turanci, riƙe odar kalmar Limbum)
- Matar Tata ta dauki masara. (fassara tare da tsari na kalmomin Ingilishi na al'ada)
- Tsawon fi'ili yakan kasance tare da karin kalmomi kamar "a᷅" a cikin misalin da ke sama.
- Za a iya buɗe tambayoyi tare da masu tantance tambayoyi ; mis "A nda ?" yana nufin "wane ne?" kalma-da-kalma. [11]
Amma Limbum ya bambanta da Ingilishi ta wasu hanyoyi. Ga kadan:
- Limbum harshe ne na sauti, ma'ana cewa farar magana na iya bambanta kalmomi waɗanda in ba haka ba sauti iri ɗaya ne. Misali, sautin "baa" da ake magana da sautuna daban-daban na iya nufin uba, fufu, biyu, jaka, sashin gashi, ko hauka . [12]
- Tsarin suna ya bambanta sosai. Misali, "ye" mutum na uku ne wanda ba shi da alaka da jinsi, wanda ya maye gurbin shi da ita a Turanci. A mutum na biyu, "wɛ᷅" yana nufin kai (mufurai), "we᷅e" yana nufin kai (jam'i) ba ni, "so᷅" yana nufin kai (muɗaɗɗa) da ni, kuma "se᷅e" yana nufin (kai (mufurai) da mu) ko (kai (jam'i) da ni) . Har ila yau, Limbum yana da karin magana, wanda Ingilishi ya rasa. [13]
- Siffai sukan bi sunan suna da suke gyarawa, kuma ana iya maimaita su don girmamawa. Misali "e ye bi boŋ " na nufin "shi-or-she yana cin kolanut mai kyau ," da "e ye bi boŋboŋ " na nufin "shi-or-she yana cin kolanut mai kyau ". [14]
- Ee–babu tambayoyi da aka samar kawai ta hanyar sanya kalmar a cikin sanarwa, kamar a cikin "Ndi a᷅ du a?", ma'ana "Ndi ya tafi, shin-haka ne?" kalma-da-kalma - da yawa ƙasa da rudani fiye da jujjuyawar magana-fi'ili na Turanci. [15] Negation yana kama da nahawu. [16]
- Rubuce-rubucen Limbum guda biyar ba su yi daidai da prepositions na Ingilishi da yawa ba:
- ni : alamar jagora, rakiya ko kayan aiki, kamar " ga shi" ko " tare da shi" a Turanci.
- mbe : alamar wuri, kamar " a cikin gidan" ko " kan kujera."
- mba : Alamar shugabanci ko wuri a ƙasan tudu, kamar " ƙasa-zuwa kwarin Tabenken."
- ko : alamar hanya ko wuri a wani tudu mafi girma, kamar " har zuwa Ndu."
- nje : alamar shugabanci, wuri ko tabbatarwa, kamar " a makaranta" ko " daga Douala." [17]
Misalin ƙamus
gyara sashe| mutum - mutum | fa - ba | ŋgʉp - tsuntsu | bokon - da kyau |
| njeŋwɛ᷅ - mace | ku - ci | nyaa - nama | boŋboŋ - yayi kyau sosai |
| mu - yaro | la ᷅ - say | kwaa᷅ - masara | bɛp - bad |
| ŋkar - aboki | fa᷅' - aiki | nda᷅p - gida | ba - biyu |
| ina - ina | ko᷅ŋ - so ko soyayya | famfo - bukka | tara - uku |
| ta baba | yi - see | afyoŋ - jirgin sama | ta - biyar |
| e - shi ko ita | rubuta - rubuta | ŋwa᷅' - harafi [18] |
Bayanan kula
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Limbum". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pool, p. 33.
- ↑ Kifon, p. 2-3.
- ↑ Pool, p. 32.
- ↑ Ndu.
- ↑ Nkambe.
- ↑ Fiore, p. 2.
- ↑ Nkwi, p. 149.
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 252.
- ↑ Ndi, p. 10 and 65.
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 157-158.
- ↑ Fiore, p. 78.
- ↑ Wepngong, p. 6.
- ↑ Nformi, p. 46-47
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 255.
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 259-260.
- ↑ Nformi, p. 58-62
- ↑ Ndi, throughout.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- Fiore, Lynne E. (January 1977). "A Phonology of Limbum (Nsungli)" (PDF). SIL. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
- "Ndu". United Councils and Cities of Cameroon. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
- "Nkambe". United Councils and Cities of Cameroon. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
- Wepngong, Ndi Francis (2011). "Pronominal and Possessive Referencing in Limbum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-18.