Harshen Foodo
Foodo ( ISO 639-3 fod) yaren Guang ne da ake magana da shi a ciki da wajen garin Sèmèrè a arewacin Benin . Akwai kusan masu magana 37,000 (daukar kididdigar kwanan nan da kuma ƙara kiyasin 3.2% na ci gaban shekara ga Benin [2] ). Kashi mai yawa na al'ummar kasar suna rayuwa fiye da kasarsu a wasu sassan Benin, da kuma makwabtan Togo, Najeriya, da Ghana . Akwai iya zama kamar 1,000 da ke zaune a Ghana .
| Harshen Foodo | |
|---|---|
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
fod |
| Glottolog |
food1238[1] |
Harshen ya samo asali ne a Ghana . Kimanin shekaru 200 zuwa 300 da suka gabata, gungun masu magana da harshen Guang sun yi hijira daga kudancin Ghana zuwa Sèmèrè tare da tsohuwar hanyar cinikin Cola wadda ta ratsa ta Togo da Benin zuwa Najeriya . [3] [4] Asalin asalin masu magana da Foodo iri-iri har yanzu ana riƙe su cikin sunayen dangi. " [5]
Bayanan zamantakewa gyara sashe
Foodo na ɗaya daga cikin harsunan ƙasar Benin . A cikin yanayin zamantakewar al'umma ta Benin ana fassara 'harshen ƙasa' da nufin duk harsunan Afirka da ake magana da su a cikin iyakokin ƙasar.
Foodo suna da kusanci na tarihi da al'adu ta hanyar Islama zuwa Tem (wanda aka fi sani da Kotokoli ), a ciki da wajen garin Sokode a Togo . Yawancin Foodo suna jin harsuna biyu a cikin Tem a matsayin yaren ciniki .
Binciken harshe gyara sashe
Foodo Publications gyara sashe
Fassarar sauti gyara sashe
Consonants gyara sashe
Foodo yana da wayoyin baki guda 24 . Bak'ak'en bak'ak'en bak'ak'e ana samunsu ne kawai a cikin kalmomin lamuni . [6]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial-velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsaya | mara murya | p p | t t | ku k | kp k͡p | ||
| murya | b b | d d | g g g | gb ɡ͡b | |||
| Ƙarfafawa | mara murya | f f | ku s | c t͡ʃ | h ( h</link> ) | ||
| murya | v ( v</link> ) | z ( z</link> ) | j d͡ʒ | ||||
| Nasal | m m | n n | ny ɲ | ŋ ŋ | ƙwanƙwasa ŋ͡m | ||
| Kusanci | l l</link> ina ( r</link> ) | y j | w w | ||||
Wasula gyara sashe
Kamar sauran harsunan Guang, Foodo yana da wasulan sauti guda tara . Tsawon wasali ya bambanta, yana haifar da jimlar wasula 18 . [6]
Gajeren wasali gyara sashe
| Gaba | Baya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ba a zagaye | Zagaye | |||
| - ATR | + ATR | - ATR | + ATR | |
| Kusa | ɪ ɪ | i i | ʊ ʊ | ku u |
| Tsakar | e ɛ | e e | ɔ ɔ | o o o |
| Bude | a a | |||
Dogayen wasali gyara sashe
| Gaba | Baya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ba a zagaye | Zagaye | |||||
| - ATR | + ATR | - ATR | + ATR | |||
| Kusa | ɪ: | i: | ʊ: | u: | ||
| Tsakar | ɛ: | e: | ɔ: | o: | ||
| Bude | a: | |||||
Sautuna gyara sashe
Foodo harshe ne na tonal, ma'ana ana amfani da bambance-bambancen sauti don bambanta kalma ɗaya daga wata. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya zama ƙamus ko na nahawu .
Akwai sautuna biyu, High (H) da Low (L).
Foodo kuma yana da gangaren ƙasa ta atomatik, inda H mai bin L koyaushe ana furta shi akan ƙaramin sauti fiye da na baya H a cikin jumlar sauti iri ɗaya . Matakan tonal da yawa suna faruwa da zarar an sanya kalmomi cikin mahallin. [7]
Tsarin haruffa gyara sashe
A cikin sifofin da ke ƙasa, akwai nau'o'in haruffa guda biyar masu yiwuwa: CV, CV:, CVV, CVC, V da VC. Ban da wasu nau'ikan suna, duka V da VC suna iyakance ga affixes . Baƙaƙe ɗaya kaɗai da ke faruwa a matsayin coda su ne hanci . [8]
Daidaiton wasali gyara sashe
Foodo yana da jituwa . Duk wasulan da ke cikin tushe sun yarda dangane da ingancinsu na ATR . Prefixes da yawancin suffixes suna karɓar fasalin su na ATR daga ingancin ATR na kara . Hakanan akwai wasu jujjuyawar wasali a cikin sunaye, amma wannan ya fi takurawa kuma galibi ya bambanta tsakanin masu magana. [9]
Rubutun Rubutu gyara sashe
Rubutun na Foodo yana amfani da ingantaccen rubutun Roman, yana ƙara haruffa daban-daban don wakiltar sautunan da ba sa faruwa a cikin harsunan Turai . [10]
Consonants gyara sashe
Wasula gyara sashe
Sautuna gyara sashe
Rubutun littafin Foodo yana nuna babban lafazi akan harafin farko na kalmar idan wannan harafin ya kasance H sautin, kuma ya bar duk sauran kalmomin ba su da alama. egá é ɛ́ í ɩ́ ó ɔ́ ú ʊ́ [10]
Nahawu gyara sashe
Darasi na suna gyara sashe
Foodo yana da nau'o'i goma. Yawancin sunaye sun ƙunshi tushe tare da prefix na aji da kuma suffix na aji. Amma ya fi dacewa a yi magana game da rarrabuwa ta dogara ne akan tsarin yarjejeniya maimakon kawai akan nau'in guda ɗaya. Ana haɗa Sunaye a cikin saiti daban-daban waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kalma da kuma a kan Wakilan anaphoric a waje da kalmar kalma.
Daidaitawa gyara sashe
Foodo yaren SVO ne. Kalmomin magana gabaɗaya jumla ce ta ƙarshe. Tsarin morphemes a cikin kalma na magana shine: batun anaphoric clitic — alama mara kyau — TAM — fi’ili stem — shugabanci. [11]
Haɗin Fi'ili gyara sashe
Misalin rubutu gyara sashe
Manazarta gyara sashe
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Foodo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Alexandratos, N. (ed.) (1995). World Agriculture Towards 2010: An FAO Study. New York: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and John Wiley and Sons.
- ↑ Cornevin, Robert. 1964. Contribution à l'etude des populations parlant des langues gouang au Togo et au Dahomey. Journal of African Languages 3:226-230.
- ↑ Bertho, J. 1951. Trois îlots linguistiques du Moyen-Dahomey: le Tshummbuli, le Bazantché, et le Basila. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 13:872-892.
- ↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.107-137.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.111.
- ↑ Plunkett, Gray C. (1991). The tone system of Foodo nouns: University of North Dakota. Masters thesis.
- ↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.114.
- ↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.112.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Zakari, Aboubakari & Gray Plunkett (1998). Guide pour lire et écrire le foodo, édition préliminaire. Sèmèrè par Djougou, Bénin: Commission Nationale de Linguistique Foodo en collaboration avec SIL.
- ↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.114-115.