Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, ko Fakhruddin Razi mutumin Farisa ne (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1150 ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1210) wanda ya kasance masanin tauhidi ya san shi sau da yawa, ya kasance mutumin farisa ne polymath, malamin addinin Islama kuma jagora ne na dabaru mai jan hankali. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce iri daban-daban a fannonin likitanci, ilmin kimiya, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari, ilimin sararin samaniya, adabi, tiyoloji, ilimin halayyar dan adam, falsafa, tarihi da fikihu . Ya kasance daya daga cikin magabata na farko da masu shakku wadanda suka zo da batun Multivers, kuma suka kwatanta shi da ilimin falaki na Al-Qur'ani . Mai musun samfurin duniya da kuma tunanin Aristotelian na wata duniya da ke zagaye da wata duniya, Al-Razi ya yi jayayya game da wanzuwar sararin samaniya sama da duniyar da aka sani.

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Ray (en) , 1150
Harshen uwa	Farisawa
Mutuwa	Herat, 1210
Karatu
Harsuna	Larabci Farisawa
Ɗalibai	view Ahmad ibn Khalil al-Khoei (en) Q55979645
Sana'a
Sana'a	mai falsafa, masanin lissafi, Ulama'u da Ilimin Taurari
Muhimman ayyuka	Tafsir al-Kabir (en) Asas al-Taqdis (en) Q22686141 Q22689563 Q12183369 Q54888132 Q120492072 Q120492082 Lumi' al-bayanat (en) Q120492116
Imani
Addini	Musulunci Ash'ari (en)

tambatin sunan fakht al-Din razi

An haifi Al-Razi ne a garin Rey na Iran, kuma ya mutu a Herat, Afghanistan . Ya bar tarin wadatar ayyukan falsafa da tiyoloji wadanda ke nuna tasiri daga ayyukan Avicenna, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī da al-Ghazali . Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa mai taken Mabāhith al-mashriqiyya fm 'ilm al-ilāhiyyāt wa-'l-tabi'iyyāt ( Nazarin Gabas a Metaphysics da Physics ) da al-Matālib al-'Aliya ( Batutuwa Mafi Girma ) galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi yawansu muhimman ayyukan falsafa.

Tarihin rayuwa

Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn a-Taymi al-Bakri a-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Tabaristani ( Larabci: أبو عبدالله محمد بن عمر بن الحسن بن الحسين بن علي التيمي البكري فخرالدین الرازی طبرستانی‎ الحسين بن علي التيمي البكري فخرالدین الرازی طبرستانی ) an haife shi (544 AH) zuwa ga wasu baƙi Larabawa daga ƙabilar Kuraishawa waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Rey a cikin Amol na Tabaristan ( Lardin Mazandaran na yau, Iran). Ya fara karatu ne tare da mahaifinsa, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn al-Makkī, shi kansa masanin sanannen martaba ne wanda a kwanan nan aka sake gano babban kwayar sa a kalam sannan daga baya a Merv da Maragheh, inda yake ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban. na Majd al-Din al-Jili, wanda kuma ya kasance almajirin al-Ghazali . Ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan makarantar tauhidin Ash'ari.

Tafsirinsa a kan Al-Qur'ani ya kasance mafi banbanci da yawa daga dukkan ayyukan da ke akwai, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da suka bayyana a baya. Ya dukufa ga karatun da yawa kuma ance ya kashe dukiya mai yawa akan gwaje-gwajen da ake yi a harkar sihiri . Ya koyar a Rey (Iran ta Tsakiya) da Ghazni (gabashin Afghanistan ), kuma ya zama shugaban jami’ar da Mohammed ibn Tukush ya kafa a Herat (yammacin Afghanistan).

A shekarun baya, ya kuma nuna sha'awar sufanci, kodayake wannan bai zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tunaninsa ba.

Babban Sharhi

Oneaya daga cikin nasarorin da Imam Razi ya samu shine aikin fassararsa na musamman akan Al-Qur'ani mai suna Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb ( Maɓallan Gaibu ) sannan daga baya ake masa laƙabi da Tafsīr al-Kabīr ( Babban Sharhi ), dalili ɗaya shine cewa ya kasance mujalladai 32 a tsayi. Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi yawancin sha'awar falsafa. Daya daga cikin "manyan damuwansa shi ne isar da hankali." Amincewarsa da asalin Alkurani ya girma tare da shekarunsa. " Babu shakka hankali da tunani irin na Al-Razi "yana da muhimmiyar matsayi a cikin bahasin a cikin al'adun Musulunci game da daidaita tunani da wahayi."

Ci gaban Al-Razi na Kalam (ilimin tauhidin karatuttukan musulinci) ya haifar da ci gaba da bunkasa ilimin tauhidi tsakanin musulmai. Razi ya ɗan sami lokuta daban-daban a cikin tunaninsa, wanda ya shafi mazhabar Ash'ari sannan daga baya al-Ghazali. Al-Razi yayi kokarin amfani da abubuwan Muʿtazila da Falsafah, kuma duk da cewa yana da wasu suka kan ibn Sina, amma Razi ya shafe shi matuka. Misali mafi mahimmanci wanda ya nuna kirkirar tunanin Razi na iya zama matsalar dawwama ta duniya da kuma alakarta da Allah. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake tsara hujjojin masana tauhidi da masana falsafa a kan wannan batun, ya tattara kuma ya yi nazarin dalilan bangarorin biyu sosai. Ya yi la’akari, a mafi yawancin, hujjar masana falsafa na har abada a duniya ya fi ƙarfin matsayin masu ilimin tauhidi na sanya fifikon yanayin duniya. A cewar Tony Street, bai kamata mu ga rayuwar Razi ta fa'ida ba ta tafiya daga ƙuruciya yar yare zuwa yanayin addini. Da alama ya ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban na makarantu daban-daban, irin na Mutazilite da Asharite, a cikin tafsirinsa, Babban Sharhin .

Ma'anar hangen nesa na duniyoyi da yawa

Al-Razi, a cikin ma'amalarsa game da tunaninsa na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma duniyar zahiri a cikin littafinsa na Matalib al-'Aliya, ya soki ra'ayin samfurin ƙasa a cikin sararin samaniya kuma "ya bincika ra'ayin kasancewar mutane da yawa a cikin yanayin sharhinsa. "a kan ayar Alqur'ani ," Dukkan godiya ta tabbata ga Allah, Ubangijin halittu. " Ya kiwata tambayar ko da kalmar " halittu " a cikin wannan aya tana nufin "mahara halittu a cikin wannan guda sararin samaniya ko halittu, ko don wasu kaunun ko wani multiverse bayan wannan da aka sani talikai."

Al-Razi states:

It is established by evidence that there exists beyond the world a void without a terminal limit (khala' la nihayata laha), and it is established as well by evidence that God Most High has power over all contingent beings (al-mumkinat ). Therefore He the Most High has the power (qadir ) to create millions of worlds (alfa alfi 'awalim) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has of the throne (al-arsh), the chair (al-kursiyy), the heavens (al-samawat ) and the earth (al-ard ), and the sun (al-shams) and the moon (al-qamar ). The arguments of the philosophers (dala'il al-falasifah) for establishing that the world is one are weak, flimsy arguments founded upon feeble premises.

Al-Razi ya yi watsi da ra'ayin Aristotelian da Avicennian na wata duniyan da ke zagaye da wata duniya. Ya bayyana manyan hujjarsu game da kasancewar duniyoyi masu yawa ko duniyoyi, yana mai nuna kasawarsu yana karyata su. Wannan kin amincewa ya samo asali ne daga tabbatar da kwayar zarra, kamar yadda mazhabar Ash'ari ta tauhidin Musulunci ta ba da shawara, wanda ya kunshi wanzuwar sarari inda kwayoyin halitta ke motsawa, haduwa da rabuwa. . Ya tattauna more a kan batun na wõfintattu - da komai a sarari tsakanin taurari da kuma waɗansu masaukai a cikin sararin samaniya, dake dauke da 'yan ko babu taurari - a mafi girma, daki-daki, a juz'i na 5 na Matalib. Yayi jayayya cewa akwai sararin samaniya mara iyaka wanda ya wuce duniyar da aka sani, kuma cewa Allah yana da iko ya cika wurin da duniyoyin da basu da iyaka.

Jerin ayyuka

Al-Razi ya yi rubuce-rubuce sama da ɗari a kan batutuwa daban-daban. Manyan ayyukansa sun hada da:

• <i id="mwug">Tafsir al-Kabir</i> ( <i id="mwuw">Babban Sharhi</i> ) (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Mafatih al-Ghayb )
• Asas al-Taqdis ( Gidauniyar Bayyanar da Rahamar Allah) Hujja ta Ibn Khuzayma, da Karramites, da Anthropomorphists
• 'Aja'ib al-Kur'ani ( Sirrin Alƙur'ani )
• Al-Bayan wa al-Burhan fi al-Radd 'ala Ahl al-Zaygh wa al-Tughyan
• Al-Mahsul fi 'Ilm al-Usul
• Al-Muwakif fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
• 'Ilm al-Akhlaq ( Kimiyyar Da'a )
• Kitab al-Firasa ( Littafin Firasa )
• Kitab al-Mantiq al-Kabir ( Babban Littafin kan Manhaji )
• Kitab al-nafs wa'l-ruh wa sharh quwa-huma ( Littafin kan Rai da Ruhu da Iliminsu )
• Mabahith al-mashriqiyya fi 'ilm al-ilahiyyat wa-'l-tabi'iyyat ( Nazarin Gabas a fannin ilimin Jima'i da Jiki)
• Al-Matālib al-'Āliyyah min al- 'ilm al-ilahī ( Batutuwan Mafi Girma ) - aikinsa na ƙarshe. Al-Razi ya rubuta al-Matālib yayin rubuta al-Tafsir kuma ya mutu kafin ya kammala duka ayyukan biyu.
• Muhassal afkar al-mutaqaddimin wa-'l-muta’akhkhirin ( Girbi / Gwanin Tunanin Magabata da na Zamani)
• Nihayat al 'Uqul fi Dirayat al-Usul
• Risala al-Huduth
• Sharh al-Isharat ( Sharhin al-Isharat wa-al-Tanbihat na Ibnu Sina )
• Sharh Asma 'Allah al-Husna ( Sharhin Asma' Allah al-Husna )
• Sharh Kulliyyat al-Qanun fi al-Tibb ( Sharhin Canon Magani )
• Sharh Nisf al-Wajiz li'l-Ghazali ( Sharhin Nisf al-Wajiz na Al-Ghazali )
• Sharh Uyun al-Hikmah ( Sharhin Uyun al-Hikmah )

Duba kuma

• Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
• Jerin masana tauhidi na musulmai
• Jerin masana kimiyyar Iran
• Astronomy a zamanin da na Musulunci
• Cosmology a cikin na da Musulunci
• Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi
• Nur al-Din al-Sabuni

Bibliography

Don rayuwarsa da rubuce-rubucensa, duba:

• GC Anawati, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi a cikin The Encyclopedia of Islam, bugu na 2, ed. by HAR Gibbs, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1960-2002) juzu'i. 2, shafi na 751-5.

Don rubuce-rubucen sa na bokanci da sihiri, duba:

• Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband VI, Abschnitt 2 (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1972), shafi na. 388–390.

Don rubutunsa akan ilimin motsa jiki, duba:

• Yusef Mourad, La physiognomie arabe et le Kitab al-firasa de Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Paris, 1939).

Hanyoyin haɗin waje

• Muslimphilosophy.com: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
• Tarihin sa Archived 2016-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
• Wani Tarihin GF Haddâd Archived 2006-09-19 at the Wayback Machine