Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (/poʊ/; né Edgar Poe; 19 ga Janairu, 1809-Oktoba 7, 1849) marubuci ne kuma Ba'amurke ne, mawaƙi, edita, kuma mai literary critic. Poe ya fi shahara da wakoki da gajerun labarai, musamman tatsuniyoyi na asiri da macabre. Ana ɗaukansa a matsayin babban jigo na Romanticism a Amurka, da kuma adabin Amurka. Poe ya kasance daya daga cikin jiga-jigan kasar da suka fara aiwatar da takaitaccen labari, kuma ana daukarsu a matsayin wanda ya kirkiri nau'in almara na bincike, da kuma bayar da gudummawa sosai ga fitowar nau'in almara na kimiyya. [1] Poe shine sanannen marubuci ɗan Amurka na farko da ya sami abin rayuwa ta hanyar rubutu kaɗai, wanda ya haifar da rayuwa mai wahala da aiki. [2]
An haifi Poe a Boston, shine ɗa na biyu ɗan wasan kwaikwayo David da Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe . Mahaifinsa ya watsar da iyali a cikin 1810, kuma lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekara ta gaba, John da Frances Allan na Richmond, Virginia sun dauki Poe. Ba su taɓa ɗauke shi ba, amma yana tare da su har ya kai ƙarami. Ya halarci Jami'ar Virginia amma ya tafi bayan shekara guda saboda rashin kudi. Ya yi rigima da John Allan kan kuɗaɗen iliminsa, da basussukan caca. A cikin karni na 1827, bayan ya shiga cikin Sojan Amurka a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ɗauka, ya buga tarinsa na farko Tamerlane and other poems wanda aka lasafta kawai ga "dan Boston". Poe da Allan sun sami kusanci na ɗan lokaci bayan mutuwar matar Allan a 1829. Daga baya Poe ya gaza a matsayin jami'in jami'a a West Point, ya bayyana burinsa na zama mawaƙi kuma marubuci, kuma ya rabu da Allan.
Poe ya mayar da hankalinsa zuwa ga larura kuma ya shafe shekaru masu zuwa yana aiki ga mujallu na wallafe-wallafe da na lokaci-lokaci, ya zama sananne saboda salon sukar wallafe-wallafe. Ayyukansa sun tilasta masa ƙaura zuwa birane da yawa, ciki har da Baltimore, Philadelphia, da New York City. A 1836, ya auri ''yar uwarsa mai shekaru 13, Virginia Clemm, amma ta mutu da tarin fuka a 1847. A cikin Janairu 1845, Poe ya buga waƙarsa "The Raven" don samun nasara nan take. Ya shirya tsawon shekaru don samar da nasa mujallar The Penn (daga baya aka sake masa suna The Stylus), amma kafin a iya samar da shi, ya mutu a Baltimore a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, 1849, yana da shekaru 40, a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu ban mamaki. Har yanzu dai ba a san musabbabin mutuwarsa ba, kuma an danganta shi da dalilai daban-daban da suka hada da cututtuka, shaye-shaye, shaye-shaye, da kashe kai. [3]
Poe da ayyukansa sun rinjayi wallafe-wallafe a duniya, da kuma fannoni na musamman irin su ilmin sararin samaniya da cryptography. Shi da aikinsa suna fitowa a cikin shahararrun al'adu a cikin adabi, kiɗa, fina-finai, da talabijin. Yawancin gidajen sa kayan tarihi ne na sadaukarwa. Marubutan Mystery na Amurka suna ba da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara da aka sani da lambar yabo ta Edgar don fitattun ayyuka a cikin nau'in asiri.
Ƙuruciya gyara sashe
An haifi Edgar Poe a Boston, Massachusetts a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, 1809, ɗa na biyu ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka David Poe Jr. da kuma 'yar wasan Ingila Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. Yana da ƙani, William, da ƙanwarsa, Rosalie. [4] Kakansu, David Poe, ya yi hijira daga County Cavan, Ireland, kusan 1750. [5]
Mahaifinsa ya watsar da iyalinsa a cikin karni na 1810, [6] kuma mahaifiyarsa ta mutu bayan shekara guda daga sha (cututtukan huhu). Daga nan aka kai Poe zuwa gidan John Allan, ɗan kasuwa mai nasara a Richmond, Virginia, wanda ke yin ciniki da kayayyaki iri-iri, gami da tufa, alkama, duwatsun kabari, taba, da bayi. [7] Allans sun yi aiki a matsayin dangi na reno kuma sun ba shi suna "Edgar Allan Poe", [8] ko da yake ba su taɓa karɓe shi ba. [5]
Iyalin Allan sun yi wa Poe baftisma a cikin Cocin Episcopal a 1812. John Allan ya ɓata kuma ya ladabtar da ɗan renonsa. [8] Iyalin sun yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1815, kuma Poe ya halarci makarantar nahawu na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland (inda aka haifi Allan) kafin ya koma cikin iyali a London a 1816. A can ya yi karatu a makarantar kwana a Chelsea har zuwa lokacin rani na 1817. Daga baya an shigar da shi a Makarantar Manor House ta Reverend John Bransby a Stoke Newington, sannan wani yanki 4 miles (6 km) arewacin London. [9]
Poe ya koma tare da Allans zuwa Richmond a 1820. A cikin 1824, ya yi aiki a matsayin laftanar mai gadin matasa na Richmond yayin da birnin ke bikin ziyarar Marquis de Lafayette. [10] A cikin watan Maris 1825, kawun Allan kuma dan kasuwa William Galt ya mutu, wanda aka ce yana daya daga cikin mafi arziki a Richmond, [7] ya bar Allan da yawa kadada na dukiya. An kiyasta gadon akan $750,000 (equivalent to $18,000,000 a 2021). A lokacin bazara 1825, Allan ya yi bikin yalwar arzikinsa ta hanyar siyan gidan bulo mai hawa biyu mai suna Moldavia. [9]
Wataƙila Poe ya yi hulɗa da Sarah Elmira Royster kafin ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Virginia a watan Fabrairun 1826 don nazarin tsoffin harsuna da na zamani. [9] [11] Jami'ar tana cikin ƙuruciyarta, an kafa ta bisa manufofin wanda ya kafa ta Thomas Jefferson. Tana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi game da caca, dawakai, bindigogi, taba, da barasa, amma waɗannan ƙa'idodin an yi watsi da su. Jefferson ya kafa tsarin mulkin kansa na ɗalibai, yana ba wa ɗalibai damar zaɓar karatun nasu, yin nasu shirye-shiryen shiga, da kuma kai rahoton duk wani laifi ga malamai. Tsarin na musamman yana cikin hargitsi, kuma an sami raguwar yawan ficewa. [7] A lokacin da yake can, Poe ya rasa hulɗa da Royster kuma ya rabu da mahaifinsa mai reno kan bashin caca. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Allan bai ba shi isassun kuɗi don yin rajista don yin karatu ba, siyan rubutu, da sayan da kuma samar da ɗakin kwana. Allan ya aika ƙarin kuɗi da tufafi, amma Poe bashi ya karu. [9] Poe ya daina shiga jami'a bayan shekara guda amma bai ji maraba da komawa Richmond ba, musamman lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa ƙaunataccensa Royster ya auri wani mutum, Alexander Shelton. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Boston a cikin Afrilu 1827, yana mai da kansa da ayyuka marasa kyau a matsayin magatakarda kuma marubucin jarida, [12] kuma ya fara amfani da sunan mai suna Henri Le Rennet a wannan lokacin. [9]
Manazarta gyara sashe
- ↑ Stableford 2003.
- ↑ Meyers 1992
- ↑ Meyers 1992
- ↑ Allen 1927
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Quinn 1998.
- ↑ Canada 1997.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Meyers 1992.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Meyers 1992
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Silverman 1991.
- ↑ PoeMuseum.org 2006.
- ↑ University of Virginia. A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1st, 1826. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Printing House, 1880, p. 10
- ↑ Meyers 1992