Yin allurar rigakafi
'Yin allurar rigakafi', Ya kasance shine tsarin yin rigakafi mutum ya zama mai ƙarfi akan wakili mai kamuwa da cuta (wanda aka sani da immunogen).
 immunization | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
immune system process (en)  |
| WordLift URL (en) | http://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/immunizations |
| NCI Thesaurus ID (en) | C15258 |
Lokacin da wannan tsarin ya fallasa ga kwayoyin da ba su da kyau ga jiki, wanda ake kira wadanda ba su da kai, zai tsara amsawar rigakafi, kuma zai haɓaka ikon amsawa da sauri ga haɗuwa da gaba saboda ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafin. Wannan aiki ne na tsarin rigakafin rigakafi. Saboda haka, ta hanyar fallasa mutum, ko dabba, ga rigakafin jiki a hanyar da aka sarrafa, jikinsa na iya koyon kare kansa: wannan ana kiransa rigakafin aiki.
Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na tsarin rigakafin da aka inganta ta hanyar rigakafi sune sel T, sel B, da antibodies B cells da ke samarwa. Kwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya B da ƙwaƙwalyar ajiya T suna da alhakin amsawa cikin sauri ga gamuwa ta biyu tare da kwayar kasashen waje. Rigakafin rigakafi shine gabatarwar waɗannan abubuwa kai tsaye a cikin jiki, maimakon samar da waɗannan abubuwa ta jiki kanta.
Rigakafin yana faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, a cikin daji da kuma yadda aka yi ta hanyar kokarin mutum a cikin kiwon lafiya. Ana samun Rigakafin halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin da tsarin rigakafin su ya yi nasara wajen yaki da kamuwa da cuta ta baya, idan kwayar cutar ta dace ita ce wacce rigakafin zai yiwu. Rigakafin halitta na iya samun digiri na tasiri (na bangare maimakon cikakke) kuma yana iya ɓacewa cikin lokaci (a cikin watanni, shekaru, ko shekarun da suka gabata, dangane da kwayar cutar). A cikin kiwon lafiya, babbar hanyar shigar da rigakafi na wucin gadi ita ce allurar rigakafi, [1] wanda shine babban nau'in rigakafin cututtuka, ko ta hanyar rigakafin kamuwa da cuta (pathogen ya kasa samun isasshen haifuwa a cikin mai karɓar bakuncin), rigakafin mummunar cuta (ciwon lafiya har yanzu yana faruwa amma ba mai tsanani ba), ko duka biyun. Allurar rigakafi game da cututtukan da za a iya hanawa shine babban taimako daga Nauyin cuta duk da cewa yawanci ba zai iya kawar da cutar ba. Allurar rigakafi ga microorganisms da ke haifar da cututtuka na iya shirya tsarin rigakafin jiki, don haka taimakawa wajen yaki ko hana kamuwa da cuta. Gaskiyar cewa maye gurbi zai iya haifar da ƙwayoyin ciwon daji don samar da sunadarai ko wasu kwayoyin da aka sani ga jiki sun zama tushen ka'idoji domin maganin rigakafin ciwon daji. Ana iya amfani da wasu kwayoyin don rigakafi, misali a cikin allurar rigakafin gwaji akan nicotine (NicVAX) ko hormone ghrelin a cikin gwaje-gwaje don ƙirƙirar allurar rigakawa ta kiba.
Sau da yawa ana bayyana rigakafi a ko'ina a matsayin mafi ƙarancin haɗari kuma hanya ce mai sauƙi domin zama rigakafi ga wani cuta fiye da haɗarin nau'in cutar kanta. Suna da mahimmanci ga manya da yara saboda suna iya kare mu daga cututtuka da yawa a can. Rigakafin ba wai kawai yana kare yara daga cututtukan da ke kashewa ba har ma yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa tsarin rigakafin yara.[2] Ta hanyar amfani da rigakafi, an kusan kawar da wasu cututtuka da cututtuka a duk faɗin duniya. Misali daya shine cutar shan inna. Godiya ga masu kula da kiwon lafiya da suka ba da kansu da kuma iyayen yara da suka yi allurar rigakafi a kan jadawalin, an kawar da cutar shan inna a Amurka tun 1979. Har yanzu ana samun cutar Polio a wasu sassan duniya don haka wasu mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin samun ta. Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da ba su taɓa samun allurar rigakafin ba, waɗanda ba su karɓi duk allurar rigakanin ba, ko waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa yankunan duniya inda cutar shan inna ke ci gaba.
An sanya wa rigakafi / allurar rigakafi suna daya daga cikin "Babban Ayyuka Goma na Lafiya na Jama'a a cikin karni na 20".
Tarihi
gyara sasheKafin gabatar da allurar rigakafi, mutane za su iya zama masu rigakafi ga cutar da ke yaduwa ta hanyar kamuwa da cutar kuma su tsira daga gare ta. An hana kyanda (variola) ta wannan hanyar ta hanyar rigakafi, wanda ya haifar da sakamako mai sauƙi fiye da cutar ta halitta. Marubucin kasar Sin Wan Quan (1499-1582) ne ya fara ambaton maganin kyanda a cikin littafinsa Douzhen xinfa wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1549.[3] A kasar Sin, an busa ma'adanai na kyanda a hanci na masu lafiya. Marasa lafiya za su kamu da cutar kuma daga wannan lokacin sun kasance masu rigakafi ga shi. Hanyar tana da yawan mace-mace 0.5-2.0%, amma wannan ya kasance ƙasa da yawan mace'i 20-30% na cutar kanta. Rahotanni biyu game da aikin rigakafi kasar Sin sun karbi Royal Society a London a cikin 1700; daya daga Dr. Martin Lister wanda ya karbi rahoto daga wani ma'aikacin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya da ke zaune a China da kuma wani daga Clopton Havers.[4] A cewar Voltaire (1742), Turks sun samo amfani da rigakafin su daga makwabciyar Circassia. Voltaire bai yi hasashe game da inda Circassians suka samo dabararsu ba, kodayake ya ba da rahoton cewa Sinawa sun yi amfani da shi "shekaru ɗari".[5] Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ce ta gabatar da shi zuwa Ingila daga Turkiyya a cikin 1721 kuma Zabdiel Boylston ne ya yi amfani da shi a Boston a wannan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta 1798 Edward Jenner ya gabatar da rigakafi tare da cowpox (allpox allurar rigakafi), hanya mafi aminci. Wannan hanya, wanda ake kira allurar rigakafi, a hankali ya maye gurbin allurar riguna, wanda yanzu ake kira variolation don rarrabe shi daga allurar rigakawa. Har zuwa shekarun 1880 allurar rigakafi / allurar rig rigakafi ana magana ne kawai game da kyanda, amma Louis Pasteur ya haɓaka hanyoyin rigakafi don kwalara da anthrax a cikin dabbobi da kuma rabies na ɗan adam, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a faɗaɗa kalmomin allurar rigakawa / allurar allurar rigako don rufe sabbin hanyoyin. Wannan na iya haifar da rikice-rikice idan ba a kula da shi ba don bayyana wane allurar rigakafin da ake amfani da ita misali allurar riguna ko allurar rigakawa ta mura.
Yayin yin allurar rigakafi
gyara sashe
Ana iya samun rigakafi ta hanyar aiki ko ba ta aiki: rigakafi wani nau'i ne na magani.
Rigakafin rigakafi
gyara sashe
Rigakafin rigakafi na iya faruwa ta halitta lokacin da mutum ya haɗu da, alal misali, kwayar cuta. Tsarin rigakafi zai haifar da rigakafi da sauran kariya daga kwayar cuta. A karo na gaba, maganin rigakafi akan wannan kwayar cuta na iya zama mai inganci sosai; wannan shine yanayin a yawancin cututtukan yara waɗanda mutum ya kamu da su sau ɗaya kawai, amma kuma yana da rigakafi.
Rigakafin rigakafi na wucin gadi shine inda ake yin allurar kwayar cuta, ko wasu sassanta, a cikin mutum kafin su iya ɗaukar shi ta halitta. Idan aka yi amfani da kwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya, ana kula da su.
Muhimmancin rigakafi yana da girma sosai har Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka sun kira shi daya daga cikin "Babban Ayyukan Lafiya na Jama'a Goma a Karni na 20".[6]Allurar rigakafin da aka rage su sun rage pathogenicity. Tasirin su ya dogara da ikon tsarin rigakafi don sakewa kuma yana haifar da martani mai kama da kamuwa da cuta ta halitta. Yawancin lokaci yana da tasiri tare da kashi ɗaya. Misalan rigakafin rigakafi masu rai, sun hada da kyanda, mumps, rubella, MMR, zazzabin rawaya, varicella, Rutavirus, da mura (LAIV).
Rigakafin rigakafi
gyara sasheRigakafin rigakafi shine inda ake canja abubuwan da aka riga aka haɗa na tsarin rigakafi zuwa mutum don jiki ba ya buƙatar samar da waɗannan abubuwa da kansa. A halin yanzu, ana iya amfani da magungunan rigakafi don rigakafi. Wannan hanyar rigakafi ta fara aiki da sauri, amma ba ta da tsawo, saboda rigakafin sun lalace, kuma idan babu sel B don samar da ƙarin rigakafi, za su ɓace.
Rigakafin rigakafi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ilimin lissafi, lokacin da aka canja magungunan rigakafi daga uwa zuwa tayin a lokacin daukar ciki, don kare tayin kafin da jim kadan bayan haihuwa.
Ana gudanar da rigakafin rigakafi na wucin gadi ta hanyar allurar kuma ana amfani da shi idan an samu barkewar wata cuta ta baya-bayan nan ko kuma a matsayin magani na gaggawa don guba, kamar yadda yake ga tetanus. Ana iya samar da magungunan rigakafi a cikin dabbobi, wanda ake kira "serum therapy", kodayake akwai babban damar firgici na anaphylactic saboda rigakafin rigakafin dabba kanta. Domin haka, ana amfani da magungunan rigakafi da aka samar a cikin vitro ta hanyar al'adun sel a maimakon haka idan akwai.
Tattalin arzikin rigakafi
gyara sashe
Kyakkyawan waje
gyara sasheRigakafin yana sanya abin da aka sani da kyakkyawan kayan masarufi a kan al'umma. Baya ga samar da mutum kariya daga wasu antigens yana ƙara kariya mafi girma ga duk sauran mutane a cikin al'umma ta hanyar rigakafin garken. Saboda wannan karin kariya ba a lissafa shi ba a cikin ma'amaloli na kasuwa don rigakafi muna ganin rashin darajar fa'idar kowane rigakafi. Wannan gazawar kasuwa ta samo asali ne daga mutane da ke yanke shawara bisa ga fa'idodi masu zaman kansu maimakon fa'idorin zamantakewa. Rashin darajar rigakafin al'umma yana nufin cewa ta hanyar ma'amaloli na kasuwa na yau da kullun muna ƙare a adadi wanda ya fi ƙasa da abin da ya fi dacewa a cikin al'umma.[7]
Misali, idan mutum A yana darajar rigakafin kansa ga antigen a $ 100 amma rigakafin yana da tsada $ 150, mutum A zai yanke shawarar karɓar rigakafin. Koyaya, idan ƙarin fa'idar rigakafin garken yana nufin mutum B yana darajar rigakafin mutum A a $ 70 to jimlar fa'idar zamantakewar jama'a ta rigakafin su shine $ 170. Amfanin da mutum A ke da shi na sirri yana da ƙasa da fa'idar da ke cikin zamantakewa yana haifar da rashin amfani da rigakafi.
Sakamakon mafi kyau na zamantakewa
gyara sasheSamun fa'idodi masu zaman kansu da ke ƙasa da fa'idori masu zaman kansu koyaushe zai haifar da rashin amfani da kowane abu. Girman bambancin ya ƙayyade ta ƙimar da al'umma ke sanyawa akan kowane rigakafi daban-daban. Sau da yawa, rigakafi ba su kai ga mafi kyawun zamantakewa ba don kawar da antigen. Maimakon haka, sun kai yawan jama'a wanda ke ba da damar adadi mafi kyau na marasa lafiya. Yawancin cututtukan da aka saba amfani da su a Amurka har yanzu suna ganin karamin kasancewar tare da manyan barkewar cututtuka. Measles misali ne mai kyau na cutar wanda mafi kyawun zamantakewa ya bar isasshen wuri don barkewar cutar a Amurka wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa.[8]
Har ila yau, akwai misalai na cututtuka masu haɗari da cewa mafi kyawun zamantakewa ya ƙare tare da kawar da kwayar cuta, kamar kyanda. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, fa'idar zamantakewar jama'a tana da yawa sosai har al'umma tana shirye ta biya kuɗin don isa matakin rigakafin da ke sa yaduwar cutar ba zai yiwu ba.
Duk da tsananin wasu cututtuka, farashin rigakafi da fa'idar zamantakewa yana nufin cewa kawar da duka ba koyaushe ba ne ƙarshen burin rigakafi. Kodayake yana da wahala a faɗi daidai inda sakamakon mafi kyau na zamantakewa yake, mun san cewa ba kawar da duk cututtukan da ke da rigakafi ba.
Yin amfani da waje
gyara sasheDon shigar da ingancin waje mai kyau wanda aka sanya ta hanyar rigakafin biyan kuɗi daidai da fa'idar gefe dole ne a yi. A cikin ƙasashe kamar Amurka waɗannan biyan kuɗi yawanci suna zuwa ta hanyar tallafi daga gwamnati. Kafin 1962 ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen rigakafi a Amurka a matakin kananan hukumomi da jihohi. Rashin daidaituwa a cikin tallafi ya haifar da wasu yankuna na Amurka su kai ga mafi kyawun zamantakewa yayin da aka bar wasu yankuna ba tare da tallafi ba kuma sun kasance a matakin fa'ida mai zaman kansa na rigakafi. Tun daga shekara ta 1962 da Dokar Taimako ta Allurar rigakafi, Amurka gabaɗaya tana motsawa zuwa ga sakamako mafi kyau na zamantakewa a kan sikelin da ya fi girma.[9] Duk da tallafin gwamnati yana da wahala a faɗi lokacin da aka cimma mafi kyawun zamantakewa. Baya ga wahalar da ke ƙayyade fa'idar zamantakewar zamantakewa ta gaskiya ta rigakafi muna ganin ƙungiyoyin al'adu suna canza hanyoyin fa'ida masu zaman kansu. Rashin jituwa na rigakafi ya canza yadda wasu 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu ke kallon fa'idar da aka yi wa rigakafi. Idan Mutum A ya yi imanin cewa akwai babban haɗarin lafiya, mai yiwuwa ya fi antigen kanta girma, wanda ke da alaƙa da rigakafi ba za su yarda su biya ko karɓar rigakafi. Tare da ƙananan mahalarta da kuma fa'idar da ke ƙaruwa wanda ya kai ga mafi kyawun zamantakewa ya zama da wahala ga gwamnatoci su cimma ta hanyar tallafi.
Baya ga sa hannun gwamnati ta hanyar tallafi, kungiyoyin da ba su da riba na iya motsa al'umma zuwa ga sakamako mafi kyau na zamantakewa ta hanyar samar da rigakafi kyauta ga yankuna masu tasowa. Ba tare da ikon samar da rigakafin da za a fara ba, al'ummomin da ke tasowa ba za su iya kaiwa ga adadin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar fa'idodi masu zaman kansu ba. Ta hanyar gudanar da shirye-shiryen rigakafi kungiyoyi suna iya motsa al'ummomin da ba su da rigakafi zuwa ga mafi kyawun zamantakewa.
Tsere, kabilanci da rigakafi
gyara sasheA Amurka, kabilanci da kabilanci sune mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da amfani da sabis na kiwon lafiya na rigakafi da warkewa da kuma sakamakon kiwon lafiya.[10] Yawan mutuwar jarirai da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar gaba ɗaya sun fi girma a cikin 'yan Afirka na Amurka fiye da na' yan Turai na Amurka. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan game da mace-mace daga mura da cutar huhu ya nuna cewa 'yan Afirka na Amurka sun mutu daga waɗannan dalilai a mafi girma fiye da' yan Turai a cikin 1999-2018.[11] Gudanar da waɗannan bambance-bambance na launin fata shine ƙananan rigakafi akan mura da cutar huhu.[12] A lokacin annobar COVID-19, yawan mace-mace ya fi girma a cikin 'yan Afirka na Amurka fiye da' yan Turai kuma yawan allurar rigakafi ya ragu a cikin' yan Afirka na Afirka a lokacin fitarwa.[13] Daga cikin Hispanics yawan rigakafin sun fi ƙasa da waɗanda ba na Hispanic ba.[13]
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Rubuce-rubucen rigakafi
- Allurar rigakafin mura
- Ka'idar cibiyar sadarwa
- Cutar annoba
- Shirye-shiryen rigakafi
- Allurar rigakafi
- Haɗin rigakafi
- Cututtukan da za a iya hanawa
- Makon rigakafi na Duniya
Haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa don Bayanan rigakafi (Nii)
- Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka na Kasa
- Rigakafin, Tattaunawar BBC Radio 4 tare da Nadja Durbach, Chris Dye & Sanjoy Bhattacharya (A lokacinmu, Afrilu 20, 2006)
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
- ↑ "Top Vaccination For Your Child". Vaxins. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ↑ Needham, J. (1999). "Part 6, Medicine". Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
- ↑ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780080919461.
- ↑ Voltaire (1742). "Letter XI". Letters on the English. Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- ↑ "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century". Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. CDC
- ↑ Hinman, A. R.; Orenstein, W. A.; Rodewald, L. (2004-05-15). "Financing Immunizations in the United States". Clinical Infectious Diseases (in Turanci). 38 (10): 1440–1446. doi:10.1086/420748. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 15156483.
- ↑ Cook, Joseph; Jeuland, Marc; Maskery, Brian; Lauria, Donald; Sur, Dipika; Clemens, John; Whittington, Dale (2009). "Using private demand studies to calculate socially optimal vaccine subsidies in developing countries". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 28 (1): 6–28. doi:10.1002/pam.20401. ISSN 0276-8739. PMID 19090047.
- ↑ "Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Immunizations, and MMWR – 1961–2011". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-05-06. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
- ↑ Health United States 2017 With special feature on mortality. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2018.
- ↑ Donaldson, Sahai V.; Thomas, Alicia N.; Gillum, Richard F.; Mehari, Alem (January 2021). "Geographic Variation in Racial Disparities in Mortality From Influenza and Pneumonia in the United States in the Pre-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era". Chest. 159 (6): 2183–2190. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.12.029. PMID 33400931.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Bassett, Mary T.; Chen, Jarvis T.; Krieger, Nancy (20 October 2020). "Variation in racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality by age in the United States: A cross-sectional study". PLOS Medicine. 17 (10): e1003402. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003402. PMC 7575091. PMID 33079941.