William Langer
William "Wild Bill" Langer (30 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1886 – 8 ga watan Nuwamban 1959) shahararren lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Amurka daga Dakota ta Arewa . Langer na ɗaya daga cikin haruffa masu ban sha'awa a tarihin Dakota ta Arewa, wanda ya fi shahara da dawowa daga wata badakalar da ta tilasta shi fita daga ofishin gwamna da kuma fuskantar gwaji da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna na 17 da 21 na Arewacin Dakota daga shekarar 1932 zuwa shekara ta 1934 da kuma daga shekarar 1937 zuwa shekara ta 1939. Langer yayi aiki a majalisar dattijan Amurka daga 1941 har zuwa rasuwarsa a ofishi a shekarar 1959. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar dattijai an fi saninsa da adawa sosai da duk wani shigar sojan Amurka a cikin lamuran duniya, yayin da masu adawa da shi suka kira shi mai nuna wariya.
Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da kuma saurin aiki
gyara sashe
Langer an haife shi ne a ranar 30 ga Satan Satumba, shekarar 1886 kusa da Casselton, Dakota Territory, ga Ba’amurke-Ba’amurke Frank da Mary (Weber) Langer. Mahaifinsa Katolika, Frank Langer, ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki ta farko ta jihar Dakota ta Arewa. William, wanda yayi magana da Jamusanci sosai, [1] kasance babban malami na babban sakandaren Casselton bayan kammala karatu a shekarar 1904. Ya sami digiri na farko na dokoki daga Jami'ar North Dakota a Grand Forks, amma ya yi ƙuruciya bayan kammala karatunsa don yin aikin lauya. Don haka ya ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na farko a Columbia, inda ya kammala a saman darasinsa a shekarar 1910. Kodayake an ba shi mukami a wani sanannen kamfanin lauya na New York, amma ya zabi ya koma North Dakota, inda ya yi aikin lauya a garin Mandan kafin fara aikinsa a siyasa.
Rayuwar mutum
gyara sasheLanger ya auri Lydia Cady, diyar mai tsara gine-ginen New York J. Cleaveland Cady, a shekarar 1918, kuma tana da ‘ya’ya mata hudu, Emma, Lydia, Mary, da Cornelia (wacce ta zama matar fentin mai zane Kenneth Noland ).
Ayyuka
gyara sasheA cikin shekarar 1914, an nada Langer a matsayin lauyan jihar Morton County kuma yana daya daga cikin tsirarun manoma a tikitin jihar na Nonpartisan League Republican 1916. An zabe shi a matsayin babban lauyan gwamnati kamar yadda sabuwar jam'iyyar NPL ta kafu har ta kai ga nasara a zaben shekarar 1916, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta yi arangama da wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar kuma jagoran cinikayyar Arthur C. Townley . Zuwa shekarar 1920, Langer yana zargin Townley da Bolshevism a bainar jama'a, kuma ya gaza a kamfen na farko don maye gurbin gwamna NPL mai ci Lynn Frazier a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar. Hutun da Langer ya yi tare da shugabancin NPL ya kasance abin nuni ne game da rikice-rikicen da ya iyakance tasirin tasirin jam'iyyar a ƙarshen siyasar Dakota ta Arewa.
Gwamna
gyara sasheLanger eventually mended his rift with the NPL and was elected governor of North Dakota in 1932. As governor, Langer in 1933 required all state employees to donate part of their annual salaries to the NPL and to the Leader, a weekly newspaper owned by high-ranking officials in his administration. Collecting this money was not prohibited by state law and was a common, traditional practice. But when donations were made by highway department employees, who were paid through federal relief programs, the U.S. Attorney for North Dakota, P. W. Lanier, charged that the donations constituted a conspiracy to defraud the federal government. Brought to trial in 1934, Langer and five co-conspirators were convicted. The trial was presided over by Judge Andrew Miller and prosecuted by Lanier, two of Langer's strongest political opponents in the state.
Shari'ar farko ta kasance cike da kurakurai na tsari waɗanda suka sa ba ta da amfani a kan ɗaukaka ƙara, gami da zaɓi mara kyau da magudi (ana zargin masu yanke hukunci suna da son zuciya na Langer kuma Lanier ne ya zaɓe su hannu) da kuma nuna son kai da kuma umarnin juri.
Saboda wannan babban laifi, Kotun Koli ta Arewacin Dakota ta ba da umarnin a cire Langer daga mukaminsa, kuma a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1934, Kotun ta ayyana Laftanar Gwamna Ole H. Olson a matsayin halattaccen gwamna. Langer ya hallara tare da abokai kusan goma, ya bayyana Arewacin Dakota mai cin gashin kansa, ya ayyana dokar yaƙi, kuma ya toshe kansa a cikin gidan gwamnan har sai Kotun Supremeoli za ta sadu da shi. Daga ƙarshe ya tuba, kuma Olson ya yi sauran ragowar lokacin Langer a matsayin gwamna.
A cikin shekarar 1935 an sake yanke hukunci game da roko. An sake yin shari'a a kan Langer sau biyu a cikin 1935. Miller, biyo bayan karar kin amincewa da Langer, ya ki sauka daga mukaminsa na alkali a shari'ar farko, wanda ya haifar da juriya rataye. Tsakanin gwaji na biyu da na uku, Lanier ya gabatar da tuhuma a kan Langer don yin shaidar zur a cikin motsin nemansa game da Miller. Wannan fitinar, wacce ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a cikin halinta na shaidar zur a cikin takardar rantsuwa da ke neman a ƙi, ta haifar da hukunci kai tsaye don wanke Langer. Sake yin shari'ar karo na biyu na ainihin tuhumar, wanda wani mai shari'a banda Miller ya jagoranta, ya haifar da wanke Langer.
Duk cikin gwajin, Langer ya ci gaba da cewa shi mara laifi ne kuma wanda Miller da Lanier suka azabtar da siyasa. Ya sake zama gwamna a shekarar 1936. Masanin tarihi Lawrence Larsen ya kira Langer "masanin wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa". [2]
Langer's wife, Lydia, ran for governor in 1934 but lost.[3]
Daga baya rayuwar siyasa
gyara sasheA shekarar 1938 Langer ya tsaya takarar sanata a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa, kuma ya samu kashi 42% na kuri’un, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Republican Gerald Nye .
Zaɓen Majalisar Dattijai na shekarar 1940 ya kasance wani abu mai ban mamaki. Langer ya doke shugaba mai ci Lynn Frazier a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, sannan ya fafata da dan takarar Democrat, Charles Joseph Vogel, da dan majalisar Republican / NPL dan majalisar wakilai William Lemke, wadanda suka ki sake tsayawa takara a majalisar domin sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dattijai a matsayin mai zaman kanta. Langer ya lashe zaben da kashi 38% na kuri'un.
Saboda gwajin da aka ambata a sama, an yi tambaya game da cancantar Langer a karkashin Mataki na 1, Sashe na 5 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya bayyana Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a matsayin babban alkalin zabukan mambobinta, cancantar su, da dawowarsu. Majalisar Dattawa ta zaunar da Langer bisa sharaɗi kuma suka fara bincike game da gwajin da aka yi masa. Kwamitin Gata da Zabe ya sami Langer da laifin " gurɓataccen ɗabi'a " kuma bai cancanci zama sanatan Amurka ba. Cikakken majalisar dattijai ta sauya kwamitin sannan suka zabi kujerar Langer.
Biographer Glenn H. Smith calls Langer's Senate career "A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959" and emphasizes his close ties with German American and Scandinavian American voters who bitterly remembered the First World War in the Dakotas and deeply distrusted Britain and the United Nations. Like Senator Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota, Langer championed non-interventionism and supported minimizing America's involvement in World War II. At home, he concentrated on making life easier for North Dakotan farmers by raising wheat prices and granting government relief. He was also adamant about implementing affordable healthcare for everyone. As a senator, he served on the Post Office, Civil Service and Indian Affairs committees. He and Shipstead were the only senators to vote against the United Nations Charter in 1945.[3] He was also one of seven senators to oppose full U.S. entry into the United Nations.
Langer ya gabatar da kudiri ne ga gwamnatin tarayya domin ta biya kudin da za a mayar da Amurkawa ‘yan asalin Afirka zuwa nahiyar Afirka, bayan da kungiyoyin Afirka da Amurka suka nemi su yi hakan. Kudirin, S. 1800, ya kasa wucewa.
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1950, Langer ya yi aiki don hana ƙetaren shugaban ƙasa Harry S. Truman na veto na Dokar Tsaro Cikin Cikin McCarran na awanni biyar kafin ya faɗi.
A cikin shekarar 1951, Langer ya yi kira ga John J. McCloy, Babban Kwamishinan Amurka na Jamus, don ba da jinkiri ga Martin Sandberger, wani babban jami'in SS wanda aka yanke masa hukunci game da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da laifukan yaƙi saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan Yahudawa da yawa. da sauransu a cikin Estonia a lokacin Holocaust . Koda yake kotun yanke hukunci ta Einsatzgruppen ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa, ba karamin bangare ba ne saboda kokarin da Langer ke yi, An yanke hukuncin Sandberger kuma ya yi shekaru shida a kurkuku. [4]
After the Nonpartisan League merged with the state Democratic party, Langer remained on the Republican ticket in the 1958 Senate elections, and won without making a single campaign appearance in the state. He voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Langer died in Washington, D.C. on November 8, 1959. He was the last U.S. Senator to lie in state in the Senate Chamber until Robert Byrd of West Virginia in 2010.
Ofisoshin siyasa
gyara sashe- 1914–1916: Lauyan Gwamnati na Yankin Morton
- 1916–1920: Babban Lauyan Arewa Dakota
- 1933–1934: Gwamnan North Dakota (an cire shi daga mukaminsa)
- 1937–1939: Gwamnan North Dakota
- 1941–1959: Majalisar Dattijan Amurka
Ayyuka
gyara sashe- Yunwa a Jamus. Washington, DC: Ofishin Bugun Gwamnatin Amurka, shekarar 1946.
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- 1952 Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a Arewacin Dakota
- 1958 zaben majalisar dattijan Amurka a Dakota ta Arewa
- Jerin sanatocin Amurka da aka kora ko la'anta
- Jerin membobin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da suka mutu a ofis (1950 --99)
Bayanin kafa
gyara sashe
Kara karantawa
gyara sashe- Holzworth, John M. Gwamna mai fada: Labarin William Langer da Jihar Dakota ta Arewa. Chicago: Jaridar Pointer, 1938.
- Smith, Glenn H. Langer na Arewacin Dakota: Nazari kan Kadaici, 1940-1959 . New York: Masu wallafa Garland, 1979.
- Smith, Glenn H. "William Langer," a cikin Thomas W. Howard, ed. Al'adar Siyasar Arewa Dakota. Ames, IA: Jami'ar Jami'ar Jihar Iowa, 1981.
- Tweton, D. Jerome. "Siyasar Hargitsi: Dakota ta Arewa a cikin shekarun 1930," Journal of the West, Fall 2002, vol. 41, babu. 4, shafi na 30-35.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Takardun William Langer a Jami'ar North Dakota
- Gwamnonin Dakota ta Arewa - William Langer
- Shiga kan ballewar Dakota ta Arewa
- Várdy, Steven Béla da Tooly, T. Hunt: Tsabtace Kabilanci a Tsarin Turai na Karni na Ashirin Akwai shi a matsayin MS Word don fayil ɗin Windows (3.4 MB) (sakamakon taron kan tsarkake ƙabilanci a ƙarni na ashirin Turai da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Duquesne a watan Nuwamba 2000. ) Wani karamin sashi na CHARLES M. BARBER, Mai Kadaici a Matsayin Mai shiga tsakani: Sanata William Langer kan Maganar Tsabtace Kabilanci, Maris 29, 1946 pp. 244–262
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Alan S. Gerber, Eric Schickler: Governing in a Polarized Age. Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America, p. 156
- ↑ Lawrence H. Larsen, "'United States' v. 'Langer, et al.:' The U.S. District Attorney's Files," North Dakota History, 1984, Vol. 51 Issue 1, pp 4–13
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://library.und.edu/special-collections/langer/og19.html [dead link] Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "und.edu" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Frei, Norbert, and Golb, Joel, "Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi past", at pages 226 to 229.