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Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona

Tasirin muhalli na,

Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona
environmental effects (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na environmental effects (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara noma da canjin yanayi
Water pollution in the Wairarapa
Duero International

Aikin gona shine tasirin da ayyukan noma daban-daban ke da shi a kan yanayin muhallin da ke kewaye da su, da kuma yadda za a iya gano irin wannan tasirin zuwa ga waɗancan ayyukan.[1] Tasirin muhalli na noma ya bambanta sosai bisa la'akari da ayyukan da manoma ke yi da kuma ma'aunin aiki. Makoma waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage tasirin muhalli ta hanyar gyara ayyukansu za su ɗauki ayyukan noma masu ɗorewa. Mummunan tasirin noma wani tsohon al'amari ne wanda ya cigaba da damuwa yayin da masana ke tsara sabbin hanyoyin da za su rage lalacewa da haɓaka muhalli.[2] Ko da yake wasu makiyaya suna da kyau ga muhalli, ayyukan noman dabbobi na zamani sun kasance sun fi lalata muhalli fiye da ayyukan noma da aka mayar da hankali kan 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da sauran halittu. Fitar da gubatarciyyar iska daga sharar shanu na cigaba da haifar da damuwa kan gurɓacewar muhalli.

A lokacin da ake tantance tasirin muhalli, masana suna amfani da alamomi iri biyu: “manufa”, wanda ya dogara da hanyoyin noma, da “tasirin ”, wanda shine tasirin da hanyoyin noma ke da shi ga tsarin noma ko kuma fitar da hayaki. yanayi. Misali na ma'anar zai zama ingancin ruwan ƙasa, wanda adadin nitrogen da ake amfani da shi ya shafi ƙasa. Alamar da ke nuna asarar nitrate zuwa ruwan karkashin kasa zai dogara ne akan tasiri.[3] Ƙididdigar da aka dogara da ita tana duba ayyukan noma na manoma, kuma kimantawar da ta dogara da tasiri ta yi la'akari da ainihin tasirin tsarin noma. Misali, bincike mai tushe zai iya duba magungunan kashe qwari da hanyoyin haɗi da manoma ke amfani da su, kuma binciken da ya dogara da tasiri zai yi la'akari da adadin Iskar da ake Shaka da kuma fitarwa ko menene abun ciki na nitrogen na ƙasa.[4]

Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona ya ƙunshi tasiri akan abubuwa daban-daban: ƙasa, zuwa ruwa, iska, nau'in dabba da ƙasa, mutane, shuke-shuke, da abinci da kansa. Noma yana ba da gudummawa ga yawancin al'amuran muhalli da ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli ciki har da: sauyin yanayi, sare gandun daji, asarar ɗimbin halittu, yankunan da suka mutu, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, matsalolin ban ruwa, gurɓataccen ƙasa, lalata ƙasa, da sharar gida.[4] nep.org/resources/making-peace-nature</ref> [5] [6] Saboda muhimmancin aikin noma ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli na duniya, al'ummomin duniya sun himmatu wajen haɓaka ɗorewar samar da abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba mai dorewa na 2: "Ƙarshen yunwa, cimma wadatar abinci da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da inganta aikin noma mai ɗorewa" [7] Rahoton na Shirin Samar da Zaman Lafiya tare da yanayi na 2021, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana aikin noma a matsayin direba da masana'antu da ke fuskantar barazana daga lalata muhalli.[8][9]

Ta hanyar aikin noma.

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Noman dabbobi

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Ban ruwa

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Samfuri:ExcerptSamfuri:Excerpt

Ta hanyar batun muhalli

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Canjin yanayi

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Sauyin yanayi da aikin noma matakai ne masu alaƙa da juna, duka biyun suna faruwa ne a sikelin duniya. Ana hasashen ɗumamar yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin da ya shafi aikin noma, gami da zafin jiki, hazo da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun ƙayyade ƙarfin ɗaukar kwayar halitta don samar da isasshen abinci ga yawan mutane da dabbobin gida. Haɓaka matakan carbon dioxide shima zai sami tasiri, duka masu lahani da fa'ida, akan amfanin amfanin gona. Yin la'akari da kuma illolin sauyin yanayi na duniya kan aikin noma na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda ya kamata da daidaita aikin noma don bunƙasa noma . Ko da yake babu tabbas kan tasirin sauyin yanayi ga noma, akwai yuwuwar zai canza yankunan da suka dace don amfanin gonaki guda. Daidaita wannan canjin yanayi zai ƙunshi tsadar tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa.[10][11][12][13][14]

A lokaci guda kuma, an nuna aikin noma yana haifar da gagarumin tasiri kan sauyin yanayi, musamman ta hanyar samarwa da sakin iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide, methane, da nitrous oxide . Bugu da ƙari, aikin noma da ke yin aikin noma, da takin zamani, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari kuma yana fitar da ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, da sauran magungunan kashe ƙwari da yawa waɗanda ke shafar ingancin iska, ruwa, da ƙasa, da kuma bambancin halittu . Har ila yau noma yana canza murfin ƙasa, wanda zai iya canza ikonsa na sha ko nuna zafi da haske, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga tilastawa mai haske . Canjin amfani da ƙasa kamar sare gandun daji da kwararowar hamada, tare da amfani da albarkatun mai, sune manyan tushen ɗan adam na carbon dioxide; noma da kanta shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙara yawan methane da nitrous oxide a cikin yanayin duniya .

Mafi yawan hayaƙin methane yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da dabbobi, musamman ma naman dabbobi kamar shanu da aladu. Sauran dabbobi, irin su kaji da kifi, suna da tasiri kaɗan. [15] Ana samar da wasu hanyoyin magance fitar da naman naman sa. Dabarun sun hada da yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga taki, zabin kwayoyin halitta, [16] [17] rigakafi, rumen defaunation, cin nasara na methanogenic archaea tare da acetogens, gabatarwar kwayoyin methanotrophic a cikin rumen, [18] gyaran abinci. da kula da kiwo da sauransu. [19] Wasu canje-canjen abinci (irin su Asparagopsis taxiformis ) suna ba da damar rage har zuwa kashi 99, cikin 100, na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Saboda waɗannan mummunan tasirin, amma kuma saboda dalilai na ingantaccen aikin noma (duba Abinci vs. ciyarwa ), wani hasashe ya ambaci raguwar dabbobi aƙalla wasu dabbobi (watau shanu) a wasu ƙasashe nan da 2030. [20] [21]

sare itatuwa.

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  Sararin dazuzzukan na kawar da dazuzzukan duniya da yawa a duniya kuma yana haifar da barna da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka shine cire ƙasa don kiwo ko amfanin gona. A cewar wani masanin muhalli dan Burtaniya Norman Myers, kashi 5% na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne sakamakon kiwo, kashi 19% saboda yawan sare itatuwa, kashi 22% saboda noman dabino da ake nomawa, sannan kashi 54% saboda saran dazuka .

Sake sare dazuzzuka na haifar da asarar muhallin miliyoyin nau'in halittu, kuma shi ne ke haddasa sauyin yanayi. Bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman nutsewar carbon : wato, suna ɗaukar carbon dioxide, iskar da ba a so ba, daga sararin samaniya. Cire bishiyoyi yana fitar da carbon dioxide cikin yanayi kuma yana barin bishiyu kaɗan don ɗaukar adadin carbon dioxide a cikin iska. Ta wannan hanyar, sare dazuzzuka na ƙara tsananta canjin yanayi. Lokacin da aka cire bishiyoyi daga dazuzzuka, ƙasa takan bushe saboda babu inuwa, kuma babu isassun bishiyoyi da za su taimaka a cikin yanayin ruwa ta hanyar mayar da tururin ruwa zuwa yanayin. Ba tare da bishiya ba, shimfidar wurare da dazuzzuka a da za su iya zama hamada mara kyau. Tushen bishiyar kuma yana taimakawa wajen riƙe ƙasa tare, don haka idan an cire su, zabtarewar laka kuma na iya faruwa. Har ila yau, kawar da bishiyoyi yana haifar da matsanancin yanayi a yanayin zafi.

A shekara ta 2000, hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta gano cewa "rawar da yawan jama'a ke takawa a cikin wani yanki na iya bambanta daga yanke hukunci zuwa ga sakaci," kuma sarewar dazuzzuka na iya haifar da "haɗuwar matsin lamba na yawan jama'a da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. yanayin fasaha."[22]

Injiniyan halitta.

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Masu gurɓatawa.

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Samfuri:Excerpt

Lalacewar ƙasa.

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Lalacewar ƙasa ita ce raguwar ingancin ƙasa wanda zai iya zama sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, musamman daga aikin gona. Ƙasar ce ke riƙe da mafi yawan nau'ikan halittu na duniya, kuma ƙasa mai kyau tana da mahimmanci don samar da abinci da isasshen ruwa. Halayen gama-gari na lalata ƙasa na iya zama gishiri, zubar ruwa, tarawa, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, raguwar ingancin tsarin ƙasa, asarar haihuwa, canje-canje a cikin acidity na ƙasa, alkalinity, salinity, da zaizayar ƙasa. Zaizayar ƙasa ita ce kawar da ƙasa ta sama ta hanyar ruwa, iska, ko ayyukan noma. Ƙasar ƙasa tana da albarka sosai, wanda ya sa ya zama mai daraja ga manoman noma. [23] Lalacewar ƙasa kuma tana da babban tasiri a kan gurɓacewar halittu, wanda ke shafar al'ummar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa kuma yana iya canza hawan keke na gina jiki, rigakafin ƙwari da cututtuka, da abubuwan canza sinadarai na ƙasa.

Yazawar noma.

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Samfuri:Excerpt

Sharar gida.

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Plasticculture shine amfani da ciyawa na filastik a cikin aikin gona. Manoma suna amfani da zanen robobi a matsayin ciyawa don rufe kashi 50-70% na ƙasa kuma su ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin ban ruwa mai ɗigo don samun ingantaccen iko akan kayan abinci na ƙasa da danshi . Ba a buƙatar ruwan sama a cikin wannan tsarin, kuma ana gina gonakin da ke amfani da robobi don ƙarfafa kwararar ruwan sama mafi sauri. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari tare da filastik yana ba da damar jigilar magungunan kashe ƙwari cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan saman saman zuwa wuraren dausayi ko raƙuman ruwa. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga magungunan kashe qwari da sinadarai a cikin robobi na iya haifar da naƙasu mai tsanani da kuma mutuwa a cikin kifi kamar yadda ruwan ke ɗauke da sinadarai zuwa tekuna.

Baya ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa da ke fitowa daga robobi, akwai kuma matsalar ƙaruwar yawan sharar da ake samu daga robobi da kanta. Amfani da ciyawa na filastik don kayan lambu, strawberries, da sauran layuka da amfanin gona na gonakin gona ya wuce fam miliyan 110, a shekara a Amurka. Yawancin robobi suna ƙarewa a cikin mazugi, ko da yake akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓukan zubarwa kamar su zubar da mulch a cikin ƙasa, binne kan layi, ajiyar wuri, sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, da ƙonawa. Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙonawa da sake yin amfani da su suna da rikitarwa da nau'ikan robobi da ake amfani da su da kuma ta hanyar tarwatsa filayen filastik. Filastik kuma sun ƙunshi na'urori masu ƙarfi da rini da kuma ƙarfe masu nauyi, waɗanda ke iyakance adadin samfuran da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan samar da ciyawa masu iya lalacewa ko kuma zazzagewar hoto. Yayin da aka samu ƴar ƙaramar nasara a kan haka, akwai kuma matsalar tsawon lokacin da robobin ke ɗauka don rage lalacewa, saboda yawancin kayayyakin da za a iya lalata su suna daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su lalace.

Batutuwa ta yanki.

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Tasirin muhalli na noma na iya bambanta ya danganta da yankin da kuma nau'in hanyar samar da noma da ake amfani da su. An jera a ƙasa wasu takamaiman batutuwan muhalli a yankuna daban-daban na duniya.[24] [25] [26]

  • Cire shinge a Burtaniya.
  • Salinization na ƙasa, musamman a Ostiraliya .
  • Aikin haƙar ma'adinai na Phosphate a Nauru.
  • Methane ke fitarwa daga dabbobi a New Zealand. Duba Canjin Yanayi a New Zealand .
  • Masana muhalli sun danganta yankin hypoxic a cikin Tekun Mexico kamar yadda ake ƙarfafa su ta hanyar haɗewar nitrogen na furen algae .
  • Haɗaɗɗen tsarin daga cinikin noma wanda ke haifar da tasirin yanki daga tasirin barna da tsarin zubewa. Halin Muhalli (Sashin Direbobin Tattalin Arziki)

Noma mai dorewa.

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  Noma mai ɗorewa shine ra'ayin cewa noma ya kamata ya kasance ta hanyar da za mu ci gaba da samar da abubuwan da suka dace ba tare da cin zarafi ga al'ummomin da ke gaba su yi haka ba.

Yawan ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a cikin ƴan shekarun nan ya kara yawan al'adar canza filayen noma don biyan bukatun abinci wanda hakan ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli. Har yanzu yawan al'ummar duniya na karuwa kuma a karshe za su daidaita, yayin da wasu masu sukar lamirin ke shakkun cewa samar da abinci, sakamakon ƙarancin amfanin da ake samu daga dumamar yanayi, zai iya tallafawa al'ummar duniya.

Noma na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan bambancin halittu kuma. Noman ƙwayoyin halitta tsari ne mai ɗorewa na aikin noma da yawa wanda zai iya yin tasiri kaɗan ga muhalli a ƙaramin sikelin. Koyaya, a mafi yawan lokuta noman ƙwayoyin halitta yana haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona ta fuskar samarwa kowane yanki ɗaya. Don haka, yaɗuwar aikin noma zai buƙaci ƙarin ƙasa da za a share shi da kuma fitar da albarkatun ruwa don cimma daidaiton matakin samarwa. Binciken meta-bincike na Turai ya gano cewa gonakin ƙwayoyin halitta suna son samun babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa da ƙarancin asarar abinci mai gina jiki (nitrogen leaching, iskar nitrous oxide, da hayaƙin ammonia) a kowane yanki na filin amma mafi girman hayaƙin ammonia, nitrogen leaching da iskar nitrous oxide kowace ɗaya. naúrar samfurin. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa tsarin noma na al'ada yana haifar da ƙarancin ɗimbin halittu fiye da tsarin halitta. Noman halitta ya nuna yana da wadatar nau'i) 30%. Tsarin halitta a matsakaita kuma suna da ƙarin 50% ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan bayanan yana da wasu batutuwa saboda akwai sakamako da yawa waɗanda suka nuna mummunan tasiri akan waɗannan abubuwa yayin da suke cikin tsarin noman ƙwayoyin halitta. Masu adawa da aikin noma sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ba su da kyau suna da matsala tare da tsarin noma. Abin da ya fara a matsayin ƙaramin ma'auni, aikin kula da muhalli ya zama ci gaban masana'antu kamar aikin noma na al'ada. Wannan haɓakar masana'antu na iya haifar da batutuwan da aka nuna a sama kamar sauyin yanayi, da sare bishiyoyi.Samfuri:Excerpt

Dabaru.

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Noman kiyayewa.

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Noman kiyayewa wata hanya ce ta noma don noma wacce ta fi ɗorewa ga ƙasa da muhallin halittu. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar barin ragowar amfanin gonakin da aka girbe a baya su kasance a cikin ƙasa kafin shuka amfanin gona na gaba. Noman adanawa ya nuna yana inganta abubuwa da yawa kamar riƙe danshin ƙasa, da rage zaizayar ƙasa. Wasu rashin amfani shine gaskiyar cewa ana buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada don wannan tsari, ƙarin magungunan kashe qwari za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su, kuma sakamako mai kyau yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a iya gani. [27] Abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da manufar noman kiwo shine yadda manoma ba sa son canza hanyoyin su, kuma za su nuna adawa da tsarin noman da ya fi tsada, da cin lokaci fiye da yadda suka saba.

Ƙwarin ƙwayoyin halitta.

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Samfuri:Excerpt

Manazarta.

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  1. ↑ Frouz, Jan; Frouzová, Jaroslava (2022). "Applied Ecology" (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ Gołaś, Marlena; Sulewski, Piotr; Wąs, Adam; Kłoczko-Gajewska, Anna; Pogodzińska, Kinga (October 2020). "On the Way to Sustainable Agriculture—Eco-Efficiency of Polish Commercial Farms". Agriculture (in Turanci). 10 (10): 438. doi:10.3390/agriculture10100438.
  3. ↑ Naujokienė, Vilma; Bagdonienė, Indrė; Bleizgys, Rolandas; Rubežius, Mantas (April 2021). "A Biotreatment Effect on Dynamics of Cattle Manure Composition and Reduction of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture". Agriculture (in Turanci). 11 (4): 303. doi:10.3390/agriculture11040303.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 van der Warf, Hayo; Petit, Jean (December 2002). "Evaluation of the environmental impact of agriculture at the farm level: a comparison and analysis of 12 indicator- methods". Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 93 (1–3): 131–145. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00354-1.
  5. ↑ Garnett, T.; Appleby, M. C.; Balmford, A.; Bateman, I. J.; Benton, T. G.; Bloomer, P.; Burlingame, B.; Dawkins, M.; Dolan, L.; Fraser, D.; Herrero, M.; Hoffmann, Irene; Smith, P.; Thornton, P. K.; Toulmin, C.; Vermeulen, S. J.; Godfray, H. C. J. (2013-07-04). "Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Premises and Policies". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 341 (6141): 33–34. Bibcode:2013Sci...341...33G. doi:10.1126/science.1234485. hdl:10871/19385. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23828927. S2CID 206547513.
  6. ↑ Tilman, David; Balzer, Christian; Hill, Jason; Befort, Belinda L. (2011-12-13). "Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 108 (50): 20260–20264. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116437108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3250154. PMID 22106295.
  7. ↑ United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1)
  8. ↑ United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1)
  9. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
  10. ↑ Morell, Virginia (2015). "Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aad1607.
  11. ↑ Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption". Science of the Total Environment. 536: 419–431. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.536..419M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772.
  12. ↑ Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review. 2 (3): 196–219. doi:10.1177/2053019615591020. S2CID 7771527.
  13. ↑ Smithers, Rebecca (5 October 2017). "Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  14. ↑ Woodyatt, Amy (May 26, 2020). "Human activity threatens billions of years of evolutionary history, researchers warn". CNN. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  15. ↑ Livestock Farming Systems and their Environmental Impact
  16. ↑ "Bovine genomics project at Genome Canada". Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  17. ↑ Canada is using genetics to make cows less gassy
  18. ↑ The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review
  19. ↑ Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. Animal 4 : pp 351-365.
  20. ↑ Rethink X: food and agriculture
  21. ↑ Rethinking agriculture report
  22. ↑ Hance, Jeremy (May 15, 2008). "Tropical deforestation is 'one of the worst crises since we came out of our caves'". Mongabay.com / A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  24. ↑ "Our Sustainable Future - Regenerative Ag Description". csuchico.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  25. ↑ Underground, The Carbon; Initiative, Regenerative Agriculture; CSU (2017-02-24). "What is Regenerative Agriculture?". Regeneration International. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  26. ↑ Teague, W. R.; Apfelbaum, S.; Lal, R.; Kreuter, U. P.; Rowntree, J.; Davies, C. A.; Conser, R.; Rasmussen, M.; Hatfield, J.; Wang, T.; Wang, F. (2016-03-01). "The role of ruminants in reducing agriculture's carbon footprint in North America". Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (in Turanci). 71 (2): 156–164. doi:10.2489/jswc.71.2.156. ISSN 0022-4561.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0

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