Wikipedia

Tsabtace muhalli

Tsabtace muhalli, Wanda akafi rage shi a matsayin echoan (wanda aka rubuta eco-san ko EcoSan), wata hanya ce ta samar da tsabta wanda keda niyyar sake amfani da datti a aikin noma. Hanya ce, maimakon fasaha ko na'urar dake nuna sha'awar "kulle madauki", galibi dan abubuwan gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsaftacewa da aikin gona cikin Abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi shine rage amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba. Lokacin da aka tsara shi da kyau kuma akayi amfani dashi, tsarin ecosan yana samar da tsarin lafiya mai tsabta don canza datti na mutum zuwa abubuwan gina jiki don a mayar dasu cikin ƙasa, da ruwa dan a mayarwa ƙasa. Ecosan kuma ana kiranta tsabtace tsabtace ruwa.  

Tunanin Ecosan wanda ke nuna rabuwa da raƙuman ruwa, magani da sake amfani; Hoton 2014

Ma'anar

gyara sashe

Ma'anar ecosan tana mai da hankali kan kiwon lafiya, muhalli da kuma fannin albarkatu na tsaftacewa mai ɗorewa. Don haka ecosan ba, da kansa, tsabtace muhalli ba ne, amma ana iya aiwatar da tsarin ecosan a hanyar da ta dace kuma suna da damar da za a iya amfani da ita don tsabtace mujalli, idan an kula da fannoni na fasaha, na ma'aikata, na zamantakewa da na tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. Tsarin muhalli na iya zama "maras dorewa" misali idan akwai karamin karɓar mai amfani ko kuma idan farashin tsarin ya yi yawa ga ƙungiyar masu amfani da aka basu, yana sa tsarin bazai iya jurewa ba a cikin dogon lokaci.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Kafin shekara ta 2012, ana danganta ecosan da sauye-sauyen fitsari kuma musamman tare da bayan gida mai bushewa (UDDTs), wani nau'in bayan gida mai busasshiyar fitsari. Saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da kalmar "haske na muhalli" a ko'ina lokacin da mutane ke nufin UDDT.[1] Koyaya, ra'ayin ecoan bai kamata a iyakance shi ga wani nau'in bayan gida ba. Har ila yau, ana iya amfani da UDDTs ba tare da samun wani ayyukan sake amfani ba a wannan yanayin basu da layi tare da ra'ayin ecosan (misali shine UDDTs 80,000 da eThekwini Municipality ta aiwatar kusa da Durban, Afirka ta Kudu). [2]

Amfani da kalmar "ecosan"

gyara sashe

An fara amfani da kalmar "ecosan" a shekarar 1995 kuma aikin farko ya fara ne a shekarar 1996 a Habasha, ta wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Sudea. Uku, Dokta Torsten Modig, Jami'ar Umeå, Almaz Terrefe, jagora, da Gunder Edström, masanin tsabta, sun zaɓi wani yanki a cikin birni mai yawa a matsayin farawa. Sunyi amfani da bayan gida mai bushewa (UDDTs) tare da ayyukan sake amfani.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span>]

A cikin ra'ayi na ecosan, ana ɗaukar datti na mutum da ruwan sharar gida a matsayin wata hanya mai yuwuwa - wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka kira shi "tsarkakewa mai ma'ana". An kuma yi amfani da kalmar nan "tsarkakewa mai amfani" tun daga shekara ta 2006.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span>]

Kwatanta da kalmar "tsarkakewa mai dorewa"

gyara sashe

Ma'anar ecosan ya bambanta a baya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, masana Sweden sun tsara ma'anar ecosan da aka yarda da ita: "Tsarin tsabtace muhalli tsarin ne wanda ke ba da damar sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki don samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar da ake rage amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba. Wadannan tsarin suna da damar zama tsarin tsabtace mujallu mai ɗorewa idan ana sarrafa al'amuran fasaha, hukumomi, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. "

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

gyara sashe
 
Hoton shirin EcoSanRes: Rufe madauki a kan Sanitation (2005)
 
Ecosan rufe hoton madauki (a Faransanci), ta NGO CREPA a cikin 2005, ana amfani da UDDTs a cikin wannan misali

Babban manufofin tsaftacewa na muhalli shine rage haɗarin kiwon lafiya dake da alaƙa da tsaftacewa, gurɓataccen ruwa da sharar gida; don hana gurɓatawar ruwa da gurɓata ruwan sama; da kuma sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki ko makamashi dake cikin sharar gida.

Maido da albarkatun

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Rieck, C., von Münch, E., Hoffmann, H. (2012). Technology review of urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) - Overview on design, management, maintenance and costs. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
  2. ↑ Roma, E., Holzwarth, S., Buckley, C. (2011). Large-scale peri-urban and rural sanitation with UDDTs, eThekwini Municipality (Durban), South Africa - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Sanarwar a cikin ma'anar ecosan zuwa "maidowa mai aminci" ya haɗa da fannoni na tsabta, microbial da sunadarai. Don haka, samfurin da aka sake amfani dashi, a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi ko ruwa, zai kasance mai inganci sosai game da pathogens da kowane irin sinadarai masu haɗari. Sanarwar "amfani da albarkatun da baza'a iya sabuntawa ba" yana nufin cewa ribar albarkatun ta hanyar sake amfani zaifi girma fiye da farashin albarkatun hanyar sake amfani.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Ecosan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya na kayan aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kula da ruwa mai ɗorewa na muhalli da tattalin arziki wanda aka tsara don bukatun masu amfani da kuma yanayin yankin. Ba'asan takamaiman fasahar tsabtace muhalli, amma wani falsafar ne a cikin sarrafa abubuwa waɗanda har zuwa yanzu an gani kawai a matsayin ruwa mai guba da ruwa mai gubawa don zubar da su.

Sake amfani da shi azaman taki

gyara sashe

Masu goyon bayan farko na tsarin ecosan suna da karfi sosai kan kara yawan aikin gona (ta hanyar sake amfani da turare a matsayin taki) kuma ta haka ne inganta matsayin abinci mai gina jiki na mutane a lokaci guda kamar samar musu da tsabta mai aminci.[1] Ana nufin rage cututtukan ba kawai ta hanyar rage cututsin da aka watsa ta hanyar hanyar magunguna ba harma da rage Rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin yara. Wannan alaƙa tsakanin WASH, abinci mai gina jiki, cuta da ake kira entero-pathic na muhalli (ko entero-potical) da kuma raguwar cigaban yara ya tashi zuwa saman ajanda na sashin WASH tun daga kimanin 2013.[2]

Gwaje-gwaje na aikin gona a duniya sun nuna fa'idodi masu ma'ana na amfani da datti a cikin aikin gona a matsayin taki da mai daidaita ƙasa. Wannan ya shafi musamman ga amfani da fitsari. Gwaje-gwaje na sake amfani a Zimbabwe sun nuna sakamako mai kyau don amfani da fitsari a kan kore, tsire-tsire masu ganye kamar spinach ko masara da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace.[3][4] Wani binciken da akayi a Finland ya nuna cewa amfani da fitsari da amfani da fitsarin da toka na itace "zai iya samar da kashi 27% da 10% fiye da tushen beet".[5] An tabbatar da fitsari a cikin karatu da yawa don zama mai mahimmanci, mai sauƙin sarrafa taki, wanda ke dauke da nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium da mahimman micro-nutrients.[6]

Farfadowar phosphorus

gyara sashe

Wani bangare da tsarin ecosan ke ƙoƙarin magance shine yiwuwar karancin phosphorus mai zuwa.[7] Phosphorus yana da muhimmiyar rawa ga cigaban shuka, sabili da haka a cikin samar da taki, amma iyakantaccen ma'adinai ne.[8] Yanayin yayi kama da potassium. Sanannun ma'adanai na dutsen phosphate suna zama da ƙarancin gaske kuma suna da tsada don cirewa - wannan kuma ana kiransa "mafi girman phosphorus". Wani bita na samar da phosphate na duniya ya bada shawarar cewa idan an tattara shi, phosphate a cikin fitsari na iya samar da kashi 22% na jimlar buƙata.[9]

Fa'idodi

gyara sashe

Fa'idodin tsarin ecosan sun haɗa da:

  • Rage gabatarwar pathogens daga datti na mutum a cikin sake zagayowar ruwa (ruwa da ruwa na sama) - misali gurɓataccen ruwa na ƙasa ta hanyar latrines.
  • Tsaro da albarkatun ta hanyar rage yawan amfani da ruwa, maye gurbin taki na ma'adinai da rage gurɓataccen ruwa.
  • Ƙananan dogaro da phosphorus da aka yi amfani dashi da sauran albarkatun da baza'a ES2 an maye gurbin ta da Earth Simulator 3 (ES3) a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015. ES3 tsarin NEC SX-ACE ne tare da nodes 5120, kuma aikin 1.3 PFLOPS. iya sabuntawa ba don samar da taki.
  • Rage amfani da makamashi a cikin samar da taki: Urea babban bangare ne na fitsari, duk da haka muna samar da urea mai yawa ta hanyar amfani da man fetur. Ta hanyar sarrafa fitsari yadda ya kamata, ana iya rage farashin magani da farashin taki.

Ƙalubalen

gyara sashe

An soki tsarin ecosan saboda mayar da hankali sosai kan sake amfani dashi a aikin gona, yayin da yake watsi da wasu ka'idojin tsaftacewa mai ɗorewa. A zahiri, tsarin ecosan na iya zama "maras dorewa", alal misali, idan akwai karamin karɓar mai amfani ko kuma idan farashin tsarin yayi yawa ga ƙungiyar masu amfani da aka bashi, yana sa tsarin bazai iya jurewa ba a cikin dogon lokaci.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Wasu masu goyon bayan ecosan an soki su da yawa, tare da karfafawa kan kare albarkatun muhalli maimakon mayar da hankali kan kare lafiyar jama'a da samar da tsaftacewa a farashi mai rahusa (misali UDDTs, wanda wasu mutane ke kira "wasu dakuna na muhalli", na iya zama mafi tsada don gina fiye da latrines, koda kuwa a cikin dogon lokaci sunfi arha don kiyayewa).  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Tsaro na tsarin ecosan dangane da lalacewar pathogen a lokacin matakai daban-daban na magani shine batun ci gaba na muhawara tsakanin masu goyon baya da masu adawa da tsarin ecosan. Koyaya, bugawa na Jagororin WHO game da sake amfani, tare da ra'ayinsa mai yawa, yayi dogon lokaci wajen kafa tsarin gama gari don sake amfani da aminci.[10] Duk da haka, tambayar ta kasance ko ana iya daidaita tsarin ecosan don isa ga miliyoyin mutane da kuma yadda za a iya sanya su cikin aminci don aiki. Farin ciki na farko a farkon shekarun 2000 ta hanyar masu gabatarwa sun canza zuwa fahimtar cewa canza halayen da halayen cikin tsafta yana ɗaukar haƙuri mai yawa.

Acknowledgement for ecosan came with the awarding of the Stockholm Water Prizein 2013 to Peter Morgan, a pioneer of handpumps and ventilated pit latrines (VIPs) in addition to ecosan-type toilets (the Arborloo, the Skyloo[11] and the Fossa alterna). Peter Morgan is renowned as one of the leading creators and proponents of ecological sanitation solutions, which enable the safe reuse of human excreta to enhance soil quality and crop production. His ecosan-type toilets are now in use in countries across the globe, centred on converting a sanitary problem into a productive resource.[12]

Har ila yau, yawancin ayyukan bincike da Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ke tallafawa tun daga shekara ta 2011 a cikin tsaftacewa suna hulɗa da dawo da albarkatu - wannan na iya zama gado na ra'ayin ecosan, koda kuwa waɗannan masu bincike basu amfani da kalmar "ecosan" ba.

Fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin ecosan

gyara sashe
 
Abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su don tsabtace muhalli mai ɗorewa, wanda ecoan shine ƙananan saiti wanda ke mai da hankali kan yiwuwar sake amfani da shi

Ecosan yana bada tsari mai sassauƙa, inda za'a iya haɗa abubuwa masu tsakiya tare da waɗanda aka rarraba, ruwa mai tsabta tare da tsabtace ruwa, fasaha mai zurfi tare da ƙananan fasaha, da dai sauransu. Ta hanyar la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa, za'a mën a haɓaka mafita mafi kyau da tattalin arziki don kowane yanayi.[13] Fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin ecosan sau da yawa - amma ba koyaushe ba - sun haɗa da abubuwa na rabuwa da tushe, watau adana raƙuman sharar gida daban-daban, saboda wannan na iya sauƙaƙa magani da sake amfani da aminci.

Fasahar da akafi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin ecosan shine gidan wanka mai bushewa, amma tsarin ecosan na iya amfani da wasu fasahohi, kamar ɗakunan wanka da aka haɗa da tsire-tsire na biogas, wuraren da aka gina, ɗakunan wanki da sauransu.

Ana iya samun misalai na ayyukan ecosan a duk duniya a cikin jerin da GIZ ta buga a cikin 2012, da kuma a cikin waɗannan binciken da Sustainable Sanitation Alliance ta buga waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan sake amfani.[14][15]

Tarihi

gyara sashe

Sake amfani da datti a cikin tsarin tsabtace ruwa

gyara sashe

Farfadowa da amfani da fitsari da datti a cikin "tsarin tsabtace ruwa", watau ba tare da magudanar ruwa ba ko kuma ba tare da haɗuwa da ruwa mai yawa tare da datti ba, kusan dukkanin al'adu sun yi hakan. Sake amfani ba a iyakance shi ga samar da aikin gona ba. Romawa, alal misali, sun san halayyar ammoniya a cikin fitsari kuma sunyi amfani dashii don farfadowa da tufafi.[16]

Yawancin al'ummomin noma na gargajiya sun fahimci darajar sharar mutum don amfanin ƙasa kuma sun yi amfani da tarin "ƙasa" da sake amfani da turare. Wannan ya ba su damar rayuwa a cikin al'ummomin da aka mayar da abubuwan gina jiki da kwayoyin dake cikin datti zuwa ƙasa. Bayanan tarihi game da waɗannan ayyukan basu da yawa, amma ansan cewa an sake amfani da excreta a ko'ina a Asiya (alal misali a China, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Koriya) amma kuma a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Koyaya, sanannen misali na tarin da aka shirya da kuma amfani da turaren mutum don tallafawa samar da abinci shine na kasar Sin. An gane darajar "ƙasa ta dare" a matsayin taki tare da tsarin da aka inganta sosai don bada damar tattara turare daga birane da jigilar ta zuwa filayen. Sinawa sun san fa'idodin amfani da turare a cikin samar da amfanin gona sama da shekaru 2500 da suka gabata, wanda yabasu damar cigaba da samun mutane da yawa a mafi girma fiye da kowane tsarin noma.[16]

A Mexico al'adun Aztec sun tattara turaren mutum don amfani da aikin gona. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan aikin an rubuta shi ga birnin Aztec na Tenochtitlan wanda aka kafa a cikin 1325 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin biranen ƙarshe na Mexico kafin Hispanic (wanda Mutanen Espanya suka ci nasara a cikin 1521): Jama'a sun sanya murkushewa a cikin jiragen ruwa na musamman da aka rataye a tashar jiragen ruwa a kusa da birnin. An yi amfani da cakuda da datti don shayar da chinampas (gidan noma) ko don ƙarfafa bankunan da ke kan iyakar tafkin. An tattara fitsari a cikin kwantena a cikin dukkan gidaje, sannan a gauraya shi da laka kuma a yi amfani dashi azaman launi. Aztecs sun fahimci muhimmancin sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki da mahadi dake cikin ruwa mai guba.[17]

A Peru, Incas suna da babban girmamawa ga datti a matsayin taki, wanda aka adana, bushewa kuma aka yayyafa don amfani dashi yayin shuka masara.[18]

A tsakiyar zamanai, amfani da excreta da greywater a cikin samar da aikin gona ya zama al'ada. Biranen Turai suna saurin birane kuma tsabtace muhalli ya zama matsala mai tsanani, yayin da a lokaci guda biranen da kansu suka zama tushen tushen abinci mai gina jiki. Ayyukan amfani da abubuwan gina jiki kai tsaye a cikin datti da ruwa mai guba don noma don haka ya ci gaba a Turai har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19. Manoma, da suka fahimci darajar turare, suna da sha'awar samun waɗannan taki don kara yawan samarwa da tsabtace birane.[16] Wannan aikin kuma ana kiransa Manomi na gong a Ingila amma yana da haɗarin kiwon lafiya da yawa ga waɗanda ke da hannu tare da jigilar datti da laka.

Baya ga amfani kai tsaye, an kuma sarrafa excreta don samar da sunadarai masu tsabta. Yin amfani da nitraries da gadajen nitre, mutum yana cire nitrogen a ciki a matsayin potassium nitrate (KNO3), babban sinadarin a cikin gunpowder.[19] KNO3 kuma tana da alhakin gano nitric acid a karni na 17.[20]

Hanyoyin gargajiya na tsaftacewa da sake amfani da turare sun cigaba a sassa daban-daban na duniya na ƙarni da yawa kuma har yanzu suna da al'ada a zuwan juyin juya halin masana'antu. Koda yake duniya ta kara zama birane, abubuwan gina jiki da aka tattara daga tsarin tsabtace birane ba tare da haɗuwa da ruwa ba har yanzu ana amfani dasu a cikin al'ummomi da yawa a matsayin hanya don kula da amfanin ƙasa, duk da karuwar yawan jama'a.[16]

Ragewa a dawo da abubuwan gina jiki daga datti na mutum a cikin tsarin bushe

gyara sashe

Fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga datti a cikin tsarin tsabtace muhalli wanda ba a zubar dashi ba yana magance matsalolin tsabtace mujallu a Turai da sauran wurare kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tabbatar da yawan aikin gona.[16] Koyaya, aikin bai zama babbar hanyar tsabtace birane ba a cikin karni na 20 kuma an maye gurbinsa da tsarin tsabtace ruwa ba tare da dawo da abinci mai gina jiki ba (banda sake amfani da kayan aikin gona na laka a wasu lokuta) - aƙalla ga biranen da zasu iya biyan shi.

Akwai manyan dalilai huɗu da suka haifar da lalacewa a cikin farfadowa da amfani da datti da ruwan toka daga biranen Turai a karni na 19: [16]

  • Girman ƙauyuka na birane da karuwar nesa daga filayen noma.
  • Ƙara amfani da ruwa da amfani da bayan gida: Ruwa da ke zubar da ruwa ya kara yawan magudanar ruwa, a lokaci guda yana narkar da abubuwan gina jiki, yana mai da kusan ba zai yiwu a dawo dasu ba kuma a sake amfani da su kamar yadda suke a baya.
  • Samar da taki mai arha, yin duk wani ƙoƙari don dawowa da sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki da kayan kwayoyin halitta daga manyan magudanar ruwa.
  • Harkokin siyasa sakamakon bukatar da aka gani don canji game da yadda za a magance abubuwa masu ƙanshi: Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha tara ka'idar da tafi dacewa game da yaduwar rashin lafiya ita ce Ka'idar miasma. Wannan ka'idar ta bayyana cewa duk abinda ke ƙanshi dole ne a kawar dashi saboda anyi la'akari da shan ƙanshi mara kyau zai haifar da rashin lafiya.

Amfani da turare na dabba (mai ƙanshi) a aikin gona ya cigaba har zuwa yau, mai yiwuwa saboda ba a yi tunanin cewa turare na turare yana taimakawa ga cututtukan mutane ba.

Har yanzu ana cigaba da dawo da abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwa mai guba a cikin nau'o'i biyu:

  • Amfani da ruwa mai guba ko dawo da albarkatun: Amfani da ruwan guba, gyare-gyare ko gyare-gare don ban ruwa a aikin gona (tare da haɗarin kiwon lafiya idan anyi shi ta hanyar da bata dace ba wanda sau da yawa yake a kasashe masu tasowa); da kuma
  • Aikace-aikacen datti a cikin filayen noma wanda ba tare da gardama ba a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu da yawa saboda haɗarin gurɓata ƙasa tare da ƙarfe masu nauyi da ƙananan gurɓata idan ba a sarrafa su yadda ya kamata ba (duba Biosolids).

Bincike daga shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba

gyara sashe

Hukumar hadin gwiwar ci gaban kasa da kasa ta Sweden (Sida) ta ba da kuɗin "SanRes R&D program" a cikin 1993 zuwa 2001 wanda ya kafa tushe ga "EcoSanRes program" na gaba wanda Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm ta gudanar (2002-2011).[21] Wani wallafe-wallafen da Sida ta wallafa da ake kira "Ecological sanitation" a cikin 1998 ya tattara ilimin da aka samar har zuwa yau game da ecosan a cikin wani sanannen littafi wanda aka buga a matsayin bugu na biyu a cikin 2004. An kuma fassara littafin zuwa Sinanci, Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya.[22][23][24]

Kamfanin gwamnatin Jamus GIZ kuma yana da babban "shirye-shiryen muhalli" daga 2001 zuwa 2012. Yayin da akafi son kalmar "ecosan" a farkon matakan wannan shirin, daga 2007 zuwa gaba an maye gurbinta da kalmar "mai ɗorewa mai ɗorewa". A zahiri, an kafa Sustainable Sanitation Alliance a cikin 2007 a cikin ƙoƙari na fadada ra'ayin ecosan da kuma haɗa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban a ƙarƙashin laima ɗaya.

Bincike kan yadda za a sake amfani da fitsari da datti a cikin aikin gona yafaru ne daga masu binciken Sweden, misali Hakan Jönsson da tawagarsa, wanda littafinsa a kan "Handuna kan Amfani da Tattara da Tattarar a cikin Amfani da Amfani da Shuka" [25] wani muhimmin abu ne wanda daga baya aka sanya shi cikin WHO "Handalin Arziki kan Amfani Mai Amfani da Ruwa, Tattara" daga shekara ta 2006.[10] Tunanin shingen da yawa don sake amfani, wanda shine mabuɗin tushe na wannan littafin, ya haifar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da yadda za'a iya sake amfani da excreta lafiya.

Tattaunawa da tarurruka

gyara sashe

Da farko, an sadaukar da "taron muhalli" don gabatar da tattauna bincike kan ayyukan muhalli:

  • An gudanar da bita na farko kan tsabtace muhalli a Balingsholm, Sweden a cikin 1997, inda duk masana da aka kafa a lokacin, kamar Håkan Jönsson, Peter Morgan (wanda ya lashe Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm ta 2013), [12] Ron Sawyer, George Anna Clark da Gunder Edström sun halarci.
  • Tattaunawa a Mexico a cikin 1999 tare da taken "Closing the Loop - Muhalli mai tsabta don tsaro na abinci"
  • Taron Ecosan a Bonn, Jamus a cikin 2000
  • Taron farko na duniya a Nanning, China a cikin 2001
  • Taron eco-sananin na biyu a Lübeck Jamus a 2003 [26]
  • Taron na uku a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2005
  • Taron Ecosan a Fortaleza, Brazil da ake kira "Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Tsaro mai dorewa - Ruwa da Tsaro na Abinci don Latin Amurka" a cikin 2007 [27]

Tun daga wannan lokacin an haɗa taken ecosan a cikin wasu tarurruka na WASH, kuma ba a sake shirya manyan tarurruka daban-daban na ecosan ba.

Rikici tsakanin masana

gyara sashe

During the 1990s, when the term ecosan was something new, discussions were heated and confrontational.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span>] Supporters of ecosan claimed the corner on containment, treatment and reuse. The proponents of conventional sanitation systems on the other side defended pit latrines and waterborne sewage systems. Ecosan supporters criticized conventional sanitation for contaminating waterways with nutrients and pathogens. Since about 2007, the two opposing sides have slowly found ways of dealing with each other, and the formation of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance in that year has further helped to provide a space for all sanitation actors to meet and push into the same direction of sustainable sanitation.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Misalai

gyara sashe
  • Sweden ita ce jagora a Turai don sanya echoan a aikace a mafi girma. Misali, Garin Tanum a Sweden ya gabatar da bayan gida na rabuwa da fitsari saboda yanayin dake da dutse da ƙalubale da farko, kuma daga baya don dawo da phosphorus.[28]
  • Sweden ta kuma bada damar a cikin 2013 don tabbatar da ruwan baƙar fata mai aminci da tsabta (motsa da datti na mutum) daga tsarin ruwan baƙar ruwa da kuma cigaba da amfani dashi azaman sanannen taki. Irin wannan tsarin ruwan baƙar fata na iya zama bayan gida ko tankuna. Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona da Injiniyan Muhalli ta Sweden ce ta haɓaka ƙa'idodin takardar shaidar kuma tana iya shirya hanya ga manoma su yi amfani da sharar mutum don samar da aikin gona. Ƙungiyar Manoma ta Sweden ta kasance mai aiki a cikin wannan ci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, EPA ta Sweden a cikin shawarwarinsu ta ƙarshe a cikin 2014 ta rage haɗarin tsabta da ke tattare da fitsari.[29]
  • Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm (SEI) ta gudanar da babban shirin bincike na duniya da ake kira "Ecosanres" daga 2001 zuwa 2011. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan matukin jirgi na "busassun ecosan" (watau tare da amfani da bayan gida mai bushe) na wannan shirin shine babban aiwatar da UDDTs a cikin gine-gine masu hawa da yawa tare da wasu fasahohi don bada damar dawo da albarkatu daga excreta.[30] An kira wannan aikin Erdos Eco-Town Project a wani gari da ake kira Erdos a cikin Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin gwamnatin gundumar Dongsheng a Erdos da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm kuma tana da niyyar adana ruwa da samar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a cikin wannan yankin dake fama da fari da sauri na arewacin China. Don dalilai daban-daban na fasaha, zamantakewa da ma'aikata, an cire UDDTs bayan 'yan shekaru kawai kuma aikin ya kasa isar dashi a fannin dawo da abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan aikin yanzu an rubuta shi sosai kuma ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da ƙalubalen da rashin fa'idodi na "birni".[31]
  • Cibiyar Rich Earth a Brattleboro, Vermont, Amurka, kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don dawo da fitsarin mutum a matsayin taki. Sun kafa shirin farfado da abinci mai gina jiki na al'umma a Amurka kuma suna bincike da haɓaka fasahar magani don inganta amfani da fitsari a matsayin taki.[32]
  • SOIL a Haiti sun gina abin da suke kira "haske na muhalli" (UDDTs) a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin agaji na gaggawa bayan girgizar ƙasar Haiti ta 2010. Fiye da 'yan Haiti 20,000 a halin yanzu suna amfani da bayan gidajen wanka na muhalli na SOIL kuma SOIL ta samar da fiye da lita 400,000 na takin mai a sakamakon haka.[33] Ana amfani da man fetur don ayyukan noma da sake gina gandun daji.[34] Tsarin composting na SOIL yana da tasiri wajen inactivating Ascaris qwai - mai nuna alamar helminth gabaɗaya - a cikin datti da aka tattara daga ɗakunan wanka masu bushewa cikin makonni 16.[35] Hanyoyin hadawa da saka idanu da SOIL ke amfani dasu a Haiti na iya zama misali ga wasu saitunan kasa da kasa.[35]
  • Sanitation First, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Burtaniya tana gina wuraren ecoan (UDDTs) a sassa daban-daban na kasashe masu tasowa. Sunfi aiki a Tamil Nadu (India), inda Gwamnatin Jihar Tamil Nadu ke bada tallafi don aikinsu. Sun kuma gina ecosan a wasu sassan yankunan karkara na Indiya, Kenya da Saliyo. A cewar shafin yanar gizon su, mutane 58,000 a duk duniya suna amfani da bayan gida a cikin 2021.[36]
  • Kungiyar NGO CREPA wacce ke aiki a yankin Yammacin Afirka mai magana da Faransanci (wanda yanzu ake kira WSA - Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya a Afirka) ta kasance mai aiki sosai a cikin ingantaccen yanayi daga 2002 zuwa 2010 tare da mai da hankali sosai ga UDDTs tare da sake amfani dashi a aikin gona, musamman a Burkina Faso.[37][38]

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Esrey, S., Andersson, I., Hillers, A., Sawyer, R. (2001). Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2000.
  2. ↑ Humphrey, J. H. (2009). "Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing". The Lancet. 374 (9694): 1032–1035. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60950-8. PMID 19766883. S2CID 13851530.
  3. ↑ Morgan, P. (2010). Ecological toilets - Start simple and upgrade from arborloo to VIP. Harare, Zimbabwe
  4. ↑ Morgan, P. (2011). Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta - Main tree report. Aquamor, and Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
  5. ↑ Pradhan, Surendra K. (2010). "Human Urine and Wood Ash as Plant Nutrients for Red Beet (Beta vulgaris) Cultivation: Impacts on Yield Quality". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58 (3): 2034–2039. doi:10.1021/jf9029157. PMID 20050665.
  6. ↑ Richert, A., Gensch, R., Jönsson, H., Stenström, T., Dagerskog, L. (2010). Practical guidance on the use of urine in crop production. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden
  7. ↑ Schröder, J., Cordell, D., Smit, A., Rosemarin, A. (2010). Sustainable use of phosphorus. Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
  8. ↑ Soil Association (2010). A rock and hard place - Peak phosphorus and the threat to our food security. Soil Association, Bristol, UK
  9. ↑ Mihelcic, James R.; Fry, Lauren M.; Shaw, Ryan (2011). "Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces". Chemosphere. 84 (6): 832–839. Bibcode:2011Chmsp..84..832M. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.046. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 21429554.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 WHO (2006). WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater - Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
  11. ↑ Mallory, Adrian; Crapper, Martin; Holm, Rochelle H. (2019-03-28). "Agent-Based Modelling for Simulation-Based Design of Sustainable Faecal Sludge Management Systems". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (in Turanci). 16 (7): 1125. doi:10.3390/ijerph16071125. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6479626. PMID 30925829.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Sanitation innovator named 2013 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate". Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  13. ↑ Jenssen, P., Heeb, J., Huba-Mang, E., Gnanakan, K., Warner, W., Refsgaard, K., Stenström, T., Guterstam, B., Alsen, K. (2004). Ecological Sanitation and Reuse of Wastewater - A thinkpiece on ecological sanitation. The Agricultural University of Norway
  14. ↑ GIZ (2012). Worldwide list of 324 documented ecosan projects by various organisations. Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
  15. ↑ "Case studies of sustainable sanitation projects". Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Lüthi, C., Panesar, A., Schütze, T., Norström, A., McConville, J., Parkinson, J., Saywell, D., Ingle, R. (2011). Sustainable sanitation in cities: a framework for action. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Papiroz Publishing House
  17. ↑ Becerril, J. E.; Jiménez, B. (2007). "Potable water and sanitation in Tenochtitlan: Aztec culture". Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 7 (1): 147–154. doi:10.2166/ws.2007.017.
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ Narihiro, Takashi; Tamaki, Hideyuki; Akiba, Aya; Takasaki, Kazuto; Nakano, Koichiro; Kamagata, Yoichi; Hanada, Satoshi; Maji, Taizo (11 August 2014). "Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production". PLOS One. 9 (8): e104752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104752. PMC 4128746.
  20. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  21. ↑ Rosemarin, A. (2006). EcoSanRes Programme - Phase Two 2006-2010. Joint seminar of DWA and GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Germany
  22. ↑ Esrey, S., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U. (1998). Ecological Sanitation (in Chinese). SIDA, Sweden
  23. ↑ Esrey, S., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U. (1998). Assainissement écologique (in French) - Ecological sanitation. Département des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement.
  24. ↑ Winblad, U. (1999). Saneamiento ecológico (in Spanish) - Ecological Sanitation. SIDA, FES
  25. ↑ Joensson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinneras, B., Salomon, E. (2004). Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
  26. ↑ GTZ, IWA (2003). Ecosan - closing the loop - Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th –11th April 2003, Lübeck, Germany. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and International Water Association (IWA)
  27. ↑ ""Water and Food Security for Latin America", Fortaleza". Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. SuSanA. 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  28. ↑ Kvarnström, E., Emilsson, K., Richert Stintzing, A., Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., Petersens, E. af, Schönning, C., Christensen, J., Hellström, D., Qvarnström, L., Ridderstolpe, P., Drangert, J. (2006). Urine Diversion - One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation. EcoSanRes, Report 2006-1
  29. ↑ "Swedish EPA" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  30. ↑ McConville, J., Rosemarin, A. (2012). Urine diversion dry toilets and greywater system, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
  31. ↑ Flores, A. (2010). Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK
  32. ↑ "Rich Earth Institute". Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  33. ↑ SOIL (2011). The SOIL guide to ecological sanitation. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), Sherburne NY, US
  34. ↑ "Human Waste to Revive Haitian Farmland?", The National Geographic, Christine Dell'Amore, 26 October 2011
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Berendes, David; Levy, Karen; Knee, Jackie; Handzel, Thomas; Hill, Vincent R. (1 May 2015). "Ascaris and Escherichia coli Inactivation in an Ecological Sanitation System in Port-au-Prince, Haiti". PLOS One. 10 (5): e0125336. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025336B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125336. PMC 4416818. PMID 25932948.
  36. ↑ "Sanitation First - Tackling Poverty One Toilet at a Time". Sanitation First (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  37. ↑ Nana, C., Dagerskog, L. (2010). Productive sanitation initiatives in rural Burkina Faso and Niger – links to human rights - Good sanitation practices in relation to human rights. EcoSanRes, SEI, CREPA (presentation at human rights seminar, Geneva, Switzerland)
  38. ↑ Henry, L. (2011). Agriculture as a Driver for Sanitation - CREPA's Experience (Burkina Faso). Presented on 20 July 2011 at a seminar at AfricaSan3 (Kigali, Rwanda) on Linkages between Agriculture and Productive Sanitation: Scaling up Ecosan in Africa

Haɗin waje

gyara sashe
  • Sustainable Sanitation Alliance - cibiyar sadarwa dake hulɗa da tsabta mai ɗorewa, wanda za'a iya ɗaukar ecoan a matsayin ƙaramin saiti
  • Ƙarin hotuna: Nau'i a cikin "ecosan" a cikin filin bincike na tarin hotuna na SuSanA akan Flickr- yawancin hotunan da aka lakafta da "ecosans" zasu zama hotuna na UDDTs wanda shine fasaha ɗaya mai yiwuwa don manufar ecosan.
  • Gidan yanar gizon shirin EcosanRes na SEI, Sweden

Samfuri:Sustainability

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsabtace_muhalli&oldid=466478"