Tarihin fitilun zirga-zirgan kwalta (Traffic lights)

Hasken wuta na hanyar zirga-zirga na'urorin bada umarni ne da ake sanyawa a kan hanyoyin da ke kan kwalta, hanyoyin da ake kwalta, da sauran wurare don sarrafa kwararar zirga-gyare. Tarihin fitilun zirga-zirga yana da alaƙa da Ci gaban tarihi na mota.

An fara fara amfani da fitilun ababan hawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1868 a dandalin majalisar da ke birnin Landan domin rage bukatar jami’an ‘yan sanda su kula da ababen hawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, wutar lantarki da sarrafa na'ura mai kwakwalwa sun haɓaka fasahar hasken zirga-zirga da haɓaka ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa.  : 141 

Tallace-tallace don "Mai Gudanar da Jirgin Ruwa" a cikin kundin Pryke & Palmer na 1930

Shigar da siginar zirga-zirga a San Diego a cikin watan Disamba 1940

Hasken wuta a Stockholm a 1953.

Asalin siginar zirga-zirga

Kafin fitilun zirga-zirga, 'yan sanda na zirga-zane ke sarrafa zirga-zirgan anya. Misali mai kyau shine wanda ke kan London Bridge daga shekarar 1722. An ba mutane uku aikin jagorantar zirga-zirga da na shiga da fita daga Landan ko Southwark. Kowane jami'in zai taimaka wajen jagorantar zirga-zirga da ke fitowa daga Southwark zuwa London kuma ya tabbatar da cewa duk zirga-zirgan sun kasance a gefen yammacin gadar. Wani jami'in na biyu zai jagoranci zirga-zirga a gefen gabas na gadar don sarrafa zirga-zirgan mutane da ke barin London da shiga Southwark.

A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1868, an shigar da fitilun zirga-zirga na farko da ba na lantarki ba a waje Gidajen majalisa a Landan don sarrafa zirga-zirga a titin Bridge, Great George Street, da kuma titin Majalisar. Injiniyan jirgin kasa J. P. Knight na Nottingham ne ya gabatar da su wanda ya daidaita wannan ra'ayin daga ƙirar sautin jirgin ƙasa kuma injiniyoyin siginar jirgin ƙasa na Saxby & Farmer ne suka gina su. Babban dalilin hasken zirga-zirga shi ne cewa akwai yawan zirga-zirga da motocin doki keyi kan Westminster Bridge wanda ya tilasta dubban Masu tafiya suyi tafiya kusa da Gidajen Majalisar. Tsarin ya haɗu da makamai uku na semaphore tare da fitilun gas ja da kore don amfani da dare, a kan ginshiƙi, wanda ɗan sanda ke sarrafawa. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda na zirga-zirga ya juya fitilar da hannu tare da maɓallin a gindinsa don hasken da ya dace ya fuskanci hanyan dai. Siginar ta kasance tsawon mizani 22 feet (6.7 m). An kira hasken da suna semaphore kuma yana da makamai waɗanda za su shimfiɗa a kwance wanda ya umarci direbobi zuwa "Tsaya" sannan makamai za su sauka zuwa kusurwar digiri 45 don gaya wa direbobi su ci gaba da "Caution". Da dare jan haske zai ba da umarni "Tsaya" kuma kore haske zai nufin amfani da "Kula". Kodayake an ce ya samu nasara wajen sarrafa zirga-zirga, rayuwarsa ta aiki ba ta da tsawo. Ya fashe a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 1869 sakamakon kwarara a daya diga cikin layin gas a ƙarƙashin hanya kuma ya ji wa dan sanda wanda ke aiki da shi rauni.

Alamun na wutar lantarki

Alamar zirga-zirga ta farko ta White Horse Tavern a Hudson Street, New York. Hoton da aka ɗauka a 1961

Duk da gazawar hasken zirga-zirga na farko a London a 1869, kasashe a duk faɗin duniya har yanzu suna yin fitilun zirga-zirga. A shekara ta 1880, fitilun zirga-zirga sun bazu a duk faɗin duniya, kuma koda yaushe yana kama da haka, tun daga lokacin. Ko dai yaya, fitilun zirga-zirga na farko a ƙarshen karni na 19 sun bambanta sosai da waɗanda ke yanzu. A cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, ana amfani da siginar zirga-zirga kamar wanda ke Landan a duk faɗin Amurka tare da kowace jiha tana da ƙirar ta na'urar. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai ya fito ne daga Toledo, Ohio a cikin 1908. Kalmomin "TSAYA" da "WUCE" suna cikin fari a kan bango mai kore kuma fitilu suna da ruwan tabarau masu launin ja da kore da aka haskaka da fitilun kerosene don matafiya na dare kuma hannayensu sun kasance tsawon 8 feet (2.4 m) sama da ƙasa.: 22 Wani Jami'in zirga-zirga ne ke sarrafa shi wanda zai busa busa-busa kafin ya canza umarni a kan wannan siginar don taimakawa matafiya faɗakar da canjin. An kuma yi amfani da ƙirar a Philadelphia da Detroit.: 23 Misali a Ohio shine karo na farko da Amurka ta yi ƙoƙarin amfani da wani nau'i mai ganuwa na kula da zirga-zirga wanda ya haɗa da amfani da semaphores. An tsara na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita a Ohio bisa ga amfani da siginar jirgin ƙasa.: 382 

A cikin shekara ta 1912, an sanya na'urar kula da zirga-zirga a saman hasumiya a Paris a tsakiya na rue Montmartre da Boulevard Montmartre. Wata 'yar sanda ce ke sarrafa wannan siginar hasumiya kuma tana amfani da akwatin ƙarfe mai bangarori huɗu a saman gilashin inda akayi fentin kalmar "Tsaya" a ja kuma an fentin kalmar nan "Wuce" a fararen.

Alamar lantarki

A cikin shekara ta 1912, Lester Wire, wani dan sanda a Salt Lake City, Utah ne ya kirkiro hasken wutar lantarki na farko. Kodayake wasu suna da'awar cewa Ayodeep Ghosh ne ya kirkiro ainihin ra'ayin. Kamfanin American Traffic Signal Company ne ya shigar da shi a kusurwar East 105th Street da Euclid Avenue a Cleveland, Ohio.: 27-28 Yana da launuka biyu, ja da kore, da kuma buzzer, bisa ga ƙirar James Hoge, don samar da gargadi don canje-canjen launi. Zane na James Hoge ya ba da izinin 'yan sanda da tashoshin kashe gobara don sarrafa siginar idan akwai gaggawa. An shigar da tsarin siginar zirga-zirga na farko a Salt Lake City a cikin shekarar 1917, tare da hanyoyin da aka haɗa guda shida da aka sarrafa a lokaci guda daga sauyawa.: 32 

Jami'in 'yan sanda William Potts ne ya kirkiro hanyar farko ta hanyoyi huɗu, mai launi uku a Detroit, Michigan a cikin 1920. Ya damu da yadda jami'an 'yan sanda a alamun fitilu daban-daban guda huɗu ba za su iya canza fitilun su ba a lokaci guda. Amsar ita ce haske na uku wanda yake da launi na amber, wanda shine launi ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Potts kuma ya sanya lokaci tare da haske don taimakawa daidaita fitilun. An yi amfani da hasumiya don ɗora fitilu kamar yadda mahaɗar da aka shigar da ita tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tare da motoci sama da 20,000 a rana.: 35 

Los Angeles ta shigar da siginar zirga-zirga ta farko a watan Oktoba 1920 a wurare biyar a Broadway. Wadannan sigina na farko, waɗanda Acme Traffic Signal Co., suka ƙera, sun haɗa "Tsaya" da "Wuce" makamai masu laushi tare da ƙananan ja da kore. Wainnan sun taka rawar gani wajen amfani fitilun amber tun daga wancan lokacin har zuwa yau, suna busa husir lokacin da tutar ta canza - tsari wanda yake ɗaukan sakan biyar. A shekara ta 1923 birnin ya shigar da na'urorin kula da zirga-zirga 31 na Acme.

Alamun lantarki na atomatik

A cikin 1922 hasumiyoyin zirga-zirga sun fara sarrafuwa ta atomatik. Kamfanin farko da ya kara lokaci a cikin fitilun zirga-zirga shine Crouse Hinds . Sun gina siginar jirgin kasa kuma sune kamfani na farko da suka sanya masu saurin lokaci a cikin fitilun zirga-zirga a Houston, wanda shine garinsu.:: 385  Babban fa'idar amfani da agogo shine cewa ya adana kudi a birane ta hanyar maye gurbin jami'an zirga-zirga. Birnin New York ya sami damar sake sanya dukkan jami'anta 500 daga cikin jami'anta 6,000 da ke aiki a kan tawagar zirga-zirga; wannan ya ceci birnin $ 12,500,000.:: 385  Wolverhampton ita ce birni na farko na Burtaniya da ta gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na atomatik a 1927 a Princes Square a mahaɗar Lichfield Street da Princess Street a kan gwaji. An buɗe fitilun zirga-zirga na dindindin na Burtaniya a ranar 16 ga Maris 1928 a Leeds, a kusurwar Park Row da Bond Street.

Gabatar da siginar zirga-zirga ta atomatik ta buƙaci canjin halayyar masu tafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin birane sun yi maraba da fitilun zirga-zirgan; mutane da yawa sun ga alamun suna da kyau ga kulawar jami'an 'yan sanda saboda ba su da tasirin son kai irin su wariyar launin fata ko rashin amincewa da kamfanonin sufuri.:: 386–7 -7 Bayan ya shaida hatsari tsakanin mota da karusar da aka ja doki, mai kirkiro Garrett Morgan ya gabatar da takardar shaidar Amurka don siginar zirga-zirga. An ba da takardar shaidar No. 1,475,024 a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1923 don siginar zirga-zirga ta Morgan ta matsayi uku.

Ci gaba da ci gaban siginar zirga-zirga sun kasance tsarin da aka tsara. Wadannan sun ba da damar aiwatar da kalar kore na farko, don haka motocin da ke tafiya da sauri a titi za su haɗu da fitilun kore kawai. An shigar da tsarin farko a cikin 1926 a kan titin Sixteenth, Washington, DC, wanda ya haifar da ninka sau biyu na saurin tafiye-tafiye.: 388 

Tsarin haske goma sha biyu bai kasance ba har zuwa 1928 kuma wani fasalin tsarin hasken shine cewa an sanya hotuna a kan hasken kuma an fashe kowane ruwan tabarau don kara ganuwa a rana.:: 383  Dukkanin hasumiya da semaphores an cire su a cikin 1930. Hasumiyoyin sun yi yawa kuma sun hana zirga-zirga; semaphores sun yi ƙanƙanta kuma direbobi ba za su iya ganinsu da dare ba.: 382 

Ashville, Ohio, ya yi iƙirarin zama gidan tsohuwar hasken zirga-zirga a duniya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a wurin da hanyoyin jama'a suka haɗu daga 1932 zuwa 1982 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na gida. Guinness World Records ya goyi bayan wannan da'awar ta hanyar sanya shi tsohuwar hasken zirga-zirga.

A cikin 1949, an shigar da hasken wuta na farko a nahiyar Asiya a Haifa, Isra'ila. An shigar da hasken wuta na farko a Kudancin Indiya a Egmore Junction, Chennai a 1953. Birnin Bangalore ya shigar da hasken zirga-zirga na farko a Corporation Circle a 1963.

Alamun signar kwamfuta

Kula da fitilun zirga-zirga ya samu babban canji tare da hauhawar kwamfutoci a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950. Godiya ga kwamfutoci, sauya fitilu ya sa zirga-zirga ya fi kyau saboda godiya ga ganowar kwamfuta. An sanya farantin matsin lamba a tsakiya don kwamfutoci su san cewa mota tana jira a jan haske.: Wasu daga cikin abunda aka gano sun haɗa da sanin yawan motocin jira akan jan haske da tsawon lokacin da abin hawa na farko ya jira a ja.: Ɗaya daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na tarihi na sarrafa fitilu na kwamfuta ya kasance a Denver a cikin 1952. Ɗaya daga cikin kwamfutar ta ɗauki iko da fitilu 120 tare da masu gano matsin lamba guda shida da ke auna zirga-zirgar shigowa da fita. Gidan sarrafawa wanda ke dauke da kwamfutar da ke kula da tsarin yana cikin ginshiki na City da County Building.: Yayin da kwamfutoci suka fara canzawa, kula da hasken zirga-zirga ya inganta kuma ya zama mai sauƙi. A shekara ta 1967, birnin Toronto shine na farko da ya yi amfani da kwamfutoci masu ci gaba waɗanda suka fi kyau a gano abin hawa.: Kwamfutoci suna kula da sigina 159 a cikin birane ta hanyar layin tarho.

An gabatar da lokutan ƙididdiga a kan fitilun zirga-zirga a cikin shekarun 1990. Timers suna da amfani ga masu tafiya, don tsara ko akwai isasshen lokaci don ƙetare tsakiya kafin ƙarshen matakin tafiya, da kuma direbobin, don sanin adadin lokacin kafin hasken ya sauya. A Amurka, an haramta lokutan zirga-zirgar motoci, amma yanzu ana buƙatar lokutan masu tafiya a kan sabbin ko alamun ingantawa a kan hanyoyi masu faɗi. Wasu matakai na masu tafiya na iya amfani da motoci don sanin yawan lokacin da ya kasance a cikin sake zagayowar kore, saboda sau da yawa lokacin da mai tafiya ya kai sifili, siginar za ta juya amber a lokaci guda.  

Fasahar hasken wuta

Lokacin da fitilu masu haske suka fara maye gurbin fitilu masu amfani da gas, ya zama dole a haɗa ruwan tabarau mai launi a ja, rawaya ko kore don samar da sigina, kamar yadda fitilu masu haske zasu iya haskaka fararen haske kawai. A Faransa musamman, an sanye raka'a da mai haskakawa da ruwan tabarau daban-daban na nau'ikan kamar Fresnel, prismatic ko wasu. Wannan matsala na waɗannan shine gajeren rayuwarsu da tasirin haske lokacin da rana ke haskakawa a cikin ruwan tabarau mai launi. Sau da yawa ba zai yiwu a gano wane sigina yake aiki ba. Saboda haka, fitilun zirga-zirga sau da yawa an sanye su da masu kallo.

A cikin shekarun 1960, an fara amfani da sabon tushen hasken wuta ta amfani da bututun fitarwa. Takardar shaidar Silec Society da aka shigar a 1957 ta bayyana wannan fasahar. Fa'idojin sun kasance cewa tushen haske ba ya buƙatar ruwan tabarau mai launi, kuma wannan fasahar ta warware tasirin haske, rage amfani da makamashi kuma ta tsawaita rayuwar idan aka kwatanta da tushen incandescent.  

A cikin shekarar 1980, an inganta fitilu masu haske, tare da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki na 12V, mafi inganci da rage amfani da makamashi.

A ƙarshen shekara ta 1980, babban canji shine gabatar da fitilun Light Emitting Diode (LED), wanda ya amfana daga sake zagayowar maye gurbin da kuma amfani da makamashi. An sanya babban hasken wuta na LED na farko a cikin 1989 a California. Electro-techs ne suka kirkiro tsarin a Corona (California), kamfani ne wanda Raymond Deese ya kirkira a 1981.