Wikipedia

Sare dazuzzuka a indonesiya

Sare dazuzzuka a Indonesiya ya shafi asarar dazuzzuka na dogon lokaci da ganye a yawancin ƙasar; ya yi tasiri mai yawa ga muhalli da zamantakewa. Indonesiya gida ce ga wasu dazuzzukamasu bambancin halitta a duniya kuma a matsayi na uku a yawan nau'in halittu bayan Brazil da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango .

Sare dazuzzuka a indonesiya
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Gandun daji
Ƙasa Indonesiya
Sare Itatuwan dajin Kalimantan, Indonesiya
sare itatuwa a lardin Riau, Sumatra, don samar da hanyar noman dabino (2007).

A ƙarshen shekarata 1900, Indonesia har yanzu ƙasa ce mai yawan dazuzzuka: gandun daji suna wakiltar kashi 84 cikin 100 na faɗin ƙasar. Sake sare dazuzzuka ya tsananta a cikin shekarata 1970s kuma ya ƙara haɓaka tun daga lokacin. Kiyasin dazuzzukan da ya kai hekta miliyan 170 a wajen shekara ta 1900 ya ragu zuwa kasa da hekta miliyan 100 a karshen karni na 20. [1] A cikin shekarata 2008, an yi kiyasin cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi a Indonesiya za su kasance cikin shekaru goma. [2] Daga cikin jimlar sarewar da aka yi a Indonesia, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 an ba da rahoton ana yin su ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Manyan wuraren dazuzzuka a Indonesiya an share su da manyan kamfanoni na ɓangaren litattafan almara na duniya, irin su Asiya Pulp da Paper, kuma an maye gurbinsu da shuka. Sannan Kuma Manoma [3] da masu shukar suna kona dazuzzuka. Wata babbar hanyar saran gandun daji ita ce sana'ar sare itace, sakamakon buƙatu daga China da Japan. Shirye-shiryen bunkasa noma da ƙaura sun ƙaura da yawan jama'a zuwa yankunan dazuzzukan damina, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙara yawan sare itatuwa.

Yin sare itatuwa da kona dazuzzuka don share filaye don noma ya sanya Indonesiya ta zama kasa ta uku a duniya wajen fitar da iskar iskar gas, bayan China da Amurka. Gobarar daji takan lalata manyan dazuzzukan dajin, gami da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da suka girma da kuma ciyayi . A watan Mayun shekarata 2011, Indonesiya ta ayyana dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako don taimakawa yaƙar wannan. [4] Wannan ya zama kamar ba shi da tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da adadin sare itatuwa ya ci gaba da karuwa. Kuma A shekara ta 2012 Indonesiya ta zarce adadin sare dazuzzuka a Brazil, [5] kuma ta zama al'umma mafi saurin kawar da daji a duniya. [6]

Tarihi

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Yanke gandun daji don shukar taba a Arewacin Sumatra (ca.1900).

Tsibirin Indonesiya mai kusan tsibirai 17,000 gida ne ga wasu dazuzzukan dazuzzukan halittu . A cikin shekarata 1900 jimillar gandun daji ya wakilci kashi 84% na yawan ƙasar. A shekara ta 1950, gonakin noman da ƙananan ciyayi na noman bishiyar har yanzu sun rufe ƙaramin yanki kawai. Fadin dajin a wancan lokacin an kiyasta ya kai hekta miliyan 145 na dajin farko da wani hekta miliyan 14 na dajin na sakandare da na tudu. [1]

A farkon shekarun 1970 Indonesiya ta yi amfani da wannan albarkatu mai mahimmanci don fa'idar tattalin arzikinta tare da haɓaka masana'antar sarrafa itace ta ƙasar. Daga ƙarshen shekarar 1980s zuwa 2000, ƙarfin samarwa ya ƙaru kusan 700% a cikin masana'antar ɓangaren litattafan almara da masana'antar takarda, wanda hakan ya sa Indonesiya ta zama ƙasa ta tara mafi girma a duniya mai samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara kuma ta goma sha ɗaya mafi girmar takarda.

Yawan sare itatuwa na ci gaba da karuwa. Rahoton muhalli na jihar na 2009 wanda shugaban kasar Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ya kaddamar ya bayyana cewa adadin wuraren da gobara ta tashi zuwa 32,416 a shekarar 2009 daga 19,192 kacal a shekarar 2008. Kuma Ma’aikatar kula da muhalli ta dora alhakin karuwar lamarin a kan raunin jami’an tsaro da kuma rashin kulawa daga hukumomin yankin, tare da ba da filaye a matsayin musabbabin tashin gobarar.

Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2000 kashi 20% na gandun daji a Indonesia sun yi hasarar (ha miliyan 24) kuma a shekara ta 2010, kashi 52% ne kawai na yawan yankin dajin (ha miliyan 94). [7] Ko da duk da dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako da aka sanya a shekarar 2010, adadin sare dazuzzuka ya ci gaba da karuwa zuwa kimanin hekta 840,000 a shekarar 2012, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa a Brazil . [8] Sake sare gandun daji a Indonesiya ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2016, kuma daga baya ya ragu, ya faɗi da kusan kashi 30% (kwatankwacin a shekarata 2009-2016 da 2017-2019). [9] Nazarin ya danganta raguwar da "wasu hada-hadar manufofin da suka hada da hana fasa gandun daji na farko da magudanar ruwa, da yin nazari kan rangwamen filaye, da dakatar da sabbin noman dabino da ma'adanai" da kuma shirye-shiryen tabbatar da dorewar dabino ga gandun daji a kan gonakin da ake da su. . [9] An kuma ba da lakabin gandun daji na al'umma kan hectare miliyan 2.4 a duk faɗin Indonesiya, amma binciken 2021 bai sami shaidar cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun rage sare dazuzzuka ba. [9]

Direbobin sare itatuwa

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A cikin shekarun 2001 – 2016, mafi girma direban saren gandun daji a Indonesia shi ne noman dabino, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 23% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Na biyu mafi girma direban sare dazuzzuka shi ne mayar da dazuzzuka zuwa ciyayi / shrub, lissafin kusan kashi 20% na sare gandun daji a fadin kasar. Tsare-tsare kan kananan noma da gauraye kanana ya kai kashi 22% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Lardin tituna da ƴan ƙanana, tare da sake girma dazuzzuka na biyu, sannan Kuma ya kai kusan kashi 10% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk wasu dalilai (kamar hakar ma'adinai da tafkunan kifi ) gabaɗaya sun kai kusan kashi 5% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. [10]

Tasiri

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Saurin sare dazuzzuka yana cutar da ɗimbin halittun Indonesiya kuma yana haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas na Indonesiya, waɗanda ke cikin mafi girma a duniya. [10] Juyawa da kona ƙasa na peat yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska, yana gabatar da manyan lahani ga lafiyar jama'a . [10]

Yankunan da abin ya shafa

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Yanke dazuzzukan dajin fadamar peat domin noman dabino a Indonesia .

Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan masu zafi na Indonesiya, mafi arziƙin albarkatun katako da bambancin halittu, sun fi fuskantar haɗari. Kuma A shekara ta 2000 kusan an share su gaba ɗaya a Sulawesi, kuma an yi hasashen za su ɓace cikin ƴan shekaru a Sumatra da Kalimantan. [1]

A Sumatra dubun dubatan kilomita murabba'in gandun daji ne aka lalata galibi a karkashin yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin tsakiya ta bai wa kamfanonin dabino don kawar da dajin. [11] A Kalimantan, daga shekarar 1991-2014, manyan wuraren dajin sun kone saboda gobarar da ba za ta iya sarrafawa ba ta haifar da gurɓacewar yanayi a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

Filayen haramtacciyar ƙasa

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Hoton tauraron dan adam Terra na NASA na hayaki mai kauri ya rataye a tsibirin Borneo a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2006. Gobarar na faruwa ne duk shekara a lokacin rani (Agusta-Oktoba), wanda akasari ke haifar da shi ta hanyar share fage da sauran gobarar noma, amma gobara ta kuɓuta daga sarrafa ta kuma tana ƙonewa a cikin dazuzzuka da wuraren fadama .

Rahoton Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2007 ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin kashi 73 zuwa 88% na katako da aka dasa a Indonesiya na faruwa ne sakamakon sare-guje ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma Ƙididdigar da ta biyo baya ta kasance cewa tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 55% na shigar da aka yi a Indonesiya shine sakamakon sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [12] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 81 cikin 100 na canjin gandun daji na dabino a Indonesia haramun ne, kuma Hukumar Binciken Koli ta Indonesiya ta tabbatar da cewa kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na ayyukan man dabino na kasar sun bi dokoki da ka'idoji na kasa. [13]

Malesiya ita ce mabuɗin ƙasar da ke jigilar kayayyakin itace ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Indonesia. [14]

Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sakamakon ribar tattalin arziki daga buƙatun kasuwannin gida da na yanki na katako, suna da laifi don sare bishiyoyi. Wadannan kamfanoni masu masana'antu sau da yawa ba sa bin ƙa'idodin doka ta hanyar amfani da tsadar tsada amma hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba kamar gobarar daji don share ƙasa don amfanin noma. Kuma Dokar gandun daji ta 1999 ta bayyana cewa yana da mahimmanci hukumomi su amince da kamfanoni a yankuna daban-daban tare da izinin IPK, izinin girbin katako, don amincewa da doka game da ayyukansu na sare dazuzzuka. Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya ƙetare wannan jan tef, haɓaka ribar kuɗin shiga ta hanyar yin amfani da ayyukan sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar yadda rashin bin doka da ƙa'idodin doka a manyan ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesiya ke lalata ƙoƙarin kiyaye gandun daji.

A cikin yanayin zamantakewa, ƙananan manoman da suke zaune a yankunan karkara, kuma waɗanda ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, suna amfani da hanyar da za a yi amfani da su na yanke-da-kone don tallafawa ayyukan su na noma. Wannan dabarar noma ta asali ta kunshi sare itatuwan dazuzzuka kafin lokacin rani, daga baya kuma, ana kona wadannan bishiyun a lokacin rani don samar da takin zamani don tallafawa ayyukan noman su. Wannan aikin noma ana maimaita shi a fili ɗaya har sai an cire shi daga sinadarai masu gina jiki kuma ba zai iya wadatar da amfanin gona ba. Sannan Bayan haka, waɗannan manoma za su ci gaba da mamaye wani fili kuma su ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun yanka da konewa. [15] Wannan abin da ke ba da gudummawar zamantakewar al'umma ga sare dazuzzuka yana ƙarfafa ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta na dorewar gandun daji a ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesia.

Ta fuskar siyasa, an yi suka sosai kan rawar da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke takawa wajen dakile sare itatuwa. Cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an kasar Indonesiya na haifar da kyama game da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan ayyukan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma A shekara ta 2008, wanke wani mai kamfanin katako, Adelin Lis, da ake zarginsa da yin sare-tsaki ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya kara zafafa ra'ayin jama'a tare da jawo suka a cibiyar siyasar Indonesiya.

Gwamnatin Indonesiya na kokawa kan yadda ake tafiyar da sare bishiyoyi tare da ci gaban birane mai dorewa yayin da ƙaura zuwa birane ke buƙatar faɗaɗa biranen. [16] Rashin yin la'akari da saran gandun daji tare da la'akari da ayyukan ƙaura da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke aiwatarwa yana nuna ƙarancin shaida na tallafawa don ba da shaida kan la'akari da dorewar gandun daji a ayyukan ci gaban su. Kuma Wannan ya kara dagula shakku a cikin amincin gwamnatin Indonesiya wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na raya birane da kuma kokarin kiyaye gandun daji cikin gaskiya da adalci. [17]

Ƙoƙarin kiyayewa

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Yunkurin dakile sauyin yanayi a duniya ya hada da matakan da aka tsara don sa ido kan yadda ake ci gaba da saran gandun daji a Indonesia da kuma zaburar da gwamnatocin kasa da na kananan hukumomi don dakatar da shi. Gabaɗaya kalmar waɗannan nau'ikan shirye-shirye shine Rage hayaki daga sare bishiyoyi da lalata gandun daji (REDD). Ana amfani da sabbin tsare-tsare don sa ido kan sare dazuzzuka a Indonesia. Sannan Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsarin, Cibiyar Kula da Daji ta Duniya don dandali na Aiki a halin yanzu yana nuna bayanan da aka sabunta kowane wata kan sare gandun daji a duk Indonesiya. [18]

A ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 2010 Indonesia ta rattaba hannu kan wata takarda ta niyya tare da Norway, don sanya wa'adin shekaru biyu kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba, wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da Indonesiya za ta samu har dalar Amurka biliyan 1 idan ta bi alkawarinta. Ana sa ran yarjejeniyar za ta kawo cikas ga masana'antar man dabino ta Indonesiya da jinkirta ko jinkirin shirye-shiryen samar da wani katafaren filin noma a lardin Papua . Da farko za a sadaukar da kudade don kammala dabarun yanayin yanayi da gandun daji na Indonesiya, ginawa da samar da damar sa ido, bayar da rahoto da tabbatar da raguwar hayaki, da Kuma aiwatar da manufofi da sauye-sauye na hukumomi. Norway za ta taimaka wa Indonesiya don tsara tsarin da zai taimaka wajen rage cin hanci da rashawa ta yadda za a iya aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. An ayyana dakatarwar shekaru biyu a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2011. [4] An kara wa'adin dakatarwar da wasu shekaru biyu a shekarar 2013.

A cikin shekarata 2014, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kusan 40 waɗanda suka amince da sanarwar New York game da dazuzzuka, alƙawarin son rai na rage sare bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2020 da kawo ƙarshensa nan da 2030. Yarjejeniyar ba ta dawwama bisa doka, duk da haka, kuma wasu manyan ƙasashe, irin su Brazil, China, da Rasha, ba su sanya hannu kan ta ba. Sakamakon haka, kokarin ya gaza, kuma sare itatuwa ya karu daga 2014-2020, a duk duniya da kuma a Indonesia. [19] [20] A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 141 (wanda ke da kusan kashi 85% na manyan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na duniya da kashi 90% na murfin bishiyar duniya) sun amince a taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 a Glasgow zuwa sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow game da dazuzzuka da amfanin ƙasa., alkawarin kawo karshen saran gandun daji nan da shekarar 2030. [20] Yarjejeniyar ta kasance tare da kusan dala biliyan 19.2 a cikin alkawuran kudade masu alaka. [21] Kamar yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya, sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow an shigar da ita ne a wajen Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don haka ba ta bi doka ba. [21] Nan da nan bayan Indonesiya ta shiga wannan alƙawarin, Kuma gwamnatin lardin ta ja da baya, inda ministar muhalli Siti Nurbaya Bakar ta bayyana cewa "tilasta wa Indonesia rashin sare itatuwa a shekarar 2030 bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba".

Duba wasu abubuwana

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  • Yanke dazuzzuka a Borneo
  • Zargin sare itatuwa a kasar Papua New Guinea
  • 1997 gobarar dajin Indonesiya
  • Aikin noman dabino a Indonesia
  • The Burning Season (fim na 2008)
  • APP

Gabaɗaya:

  • Matsalolin muhalli a Indonesia
  • Laifuka a Indonesia

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matthews, Emilly (ed.): The State of Forests Indonesia, Bogor 2002, Retrieved 28 May 2010
  2. ↑ China is black hole of Asia's deforestation, Asia News, 24 March 2008
  3. ↑ Slash and burn, Encyclopedia of Earth
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Indonesia's forest moratorium: A stepping stone to better forest governance?", CIFOR Working Paper 76, 2011
  5. ↑ Bachelard, Michael: "World's worst illegal logging in Indonesia", in The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 June 2014
  6. ↑ "Deforestation in Indonesia Is Double the Government's Official Rate", in Scientific American, 30 June 2014
  7. ↑ Staff (30 November 2011) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 – Trends in Extent of Forest 1990–2010 Archived 2019-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Media Centre, Accessed 5 March 2012
  8. ↑ John Vidal: "Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil, says study" in The Guardian, 30 June 2014
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sebastian Kraus, Jacqueline Liu, Nicolas Koch, Sabine Fuss, No aggregate deforestation reductions from rollout of community land titles in Indonesia yet Archived 2022-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (October 2021), 118 (43), doi:10.1073/pnas.2100741118.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kemen G. Austin, Amanda Schwantes, Yaofeng Gu & Prasad S. Kasibhatla, What causes deforestation in Indonesia?, Environmental Research Letters, Vol 14, No. 2 (2019).
  11. ↑ Losing land to palm oil in Kalimantan, BBC News, 3 August 2007
  12. ↑ Jake Schmidt, Illegal Logging in Indonesia: The Environmental Economic and Social Costs. BlueGreen Alliance, April 2010.
  13. ↑ Cassie Dummett, Arthur Blundell, Kerstin Canby, Michael Wolosin, and Eszter Bodnar, Report: Illicit Harvest, Complicit Goods: The State of Illegal Deforestation for Agriculture, Forest Policy, Trade, and Finance Initiative, Forest Trends Association, May 2021.
  14. ↑ Environmental Investigation Agency and Telepak (2004) Profiting from Plunder: How Malaysia Smuggles Endangered Wood.
  15. ↑ Tony Waters, The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture, p. 3. Lexington Books (2007)
  16. ↑ William D. Sunderlin and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo: "Rates and Causes of Deforestation in Indonesia: Towards a Resolution of the Ambiguities", in CIFOR Occasional Paper no.9, 1996
  17. ↑ Transparency International: "Tackling Political Corruption to Combat Illegal Logging" Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Project paper, 2011
  18. ↑ Center for Global Development: Forest Monitoring for Action, retrieved 24 October 2010
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Butler
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SpringJessop

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