R
R, ko r , shine harafi na goma sha takwas na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na asali na ISO . Its sunan Turanci # ne <i id="mwGg">ar</i> (pronounced /ɑːr / ) jam'i ARS, [1] ko a Ireland ko /ɔːr / . [2]
Tarihi gyara sashe
| Egyptian hieroglyph tp (D1) |
Phoenician Resh |
Archaic Greek/Old Italic Rho |
Roman square capital R |
15th century Florentine inscriptional capital |
blackletter (Fraktur) | German kurrent | modern cursive (D'Nealian 1978) | ||
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Tsofaffi gyara sashe
Harafin asalin Semitic na iya yin wahayi daga wani hieroglyph na Masar don tp, "kai".[ana buƙatar hujja] An yi amfani da shi don /r/ ta Semites saboda a cikin yaren su, kalmar "kai" rêš (shima sunan harafin) Ya bunƙasa zuwa Girkanci ' Ρ ' ῥῶ ( rhô ) da Latin R.
The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ) but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the "P" shape of the letter.
The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R.
Tsinuwa I gyara sashe
Ƙananan minuscule (ƙaramin harafi) ( r ) ya haɓaka ta hanyoyi da yawa akan fom ɗin babban birnin. Tare da rubuce -rubucen minuscule na Latin gabaɗaya, ya ci gaba daga ƙarshe daga laƙabin Romawa ta hanyar rubutun banbanci na Late Antiquity zuwa ƙaramin Carolingian na ƙarni 9.
A rubutun hannu, ya zama gama gari ba a rufe kasan madauki ba amma a ci gaba da shiga kafa, yana adana ƙarin bugun alkalami. Ƙunƙarar madaidaiciya-ƙafar ƙafa ta gajarta cikin madaidaicin arc da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin Carolingian kuma har zuwa yau.
An yi amfani da ƙaramin kiraigraphic minuscule r, wanda aka fi sani da r rotunda (ꝛ) a jere ko, lanƙwasa siffar r don ɗaukar nauyin o (kamar a cikin oꝛ sabanin ko ) Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bambancin inda r ya bi wasu ƙananan haruffa tare da madaidaicin madaidaiciya zuwa dama (kamar b, h, p ) da kuma rubuta geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ ) Amfann da r rotunda galibi an daura shi ne da nau'ikan baƙaƙen haruffa, kuma glyph ɗin ya faɗi rashin amfani tare da haruffan haruffa a cikin mahallin Ingilishi galibi zuwa ƙarni na 18.
Rubutun insular ya yi amfani da ƙaramin abu wanda ke riƙe da bugun ƙasa biyu, amma wanda bai rufe madauki ba ("Insular r ", ꞃ) wannan bambance-bambancen yana rayuwa a cikin nau'in Gaelic da aka shahara a Ireland har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 (amma yanzu galibi an iyakance shi don dalilai na ado)
Suna gyara sashe
Sunan harafin a Latin ya kasance er ( /ɛr/ ) bin tsarin wasu haruffan da ke wakiltar ci gaba, kamar F, L, M, N da S. An adana wannan sunan a Faransanci da sauran yaruka da yawa. A cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya, sunan harafin ya canza daga /ɛr/ zuwa /ar/, bin tsarin da aka nuna a cikin wasu kalmomi da yawa kamar gona (kwatanta ferme na Faransa) da tauraro (kwatanta Stern na Jamus)
A cikin Hiberno-Turanci ana kiran harafin /ɒr/ ko /ɔːr/, ɗan kama da doki, tama, orr .
Wani lokaci ana kiran harafin R littera canīna (a zahiri 'harafin canine', galibi ana fassara shi cikin Ingilishi azaman wasiƙar kare ). Wannan kalmar Latin tana magana akan Latin R wanda aka ƙaddara don yin sauti kamar ƙaramin kare, salon magana da ake kira vōx canīna ('muryar kare') Kyakkyawan misali na R wanda aka ƙera yana cikin kalmar Mutanen Espanya don kare, perro .
A cikin Romeo da Juliet na William Shakespeare, nas ɗin Juliet ne ya yi irin wannan bayanin a Dokar 2, yanayin 4, lokacin da ta kira harafin R "sunan kare". Hakanan ana samun bayanin a cikin Nahawun Ingilishi na Ben Jonson .
Furuci da amfani gyara sashe
| Languages in italics do not use the roman alphabet; the table refers to romanizations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
| Albanian | Template:IPAslink | rr represents a trilled /r/ | ||
| Arabic | Most dialects | Template:IPAslink | ||
| North Mesopotamian, Judeo-Iraqi | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Egyptian | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Catalan | Template:IPAslink | Word-initially | ||
| Template:IPAslink | Usually | |||
| Danish | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Template:IPAslink | Archaic | |||
| Dutch | Most dialects | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Brabantish, Limburgish | Template:IPAslink | |||
| English | Non-rhotic | Template:IPAslink | Before vowels | |
| silent | After vowels | |||
| Rhotic | Template:IPAslink | Before vowels | ||
| ʵ | After vowels | |||
| Faroese | Template:IPAslink | |||
| French | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Galician | Template:IPAslink | |||
| German | Standard | Template:IPAslink | Before vowels | |
| Template:IPAslink | After vowels | |||
| Gutnish | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Haitian | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Hebrew | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Template:IPAslink | Archaic | |||
| Hopi | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Irish | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Template:IPAslink | After i; before e, i | |||
| Italian | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Japanese | Standard | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Leonese | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Manx | Template:IPAslink | |||
| silent | ||||
| Māori | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Norwegian | Most dialects | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Western and Southern dialects | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Tromsø | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Portuguese | Template:IPAslink | In certain environments | ||
| Template:IPAslink | In certain environments | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | Template:IPAslink | Usually | ||
| Template:IPAslink | After i; before e, i | |||
| Sicilian | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Spanish | Some dialects | Template:IPAslink | After a vowel | |
| Most dialects | Template:IPAslink | Word-initially | ||
| All dialects | Template:IPAslink | Usually | ||
| Puerto Rican | Template:IPAslink | Word-initially | ||
| Swedish | Most dialects | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Southern dialects | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Turkish | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Venetian | Most dialects | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Venice | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Vietnamese | Northern dialect | Template:IPAslink | ||
| Most dialects | Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink | |||
Turanci gyara sashe
Harafin ⟩ ne na takwas ya fi na kowa wasika a Turanci da huɗu-fi na kowa baƙi (bayan ⟩ ⟩ kuma ⟩
Harafin ⟩ ake amfani da su samar da kawo karshen "-re", wanda aka yi amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar cibiyar a wasu irin English kuskure, kamar British Turanci . Ingilishi na Kanada shima yana amfani da ƙarshen "-re", sabanin Ingilishi na Amurka, inda galibi ana maye gurbin ƙarshen ta "-er" ( tsakiya ) Wannan baya shafar furtawa.
Wasu harsuna gyara sashe
⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
| Alveolar trill [r] | Saurara | wasu yarukan Ingilishi na Ingilishi ko cikin magana mai ƙarfi, daidaitaccen Yaren mutanen Holland, Finnish, Galician, Jamusanci a wasu yaruka, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesiyan, Italiyanci, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mafi yawa a arewa maso yamma, Polish, Fotigal tsarin gargajiya), Romanian, Rasha, Scots, Slovak, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh ; ma Catalan, Spanish kuma Albanian ⟩ |
| Kusan Alveolar [ɹ] | Saurara | Turanci (yawancin iri), Yaren mutanen Holland a cikin wasu yarukan Dutch (a cikin takamaiman matsayi na kalmomi), Faroese, Sicilian |
| Murfin Alveolar / Alveolar famfo [ɾ] | Saurara | Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish kuma Albanian ⟩ Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Bagalike, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Harshen Maori |
| Sautin muryar retroflex [ʐ] | Saurara | Yaren mutanen Norway kusa da Tromsø ; Mutanen Espanya da ake amfani da su a matsayin allophone na / r / a cikin wasu lafazin Kudancin Amurka; An yi amfani da Hopi kafin wasali, kamar a cikin raana, "toad", daga ranar Rana ta Spain; Harshen Hanyu Pinyin na Ingantaccen Sinanci . |
| Kimanin Retroflex [ɻ] | Saurara | wasu yarukan Ingilishi (a Amurka, Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila, da Dublin ), Gutnish |
| Kwallan Retroflex [ɽ] | Saurara | Yaren mutanen Norway lokacin da <d> ke bi, wani lokacin cikin Ingilishi na Scottish |
| Tashin mahaifa [ʀ] | Saurara | Matsayin matakin Jamusanci; wasu yarukan Yaren mutanen Holland (a cikin Brabant da Limburg, da wasu yarukan birni a Netherlands), Yaren mutanen Sweden a Kudancin Sweden, Yaren mutanen Norway a ɓangarorin yamma da kudanci, Venetian kawai a yankin Venice. |
| Muryar muryar uvular [ʁ] | Saurara | Arewa Mesopotamian Larabci, Judeo-Iraqi Larabci, Jamus, Danish, Faransa, misali Turai Portuguese ⟩ misali Brazilian Portuguese ⟩ Puerto Rican Spanish ⟩ da 'r-' a yammacinta, Norwegian a yammacin da kuma kudancin . |
Wasu harsuna iya amfani da harafin ⟩ a cikin harafi (ko Latin transliterations makircinsu) su wakilci rhotic baƙaƙe daban-daban daga alveolar trill. A Haiti Creole, shi wakiltar wani sauti haka rauni da cewa shi ne sau da yawa da aka rubuta interchangeably da ⟩ misali 'Kweyol' don 'Kreyol'.
Brazil Portuguese yana da babban yawan allophones na /ʁ / kamar [ χ ] [ h ] [ ɦ ] [ x ] [ ɣ ] [ ɹ ] da [ r ] da karshen uku wadanda za a iya amfani kawai a wasu riƙa [ ɣ ] da [ r ] kamar yadda ⟩ [ ɹ ] a syllable coda, kamar yadda wani allophone na /ɾ / bisa ga Turai Portuguese kullum da kuma /ʁ / bisa ga Brazilian Portuguese na kullum) Yawanci aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu suna cikin yare ɗaya, kamar Rio de Janeiro ' [ ʁ ], [ χ ], [ ɦ ] kuma, ga speakersan masu magana, [ ɣ ] .
Sauran tsarin gyara sashe
Haruffan Sautin na Ƙasa yana amfani da saɓani da yawa na harafin don wakiltar baƙaƙe daban -daban; ⟩ wakiltar alveolar trill .
Haruffa masu alaƙa gyara sashe
Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin gyara sashe
- R tare da diacritics : Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř Ř ř Ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ ṛ ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ ɽ ̃ R̃ r̃ ᵲ ꭨ ᵳ [3] ᶉ
- International karin lafazi Alphabet -specific alamomin alaka R: ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
- Tsofaffin alamomin da ba a saba da su ba a cikin Harafin Sauti na Duniya: ɿ ɿ
- Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da R:
Bambance -bambancen Calligraphic a cikin haruffan Latin gyara sashe
- Ꝛ : R rotunda
- Ꞃ : "Insular" R ( nau'in Gaelic )
Kakannin kakanni da lingsan uwan juna a wasu haruffa gyara sashe
- Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Resh, wanda haruffa masu zuwa ke fitowa daga ciki
- Ρ : Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa
- Ƙari : Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R
- Ƙari : Harafin Runic Raido
- Р : Harafin Cyrillic Er
- Ƙari : Harafin Gothic Reda
- Ƙari : Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R
- Ρ : Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa
Ragewa, alamomi da alamomi gyara sashe
- : Alama don " amsa " a cikin liturgy
- Ƙari : Likitan likita Rx
- Ƙari[ana buƙatar hujja] : Ruble alama
- Ƙari : Alamar alamar kasuwanci mai rijista
Physics gyara sashe
| Sanarwa | Yawa | Naúra |
|---|---|---|
| R | juriya na lantarki | ohm (Ω) |
| Tensor Ricci | marar raka'a | |
| annuri | ||
| gas akai | joule per mole -kelvin (J/(mol · K)) | |
| r | radius vector (matsayi) | mita (m) |
| r | radius na juyawa ko tazara tsakanin abubuwa biyu kamar talakawa a cikin dokar Newton na ɗaukar nauyi | mita (m) |
Kimiyya gyara sashe
- A cikin dabarun sunadarai, ana amfani da su don nuna wani mai maye, wanda kuma aka sani da "rukunin R". Misali, "Na (KO)
- A cikin sunan IUPAC da aka fi so don sunadarai ana amfani da su don nuna takamaiman enantiomer . Misali (R) -2- (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid" yana daya daga cikin enantiomers na mecoprop .
Encoding gyara sashe
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Sauran wakilci gyara sashe
Duba kuma gyara sashe
- Gutural R
Nassoshi gyara sashe
Hanyoyin waje gyara sashe
Media related to R at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of R at Wiktionary- The dictionary definition of r at Wiktionary
| Haruffan Latin na ISO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz |
- ↑ "R", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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