Wikipedia

Pisco Sour

Pisco mai tsami shine hadaddiyar giyar giya ta asalin Peru wacce ta saba da abinci daga Peru da Chile . Sunan abin sha ya fito ne daga pisco, wanda shine giyar sa ta asali, da kalmar hadaddiyar giyar mai tsami, dangane da ruwan lemu mai tsami da kayan zaki. Ruwan pisco na Peruvian yana amfani da pisco na Peru azaman giyar giya kuma yana ƙara ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami, madara mai sauƙi, kankara, fararen kwai, da haushi na Angostura . Siffar Chile ɗin iri ɗaya ce, amma tana amfani da pisco na Chile da lemun tsami na Pica, kuma yana cire haushi da fararen kwai. Sauran bambance - bambancen hadaddiyar giyar sun haɗa da waɗanda aka kirkira da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar abarba ko tsirrai kamar ganyen coca.

Pisco Sour
IBA official cocktail (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na cocktail (en) Fassara da sour (en) Fassara
Suna a harshen gida Pisco sour
Ƙasa da aka fara Peru
Kayan haɗi pisco (en) Fassara, lemon juice (en) Fassara, egg white (en) Fassara, syrup (en) Fassara da Angostura bitters (en) Fassara
Pisco sour in Santiago
Pisco sour, hand on a plate (to be served in a buffet)
Pisco Sour

Ko da yake da shiri na pisco-tushen gauraye abubuwan sha yiwu kwanakin baya zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai 1700s, masana tarihi da kuma abin sha masana sun yarda cewa hadaddiyar giyar kamar yadda aka sani a yau aka ƙirƙira a cikin farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s a Lima, babban birnin kasar Peru, da Amirka, ma'aikacin bar Victor Vaughen Morris. [1] Morris ya bar Amurka a shekarar dubu daya da casa'in da uku 1903 don yin aiki a Cerro de Pasco, wani gari a tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da uku 1916, ya buɗe Bar na Morris a Lima, kuma salon saloon ya zama sanannen wuri ga manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Ana samun tsofaffin sanannun ambaton pisco a cikin jaridu da tallan mujallu, tun daga farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s, don Morris da mashayarsa da aka buga a Peru da Chile. Pisco tsami ya sami sauye - sauye da yawa har sai Mario Bruiget, wani mashahurin dan kasar Peru da ke aiki a Barikin Morris, ya kirkiro girke -girke na Peruvian na zamani na hadaddiyar giyar a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 ta ƙara Angostura haushi da fararen kwai zuwa gauraya.

Masu shaye - shayen hadaddiyar giyar suna ɗaukar pisco tsami a matsayin classic Amurka ta Kudu. [upper-alpha 1] Chile da Peru duk suna da'awar pisco tsami a matsayin abin shan su na ƙasa, kuma kowannensu yana tabbatar da ikon mallakar giyar ta barasa-pisco; saboda haka, miyar pisco ta zama muhimmiyar magana da aka saba yin muhawara a kan al'adun Latin Amurka . Kafofin watsa labarai da mashahuran mutane da ke sharhi kan takaddamar sukan bayyana fifikon su don sigar hadaddiyar giyar a kan ɗayan, wani lokacin kawai don haifar da rigima. Wasu masu kera pisco sun lura cewa rigimar tana taimakawa inganta sha’awar abin sha. Nau'ikan pisco guda biyu da bambance -bambancen biyu a cikin salon shirya pisco tsami sun bambanta a cikin samarwa da dandano. Peru tana bikin hutu na shekara -shekara don girmama hadaddiyar giyar yayin Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu.

Suna

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A lokaci m yana nufin gauraye drinks dauke da wani tushe sayar da giya (Bourbon, ko wasu sauran wuski), lemun tsami ko lemun tsami ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da kuma wani abun zaki. [2] Pisco yana nufin giyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. Kalmar kamar yadda ake amfani da abin sha ta fito ne daga tashar Pisco ta Peru. A cikin littafin Latin Amurka da Caribbean, masanin tarihi Olwyn Blouet da masanin tarihin ƙasa Brian Blouet sun bayyana ci gaban gonakin inabi a farkon mulkin mallaka na Peru da yadda a cikin rabin rabin karni na goma sha shida kasuwar sayar da giya ta samo asali daga buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyukan ma'adinai. a cikin Andes . Buƙatar da ke biyo baya don ƙara ƙarfin abin sha ya sa Pisco da garin Ica da ke kusa suka kafa abubuwan shaye -shaye "don yin ruwan inabi ya zama ruwan inabi," [3] kuma samfurin ya sami sunan tashar jiragen ruwa daga inda aka murƙushe shi kuma aka fitar da shi.

Tarihi

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Bayan Fage

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A Plaza de toros de Acho (Lima), mafi tsufa bullring a cikin nahiyar Amirka, inda ta maye gurbi a cikin pisco m aka sayar

An kawo kurangar inabi ta farko zuwa Peru jim kaɗan bayan da Spain ta ci ta a ƙarni na sha shida 16. Masu tarihin Spain daga lokacin da aka lura da yin ruwan inabi na farko a Kudancin Amurka ya faru a cikin hacienda Marcahuasi na Cuzco . [4] An kafa manyan gonakin inabi na 16 da 17 na Amurka a kwarin Ica na kudu maso tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarun dubu daya da dari biyar da arbai'in 1540, Bartolomé de Terrazas da Francisco de Carabantes sun dasa gonakin inabi a Peru. [5] Carabantes kuma sun kafa gonakin inabi a Ica, daga inda Mutanen Spain daga Andalucia da Extremadura suka gabatar da inabi zuwa Chile. [5]

Tuni a cikin karni na sha shida16, mazaunan Spain a Chile da Peru sun fara samar da aguardiente distilled daga inabi mai ɗaci. Tun aƙalla shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai da sittin da hudu 1764, an kira aguardiente na Peru "pisco" bayan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa; amfani da sunan "pisco" don aguardiente sannan ya bazu zuwa Chile. Hakkin samarwa da siyar da pisco, wanda har yanzu ana yi a Peru da Chile, shine batun takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. [6]

A cewar masanin tarihi Luciano Revoredo, shirya pisco tare da dabino na lemo har zuwa karni na sha takwas 18. Ya dogara da da'awar sa akan wata majiya da aka samo a cikin Mercurio Peruano wanda yayi cikakken bayanin haramcin aguardiente a Lima's Plaza de toros de Acho, mafi tsufa a Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ana kiran abin sha Punche ( Punch ), kuma bayi ne suka sayar da shi. Revoredo ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa wannan abin sha ya kasance magabaci na pisco na Californian, wanda Duncan Nicol ya ƙirƙira a Barikin Bankin San Francisco, California. Dangane da shirin labarai na dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya 1921 daga Jagoran Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, wata jaridar Turanci daga Peru, sanannu a gundumar Barbary Coast ta San Francisco sanannu ne ga Pisco Sours a lokacin "tsoffin ranakun kafin Volstead ." [7] Kwararren mai dafa abinci Duggan McDonnell yayi la’akari da cewa wannan yana danganta shahara (ba asali) na hadaddiyar giyar pisco a San Francisco tun daga farkon girgizar ƙasa ta 1906 da ta lalata Barbary Coast. [7] A girke-girke na pisco-based punch, gami da fararen kwai, mai binciken Nico Vera ya samo shi a cikin littafin girki na Peruvian Manual de Cocina a la Criolla ; saboda haka, McDonnell yayi la'akari da cewa "[i] t yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya cewa 'Cocktail' wanda ya zama ɗan tsami na pisco ... an shirya shi na ɗan lokaci a Lima kafin a haɗa shi cikin littafin dafa abinci. ” [7]

Asali

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Victor Morris, wanda ya kirkiro miyar pisco

Tushen pisco ya samo asali ne a Lima, Peru. [1] Victor Vaughen Morris, Ba'amurke ne ya ƙirƙiro shi daga gidan Mormon mai daraja na zuriyar Welsh, wanda ya koma Peru a 1904 don yin aiki a kamfanin jirgin ƙasa a Cerro de Pasco . Baƙin Amurkawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa cibiyar hakar ma'adinai ta Andean na Cerro de Pasco, sannan birni na biyu mafi girma a Peru, don yin aiki a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda attajirin nan Alfred W. McCune ya kafa . [8] Morris, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kantin kayan fure a Salt Lake City, ya shiga aikin McCune don gina abin da ya kasance mafi girman layin dogo a duniya da sauƙaƙe fitar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe na birni. [8] A yayin bikin kammala aikin jirgin kasa a watan Yuli na 1904, Morris, wanda aka dorawa alhakin kula da bukukuwan, ya tuno da fara hada pisco a cikin abin sha bayan kusan mahalarta dubu biyar 5,000 na Amurka da na Peru (ciki har da mashahuran mutane da manyan mutane) sun cinye duk wadataccen wuski . [8]

Morris ya ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Peru, Lima, tare da matarsa Peruvian da yara uku a dubu daya da dari tara da sha biyar 1915. Bayan shekara guda, ya buɗe gidan cin abinci —Morris 'Bar-wanda ya zama sananne ga duka manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Morris, wanda galibi yana gwada sabbin abubuwan sha, ya haɓaka miyar pisco azaman bambance -bambancen miyar wuski. [9] Masanin tarihin Chilean Gonzalo Vial Correa shima ya danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Gringo Morris daga Barris na Morris na Peru, amma tare da ƙaramin bambanci na sanya masa suna William Morris. [10]

Akwai wasu bambance -bambance a kan ainihin ranar da Morris ya kirkiro mashahurin hadaddiyar giyar. Masanin ilimin halittu Dale DeGroff ya tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙira abin sha a cikin 1915, [11] amma wasu kafofin suna jayayya cewa wannan ya faru a cikin 1920s. [12] Jaridar yanar gizo ta Chile El Mercurio Online musamman ta musanta cewa masana tarihi sun danganta shekarar ƙirƙirar abin sha kamar 1922, yana mai ƙara da cewa "a cikin dare Morris ya ba abokansa mamaki da sabon abin sha wanda ya kira pisco m, ƙa'idar da ta haɗa pisco na Peru tare da tsami na Amurka" (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " Una noche Morris sorprendió a sus amigos con una nueva bebida a la que llamó pisco sour, una fórmula que funde lo peruano del pisco con el 'sour' estadounidense. " ).

 
Talla don Bar Morris [upper-alpha 4]

Abin girke -girke na farko na tsami na Pisco shine na hadaddiyar giyar mai sauƙi. [13] A cewar mai binciken Peruvian Guillermo Toro-Lira, "ana ɗauka cewa ɗanɗano ne na pisco tare da ruwan lemun tsami da sukari, kamar yadda wuski mai tsami na waɗannan kwanakin." Yayin da girke -girke na hadaddiyar giyar ke ci gaba da haɓaka, rajistar mashaya ta nuna cewa abokan ciniki sun yi tsokaci kan ci gaba da inganta ɗanɗanon abin sha. [14] Mario Bruiget, ɗan ƙasar Peru daga Chincha Alta wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin aikin Morris wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1924 ya haɓaka sigar girkin na Peruvian na zamani. Abincin Bruiget ya ƙara haushin Angostura da fararen kwai a gauraya. 'Yar jarida Erica Duecy ta rubuta cewa bidi'ar Bruiget ta kara da "sifa mai sarkakiya da kumfar kai" a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. [13]

Morris yayi amfani da tallace -tallace don haɓaka mashayarsa da ƙirƙirarsa. Tsohuwar sanannen ambaton ruwan pisco ya bayyana a cikin fitowar Satumba 1920 na mujallar Peru ta Hogar . [15] Wani tsohon talla ya bayyana a cikin Afrilu 22, 1921, bugun mujallar Peru Mundial . A cikin mujallar, ba wai kawai aka bayyana tsami na pisco a matsayin abin sha mai launin fari ba, amma abin da aka ƙirƙira an danganta shi da "Mister Morris." Daga baya, a cikin 1924, tare da taimakon abokin Morris Nelson Rounsevell, mashaya ta yi tallan yankinta da ƙira a Valparaíso, Chile. Talla ta fito a cikin jaridar Valparaíso South Pacific Mail, mallakar Rounsevell. A shekara ta 1927, Bar Bar na Morris ya sami babban fa'ida ga hadaddiyar giyar sa, musamman tsami na pisco. Brad Thomas Parsons ya rubuta cewa "rajista a Morris Bar ya cika da babban yabo daga baƙi waɗanda suka yi tsokaci game da abin sa hannu." [16]

Sanannen masu halarta a Bar na Morris sun haɗa da marubutan Abraham Valdelomar da José María Eguren, masu baje kolin Richard Halliburton da Dean Ivan Lamb, masanin ɗan adam Alfred Kroeber, da 'yan kasuwa Elmer Faucett da José Lindley . A cikin abin tunawa, Lamb ya tuno da gogewarsa tare da tsami na pisco a cikin Bar na Morris, yana mai cewa "ya ɗanɗana kamar abin sha mai daɗi" kuma yana jin bacin rai bayan ya sha na biyu duk da ƙin yarda da mashaya cewa "yawanci ya isa. " [8]

Yaɗa

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Bayan lokaci, gasa daga sandunan kusa da tabarbarewar lafiyar Victor Morris ya haifar da koma baya da faduwar sana'arsa. Saboda tsarin mulkinsa da ke taɓarɓarewa, Morris ya ba da mafi yawan mashaya zuwa ga ma'aikatansa. Ƙari ga matsalar, masu fafatawa a kusa, kamar Hotel Bolívar da Hotel Lima Country Club, suna da sanduna waɗanda suka kwace abokan ciniki daga Bar na Morris. Bugu da ƙari, Toro-Lira ya gano cewa Morris ya zargi hudu daga cikin tsoffin mashawartansa na satar dukiyar ilimi bayan sun tafi aiki a ɗayan waɗannan cibiyoyin gasa. A cikin 1929, Morris ya ba da sanarwar fatarar kuɗi kuma ya rufe gidan saloon. Bayan 'yan watanni, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, Victor Vaughen Morris ya mutu sakamakon cirrhosis . [14]

 
Otal ɗin Bolívar yana cikin otal -otal da yawa na Lima har yanzu suna hidimar hadaddiyar giyar pisco tun lokacin da aka rufe Bar na Morris

Masanin tarihi Luis Alberto Sánchez ya rubuta cewa, bayan Morris ya rufe mashayarsa, wasu daga cikin mashayan sa sun bar aiki a wasu wuraren. Bruiget ya fara aiki a matsayin mashaya don Grand Hotel Maury da ke kusa, inda ya ci gaba da hidimar girkinsa na tsami. Nasarar da ya samu tare da abin sha ya haifar da al'adar baka ta Limean na gida don haɗa otal ɗin Maury a matsayin asalin gidan pisco tsami. [17] Sánchez, wanda a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma yana yawan ziyartar Barikin Morris, ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa cewa wasu daga cikin masu koyon Morris, Leonidas Cisneros Arteta da Augusto Rodríguez, sun buɗe sandunan nasu. [18]

Kamar yadda sauran tsoffin masu koyon Morris suka sami aiki a wani wuri, su ma sun ba da girke -girke na tsami na pisco. Tun aƙalla 1927, pisco sours ya fara sayar da shi a Chile, musamman a Club de la Unión, babban kulob na manyan mutane a cikin gari Santiago . A cikin shekarun 1930, abin sha ya shiga California, ya isa sanduna har zuwa arewacin birnin San Francisco. [9] Restaurateur Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr., yana tunawa da hidimar pisco sours a ainihin tiki mashawarci Vic a Oakland, a 1934, ga matafiyi wanda ya karanta labarin hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mujallar Life. [19] Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, hadaddiyar giyar kuma ta sami hanyar zuwa New York. [2]

Beatriz Jiménez, ɗan jarida daga jaridar El Mundo ta Spain, ya nuna cewa a cikin Peru, otal -otal na alfarma na Lima sun karɓi tsami na pisco a matsayin nasu a cikin 1940s. Bonanza na mai ya ja hankalin Peru zuwa ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. A cikin littafin jagorar sa na 1943 wanda ke haɓaka "fahimtar ɗan adam tsakanin Amurka" a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, mai bincike Earl Parker Hanson ya rubuta cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke zaune a Peru sun fifita pisco da "sanannen tsami". [20] Daga cikin baƙi baƙi zuwa Lima akwai shahararrun 'yan wasan Hollywood waɗanda sha'awar pisco ta burge su. Jiménez ya tuno al'adun baka na da'awar Ava Gardner mai cutarwa dole John Wayne ya ɗauke shi bayan ya sha sours na pisco da yawa. An ce Ernest Hemingway da Orson Welles sun kasance manyan magoya bayan abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "abin sha na Peruvian." [21] A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ray Milland ya tuna shan abin shan giya a Fadar Gwamnatin Lima a lokacin shugabancin Bustamante na 1940s, da farko ya gano shi "abin sha mai ban sha'awa" sannan, bayan ya gabatar da "kyakkyawan jawabin sadaukarwa" wanda nasa nasa ya danganta da nasa. hadaddiyar giyar, wacce ake kira da suna "ƙaƙƙarfan tsami mai tsami." [22]

A cikin 1969, Sánchez ya rubuta cewa Hotel Maury har yanzu yana ba da "ingantaccen" Pisco Sour daga Bar na Morris. [18] Pan American World Airways ya haɗa da tsami na pisco a cikin ɓangaren shawarwarin sha don bugun littafin littafin Encyclopedia of Travel na 1978, yana gargadin matafiya zuwa Peru cewa "[t] tsami mai tsini yana da laifi, amma yana da ƙarfi." [23] jaridar Bolivia Ted Córdova Claure ya rubuta, a cikin 1984, cewa Hotel Bolívar ya tsaya a matsayin abin tunawa ga lalacewar oligarchy na Peru (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " Este hotel es un monumento a la decadencia de la oligarquía peruana. " ). Ya lura da yankin a matsayin gidan gargajiya na tsami na pisco kuma ya ba da shawarar a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun otal a Lima. A zamanin yau, Otal ɗin Bolivar yana ci gaba da ba da hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mashayar ta "El Bolivarcito", yayin da Country Club Lima Hotel ke ba da abin sha a cikin "Barikin Ingilishi".

Shiri da bambance -bambancen karatu

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Pisco ya yi jigila a cikin kwantena na ƙasa mai suna iri ɗaya daga Ica, Peru . Zane-zanen ruwa na ɗan Afro-Peruvian Pancho Fierro

Tsami na pisco yana da hanyoyi uku na shiri. Ana yin hadaddiyar giyar ruwan pisco ta Peru ta hanyar hada pisco na Peru tare da Key ruwan lemun tsami , syrup mai sauƙi, farin kwai, Angostura bitters (don ado ), da kankara. [9] An samar da hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Chile ta gauraya Pisco na Chile tare da ruwan limón de Pica, sukari foda, da kankara. [24] Daniel Joelson, marubucin abinci da mai sukar abinci, ya bayar da hujjar cewa babban banbanci tsakanin nau'ikan pisco mai tsami "shine 'yan Peru gabaɗaya sun haɗa da fararen kwai, yayin da mutanen Chile ba sa yin hakan." Siffar daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa, wacce ta lissafa tsami na pisco a cikin “ Sabbin Abubuwa na Zamani ,” yayi kama da na Peru, amma tare da banbancin cewa yana amfani da ruwan lemun tsami, maimakon ruwan lemun tsami, kuma baya rarrabe tsakanin su biyun. daban -daban na pisco.

Akwai bambance -bambance masu yawa a cikin pisco da ake amfani da su a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. A cewar masanin abinci da giya Mark Spivak, bambancin yana cikin yadda ake samar da abubuwan sha biyu; alhali "Pisco na Chilean ana samarwa da yawa," sigar Peruvian "an yi ta cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi." Masanin tarihin hadaddiyar giyar Andrew Bohrer ya mai da hankali kan kwatancensa akan ɗanɗano, yana mai cewa "[i] n Peru, an yi pisco a cikin tukunya har yanzu, an cika shi da hujja, kuma ba ta tsufa; yayi kama da grappa . A Chile, ana yin pisco a cikin ginshiƙi har yanzu kuma yana tsufa cikin itace; yayi kamanceceniya da ɗan ƙaramin haske. ” [25] Masanin ilimin tsirrai na ƙasar Chile Patricio Tapia ya ƙara da cewa yayin da masu samar da pisco na Chilean ke haɗe hannun inabi, masu kera Peru suna da takamaiman nau'ikan pisco waɗanda ke amfani da ƙanshin inabi irin su Yellow Muscat da Italia . Tapia ya kammala wannan shine dalilin da yasa kwalaben pisco na Peru suna nuna shekarar girbin su kuma sigar Chile ba.

Bambance -bambancen ruwan pisco ya wanzu a Peru, Bolivia, da Chile. Akwai gyare -gyare na hadaddiyar giyar a cikin Peru ta amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar maracuya (wanda aka fi sani da' ya'yan itacen sha'awa), aguaymanto, da tuffa, ko kayan gargajiya irin su ganyen coca. Lima's Hotel Bolivar yana ba da babban sigar hadaddiyar giyar, mai suna pisco catedral catedral, wanda aka ƙirƙira don baƙi da ke zuwa da sauri daga babban cocin Katolika na kusa. A cikin Chile, bambance -bambancen sun haɗa da Ají Sour (tare da barkono kore mai yaji), Mango Sour (tare da ruwan mangoro ), da Sour de Campo (tare da ginger da zuma). A Bolivia, bambancin Yunqueño (daga yankin Yungas ) ya maye gurbin lemun tsami da ruwan lemu. [26]

Akwai hadaddiyar giyar kamar pisco m a Chile da Peru. Ana yin piscola na Chilean ta hanyar hada pisco da cola . [24] Algarrobina hadaddiyar giyar, wacce aka shahara a arewacin Peru, an yi ta ne daga pisco, madara mai taƙaddama, da ruwan tsami daga itacen algarroba na Peru. [27] Sauran hadaddiyar giyar da ke kan pisco na Peru sun haɗa da chilcano (wanda aka yi da pisco da ginger ale ) da capitán (wanda aka yi da pisco da vermouth ). [23] Wani irin wannan hadaddiyar giyar, daga Amurka, shine pisco na Californian, wanda aka yi shi da pisco na Peru, abarba, da lemo. [28]

Shahara

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Shugabar Argentina Cristina Fernández da shugabar Peru Alan García sun gasa burodi a cikin gidan gwamnatin Peru a 2010

Duggan McDonnell ya bayyana pisco tsami a matsayin "mafi kyawun hadaddiyar giyar Latin Amurka, mai kaushi, daidaitacce, mai haske amma mai wadata," ya kara da cewa "Barkeeps a duk Arewacin California za su tabbatar da cewa sun girgiza da yawa Pisco tsami. Ita ce hadaddiyar giyar farin zaƙi kuma mafi ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya ". [7] 'Yar jaridar Ostireliya Kate Schneider ta rubuta cewa miyan pisco" ya shahara sosai cewa akwai bikin ranar Pisco Sour International a ranar Asabar ta farko a watan Fabrairu kowane shekara, kazalika da shafin Facebook wanda ke da abubuwan so sama da 600,000. " A cewar ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Chile Rolando Hinrichs Oyarce, maigidan gidan cin abinci a Spain, "Pisco tsami yana da ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar Cebiche, don haka ba a san su sosai ba" (Mutanen Espanya: " El pisco sour es bastante internacional, al igual que el cebiche, por lo tanto no son tan desconocidos "). A cikin 2003, Peru ta ƙirƙiri " Día Nacional del Pisco Sour " (National Pisco Sour Day), ranar hutu ta gwamnati da aka yi bikin ranar Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu. Yayin Taron Shugabannin Tattalin Arzikin APEC na 2008, Peru ta inganta pisco mai tsami tare da karbuwa sosai. An ba da rahoton hadaddiyar giyar ita ce mafi kyawun abin sha ga masu halarta, galibi shugabanni, 'yan kasuwa, da wakilai.

Jayayya ta asali

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Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Victor Vaughen Morris a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira hadaddiyar giyar pisco. [13] Duk da haka, labarin asalin hadaddiyar giyar yana da rikitarwa tare da binciken da ke nuna akasin haka. Dangane da girke - girke daga littafin girki na Peruvian 1903 Manual de Cocina a la Criolla, mai bincike Nico Vera yayi la'akari da cewa "asalin Pisco Sour na iya zama hadaddiyar giyar gargajiya da aka yi a Lima sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata." Bisa ga clipping daga 1921 West Coast Jagoran labarai article, McDonnell gan shi yiwu cewa pisco m iya samun zahiri samo asali a San Francisco, la'akari da bugu da žari da cewa a lokacin wannan lokaci da birnin samu wani "fashe na hadaddiyar giyar kerawa," da wuski m hadaddiyar giyar "yana da yalwa da yawa," da "gaskiyar cewa an sanar da Pisco a matsayin ruhu na musamman" a cikin birni. [7].

 
An girmama Morris, a cikin 2009, tare da buguwa a Peru

Don kare Morris, ɗan jarida Rick Vecchio yayi la'akari da cewa "koda akwai wani abu mai kama da wanda ya riga ya kasance" ga hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Morris, bai kamata a yi shakkar cewa "shine farkon wanda ya fara hidima, ingantawa da kammala abin da aka sani yau ba. kamar yadda Pisco Sour. " McDonnell kuma yayi la'akari da cewa, ba tare da la’akari da ainihin asalin sa ba, pisco m "na Peru ne." [7] A cewar marubucin al'adu Saxon Baird, fashewa don girmama Morris yana tsaye a gundumar Lima ta Santiago de Surco "a matsayin shaida ga gudummawar Morris ga al'adun Peru na zamani da ƙasar da ya kira gida fiye da rabin rayuwarsa."

Duk da wannan, akwai takaddama mai gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru game da asalin tsami na pisco. [29] A Chile, wani labari na gida ya ɓullo a cikin 1980s yana danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Elliot Stubb, wakilin Ingilishi daga jirgin ruwa mai suna Sunshine . Tarihin ɗan ƙasar Chile kuma masanin tarihi Oreste Plath ya ba da gudummawa ga yada almara ta hanyar rubuta cewa, a cewar jaridar Peru ta El Comercio de Iquique, a cikin 1872, bayan samun izinin sauka, Stubb ya buɗe mashaya a tashar Iquique ta Peru a lokacin kuma ya ƙirƙira pisco tsami yayin gwaji da abin sha. [30] [upper-alpha 6] Duk da haka, mai bincike Toro-Lira yayi jayayya cewa labarin ya ƙaryata ne bayan da aka gano El Comercio de Iquique yana nufin ainihin abin da aka ƙera na ƙoshin wuski. [14] Labarin Elliot Stubb da zarginsa da ƙirƙira ƙusar ƙushin wuski a Iquique shima ana samunsa a cikin littafin 1962 da Jami'ar Cuyo, Argentina . Wani bayani daga labarin jaridar yana da Elliot Stubb yana mai cewa, "Daga yanzu ... wannan zai zama abin sha na yaƙi, abin sha da na fi so, kuma za a sa masa suna Whiskey Sour "(a cikin Mutanen Espanya:" En adelante dijo Elliot - éste será mi trago de batalla, - mi trago favorito -, y se llamará Whiskey " Gishiri. "). [31]

Wasu masu kera pisco sun bayyana cewa takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru na taimakawa haɓaka sha'awar giya da takaddamar nuna yanayin ƙasa .

American Celebrity shugaba Anthony Bourdain kusantar da hankali ga hadaddiyar giyar lokacin, a wani episode ya Travel Channel shirin Ba a Ajiye, ya sha a pisco m, a Valparaiso, Chile, kuma ya ce "yayi kyau, amma ... gaba lokaci, zan yi biya. " Mai watsa shirye -shiryen Rediyon Radioas del Perú ya ba da rahoton cewa Jorge López Sotomayor, mai gabatar da shirin na Chile kuma abokin tafiya na Bourdain a Chile, ya ce Bourdain ya sami tsami na pisco da ya sha a Valparaíso a matsayin mai ban sha'awa kuma bai cancanci ƙoƙarin ba (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " A mí me dijo que el pisco sour lo encontró aburrido y que no valía la pena. " ). Lopez ya kara da cewa kwanan nan Bourdain ya zo daga Peru, inda ya sha sois da yawa wanda yake ganin ya fi ɗanɗanon dandano na Chile.

A cikin 2010, mawaƙin Mexico-mawaƙa Aleks Syntek ya sanya dariya a shafin Twitter cewa pisco tsami ɗan ƙasar Chile ne, kuma bayan ya karɓi martani mai mahimmanci ga furucinsa, ya nemi afuwa kuma ya ambaci cewa wasa kawai yake yi. Mai watsa shirye -shiryen gidan talabijin na Mexico kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Adal Ramones shi ma ya yi barkwanci game da tsami na pisco, dangane da badaƙalar leƙen asirin Chile -Peru ta 2009, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Ramones, mai son Pisco na Peru, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da leƙen asirin, ya tambayi abin da 'yan Chile ke leƙen asiri a cikin Peru, yana ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama yadda ake yin tsami (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ¿Qué quieren espiar los chilenos? Ó Cómo hacer pisco tsami? " ). A cikin 2017, lokacin da aka gaya wa miyan pisco "cikakken ɗan Chile ne" ta wani mai yin hira a gidan rediyon Chile, mawaƙin Burtaniya Ed Sheeran ya yi sharhi cewa ya fi son ɗanɗano pisco na Peru.

Duba kuma

gyara sashe
  • Jerin hadaddiyar giyar
  • Jerin piscos
  • Abincin giya na Peruvian
  • Singani.

Bayanan kula

gyara sashe

 

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 See:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Regan 2003.
  3. ↑ Blouet & Blouet 2009.
  4. ↑ Franco 1991.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pozo 2004.
  6. ↑ Foley 2011.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 McDonnell 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Baird
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kosmas & Zaric 2010.
  10. ↑ Vial Correa 1981.
  11. ↑ DeGroff 2008.
  12. ↑ See:
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Duecy 2013.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Toro
  15. ↑ Jiménez Morato 2012.
  16. ↑ Parsons 2011.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tatiana
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sánchez 1969.
  19. ↑ Bergeron 1972.
  20. ↑ Hanson 1943.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ElMundo
  22. ↑ Milland 1974.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pan American World Airways, Inc. 1978.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Castillo-Feliú 2000.
  25. ↑ Bohrer 2012.
  26. ↑ Baez Kijac 2003.
  27. ↑ Albala 2011.
  28. ↑ See:
  29. ↑ Sandham 2012.
  30. ↑ Plath 1981.
  31. ↑ Facultad de Filosofía y Letras 1962.
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