Kamal Rifaat
Kamal Rifaat ( Larabci: كمال الدين رفعت, romanized: Kemal ad-Din Rifa'at; 1 Nuwamba 1921 - 13 Yuli 1977) wani jami'in sojan Masar ne kuma daya daga cikin membobin kungiyar 'Yancin Jami'ai . Ya rike mukaman gwamnati da dama bayan juyin juya halin Masar a 1952.
 Kamal Rifaat | |||
|---|---|---|---|
1971 - 1974 | |||
| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa | Alexandria, 1 Nuwamba, 1921 | ||
| ƙasa |
Sultanate of Egypt (en)  Kingdom of Egypt (en) Republic of Egypt (en) United Arab Republic (en) Misra | ||
| Mutuwa | Kairo, 13 ga Yuli, 1977 | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Makaranta |
Khedivial Military Secondary School for Boys (en) | ||
| Harsuna | Larabci | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a |
Mai wanzar da zaman lafiya da civil servant (en) | ||
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
gyara sasheAn haifi Rifaat a Alexandria a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da daya 1921. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne. [1] Bayan kammala karatun firamare da sakandire a birnin Alkahira Kamal Rifaat ya kammala makarantar sojoji. [2]
Ayyuka
gyara sasheKamal Rifaat ya shiga aikin sojan Masar a shekara ta 1941 ya kuma yi aiki a can har zuwa shekara ta 1945. Yana daga cikin masu tsaron karfe tare da Captain Mustafa Kamal Sidqi da Anwar Sadat wanda ya kunshi magoya bayan Sarki Farouk . Sannan ya yi aiki a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan a wata kungiya ta asirce don kalubalantar mamayar Ingila. Bayan haka, ya shiga yakin Palastinu a 1948 inda ya hadu da Gamal Abdel Nasser . [1]
Rifaat ya shiga kungiyar Free Officers wacce ta gudanar da juyin juya halin Masar a shekarar 1952. [3] Yana daga cikin rukunin farko na kungiyar da Nasser ya kafa. Ya zama memba na majalisar dokokin juyin juya hali mai mutane 14 bayan juyin juya halin 1952, kuma mukaminsa na soja shi ne Kanal. [3] Sai dai yana cikin wadanda ba su kada kuri'a a majalisar. [3]
An nada Rifaat mukaddashin ministan harkokin addini a watan Fabrairun 1959 lokacin da Ahmad Hassan Bakoury ya yi murabus daga mukamin. An kuma nada Rifaat shugaban kamfanin Dar Akhbar Al Youm, mawallafin jaridar Akhbar Al Youm, a shekara ta 1960 lokacin da aka mayar da duk wani wallafe-wallafe a kasar. [4]
An nada Rifaat a matsayin karamin minista da kwadago a watan Agustan 1961 ga majalisar ministoci karkashin jagorancin Gamal Abdel Nasser. An kuma nada shi mukaddashin ministan harkokin jama'a a ranar 12 ga Oktoban 1961 lokacin da ministocin Syria suka bar mukaminsu a majalisar ministoci. [5] An nada Rifaat na dindindin a matsayin majalisar ministoci da aka kafa a ranar 18 ga Oktoba [5] kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a ofis har zuwa Satumba 1962.
An amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1962 sannan, aka kafa majalisar shugaban kasa a karkashin shugabancin Nasser. Rifaat na daya daga cikin mambobi goma sha biyu na wannan majalisa. [6] Ya kasance daya daga cikin membobin babban kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Larabawa a cikin 1962 kuma ya zama wani bangare na sakatariyarta a cikin Nuwamba 1964. [6]
Bugu da kari, Rifaat ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da ministan kwadago (Yuni 1967-Nuwamba 1970), darektan ci gaban akida a cikin ofishin ma'aikata na Larabawa Socialist Union da mawallafin gwamnati da kuma darektan zamani ". a Jami'ar Azhar [7] Tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1973 Rifaat ya kasance jakadan Masar a Burtaniya. Ya mika takardar shaidarsa ga Sarauniya Elizabeth a fadar Buckingham ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1971.
Bayan ya bar aikin gwamnati Rifaat ya zama babban jigo na masu ra'ayin gurguzu wadanda ba 'yan gurguzu ba wadanda suka goyi bayan Nasserism . [8] A cikin 1976, ya kafa jam'iyyar National Progressive Unionist Party tare da Khaled Mohieddin, wani memba na Majalisar Umurnin Juyin Juya Hali, wanda aka fi sani da Free Officers Movement. [9]
Ra'ayi
gyara sasheRifaat yana ɗaya daga cikin Jami'an 'Yanci waɗanda ke da ra'ayin Markisanci kuma yana da ɗan Titoist jingina. [10] Sai dai kuma daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin masu sukar firaministan Iraki Abd al-Karim Qasim wanda yake ganin yana da alaka da mulkin mallaka na yammacin turai da kuma gurguzu .
Rifaat ya bayyana al'ummar Al Asifa ko kuma 'yan Fatah a matsayin fitattu kuma hazikan 'yan juyin juya hali a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1966, amma kuma ya kara da cewa bai kamata ayyukansu su zama barazana ga rayuwar Isra'ila ba. [11] Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa wadannan ayyuka ya kamata a "hadu da kuma daidaita tare da gaba ɗaya shirye-shiryen Larabawa na 'yantar da Filastin." [11]
Mutuwa da darajoji
gyara sasheKamal Rifaat ya rasu a birnin Alkahira a ranar 13 ga Yulin 1977. Ya kasance wanda ya karbi odar Jamhuriyar da kuma kayan ado da yawa daga Kamaru, Maroko, Yugoslavia da Tunisiya.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedalmaly - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedwwho - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mahmud A. Faksh (June 1976). "Education and Elite Recruitment: An Analysis of Egypt's Post-1952 Political Elite". Comparative Education Review. 20 (2): 141. doi:10.1086/445878. JSTOR 1187158. S2CID 144846641.
- ↑ Mustafa Amin (1985). "If It Makes the President Happy". Index on Censorship. 14 (5): 19. doi:10.1080/03064228508533948. S2CID 143494611.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Chronology September 16, 1961 - December 15, 1961". The Middle East Journal. 16 (1): 83–84. Winter 1962. JSTOR 4323441.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedppr72 - ↑ Robert Bianchi (Summer 1986). "The Corporatization of the Egyptian Labor Movement". The Middle East Journal. 40 (3): 434. JSTOR 4327366.
- ↑ Bertus Hendriks (1983). "The Legal Left in Egypt". Arab Studies Quarterly. 5 (3): 262. JSTOR 41857680.
- ↑ Raymond A. Hinnebusch (Fall 1981). "The National Progressive Unionist Party: The Nationalist-Left Opposition in Post Populist Egypt". Arab Studies Quarterly. 3 (4): 327. JSTOR 41857580.
- ↑ Aonuar Abdel Malek (1964). "Nasserism and Socialism". Socialist Register. 1: 9.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Moshe Shemesh (2006). "The Fida'iyyun Organization's Contribution to the Descent to the Six-Day War". Israel Studies. 11 (1): 11. doi:10.2979/isr.2006.11.1.1. S2CID 145315984.
Hanyoyin hadi na waje
gyara sashe- Hirar Kamal Rifaat a cikin Labaran Pathé na 1973