John Bell Williams
John Bell Williams (Disamba 4, 1918 - Maris 25, 1983) ɗan siyasan Demokraɗiyya ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya wakilci Mississippi a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka daga 1947 zuwa 1968 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Mississippi na 55 daga 1968 zuwa 1972.
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An fara zabe shi zuwa Majalisa yana da shekaru 27 kawai a 1946, yana wakiltar kudu maso yammacin Mississippi. An sake zabe shi akai-akai zuwa Majalisa ta hanyar zaben 1966 a lokacin jam'iyya mai mulki ta Dimokuradiyya, amma an kore shi daga mukamin shugabancin majalisa bayan ya fito fili ya goyi bayan dan Republican Barry Goldwater a zaben shugaban kasa na 1964 .
An zabi Williams a matsayin gwamna a shekara ta 1967, inda ya doke 'yan takara da dama. Yana da tarihin tallafawa wariyar launin fata amma ya bi umarnin kotun tarayya na a ƙarshe ya raba makarantun jama'a na Mississippi.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
gyara sasheAn haifi John Bell Williams a cikin 1918 a Raymond, gundumar gundumar Hinds, Mississippi, kusa da babban birnin jihar Jackson . Ya sauke karatu a 1938 daga Hinds Community College, sannan aka fi sani da Hinds Junior College. Ya halarci Jami'ar Mississippi a Oxford kuma ya kammala karatunsa a cikin 1940 daga Makarantar Koyar da Shari'a ta Mississippi, sannan aka fi sani da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jackson.
A cikin Nuwamba 1941, ya shiga cikin Rundunar Sojan Sama na Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Ya yi ritaya daga hidimar aiki bayan ya rasa ɓangaren hannun hagunsa na ƙasa sakamakon wani harin bam a 1944. [1]
Sana'ar siyasa
gyara sasheA cikin Nuwamba 1946, an zabi Williams yana da shekaru 27 (ya cika shekaru 28 a watan Disamba) zuwa Majalisar Wakilan Amurka a matsayin dan Democrat daga kudu maso yammacin Mississippi . Shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta wakilin Amurka da aka zaɓa daga Mississippi.
Williams ya ba da shawarar haƙƙin jihohi da wariyar launin fata . Ya shiga cikin tawagar jiharsa a cikin tafiya na 1948 Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben Dixiecrat na Strom Thurmond, wanda dandalin farko shine wariyar launin fata. Thurmond cikin sauƙi ya ɗauki ƙuri'ar zaɓe a Mississippi da wasu jihohi uku a cikin Deep South.
Bayan Kotun Koli ta fitar da hukuncinta na Hukumar Ilimi ta Brown da ta Brown a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1954, wacce ta haramta wariyar launin fata a makarantun gwamnati, Williams ya yi jawabi a bene na House tare da sanya ranar 'Black Monday', [2] kuma daga baya ya sanya hannu kan takardar. 1956 Kudu Manifesto . Williams ya goyi bayan kamfen na Democratic Stevenson - Sparkman a 1952, amma ya fi son masu zaɓen Demokraɗiyya waɗanda ba a yi la'akari da su ba a 1956 da 1960 .
A cikin 1964, Williams ya amince da dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican Barry Goldwater a babban zaben da aka yi da Lyndon B. Johnson mai ci kuma ya taimaka wajen tara kudade ga Goldwater a Mississippi. Saboda ayyukansa na Goldwater, jam'iyyar Democrat (a cikin majalisar wakilai) ta kori Williams da wani abokin aiki, Albert W. Watson na South Carolina, daga manyan majalisar su.
Williams ya kasance dan Democrat kuma ya ci gaba da zama a 1966. Ba da daɗewa ba Watson ya zama ɗan Republican.
Gwamna
gyara sasheA 1967, Williams ya yi takarar gwamna. Filin 'yan takarar ya kasance babba, ciki har da tsohon Gwamna Ross Barnett da gwamnoni biyu na gaba, William Winter da Bill Waller . A cikin yakin neman zabe na farko, Williams ya yi iƙirarin cewa, a lokacin 1962 desegregation na Jami'ar Mississippi, Barnett ya yi yarjejeniya ta asirce tare da Kennedys game da shigar da James Meredith, yayin da yake iƙirarin yin komai don kula da rarrabuwar koleji.
A zagayen farko na jefa kuri’a, Williams ya zo na biyu bayan Winter, dan takara mai matsakaicin matsayi. A zagaye na biyu na zaben, Williams ya doke Winter da kuri'u 61,000. A babban zaben, Williams da hannu ya kayar da dan jam'iyyar Democrat Rubel Phillips, a yakin neman zabensa na biyu da bai yi nasara ba. Abokin takarar Phillips na Laftanar gwamna a 1963, Stanford Morse, memba na Majalisar Dattijan Jihar Mississippi daga Gulfport daga 1956 zuwa 1964, ya amince da Williams a tseren 1967. [3] A lokacin yakin neman zabe, Williams ya yi ba'a cewa lokacin da aka tattara bayanan dawowar, 'yan Republican "ba za su iya samun Rubel a cikin tarkace ba."
A lokacin mulkin Williams a matsayin gwamna, kotun tarayya ta umurci Mississippi da ta raba tsarinta na makarantun gwamnati, saboda ba ta samu ci gaba kadan tun bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli na Amurka a 1954 wanda ya dauki irin wadannan makarantun gwamnati ba su da tsari. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ne suka gabatar da wani kara kuma an yi watsi da wasu makarantu a matakin kananan hukumomi. Williams bai yi wa kotu kaca-kaca ba. A cikin Disamba 1978, shekaru 24 bayan Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, majalisar dokokin Mississippi a hukumance ta cire wa'adin cewa a ware makarantu. A zaɓen da ya biyo baya don tabbatar da ko kin amincewa da wannan mataki, kashi 29.90% na waɗanda suka kada kuri'a sun ƙi cire harshen. [4]
Komawa aikin sirri
gyara sasheBayan wa'adinsa, Williams ya ci gaba da aikinsa na shari'a. Williams ya amince da 'yan Republican Gerald Ford a 1976 da Ronald Reagan a 1980 don shugaban kasa, maimakon dan takarar Democrat a lokuta biyu, Jimmy Carter, duk da cewa Carter ma dan Kudu ne.
Mutuwa
gyara sasheBayan barin ofis, Williams ya saki matarsa. [5] Ya mutu a gundumar Rankin a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1983, ana samun gawarsa a cikin gidansa washegari; dalilin da ya sa aka yanke hukuncin bugun zuciya. An binne shi a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1983, kuma an yi jana'izarsa a Cocin Baptist na Farko a Jackson washegari.
- Jam'iyyar Conservative
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "John Bell Williams, 1918–1983". Civil Rights Digital Library. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ↑ "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty". Library of Congress. November 13, 2004. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ "Mississippi Segregation, Amendment 4 (1978)". Ballotpedia.
- ↑ Sansing 2016.