Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka

Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) ya bunkasa a Amurka, ya fara ne a matsayin cakuda yarukan kurame na gida da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci (FSL). Hanyoyin gida sun bunkasa a kasashe da yawa, amma akwai karancin bincike kan abin da ya kamata a yi la'akari da yarukan ASL (kamar Harshen Kurame na Bolivia) kuma wadanda suka rabu har zuwa kasancewa harsuna daban-daban (kamar Harshe na Kurame na Malaysia).

Jamaican Sign Language
JSL
Asali a	Jamaica
'Yan asalin speakers	7,500 (2011)
Dangin harshen	French Sign American Sign Jamaican Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	jls
Glottolog	jama1263

Ana amfani da iri-iri da zuriyar ASL a ko'ina cikin Caribbean, Yamma da yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya

Wadannan sune nau'ikan yaren kurame na ASL a cikin ƙasashe ban da Amurka da Kanada, harsuna da suka danganci ASL tare da tasirin substratum daga yarukan kurame na gida, da kuma harsuna masu gauraye wanda ASL wani bangare ne. Bambanci yana bin iyakokin siyasa, wanda bazai dace da iyakokin harshe ba.

Harshen Kurame na Jamaica

Harshen Kurame na Jamaica (JSL) wani nau'i ne na Harshen Kurame na Amurka da aka yi amfani da shi a Jamaica . Yana maye gurbin Harshen Kurame na Ƙasar Jamaica.

Tarihi

cikin 1973, Eleanor da Lloyd Powlison, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga Amurka ne suka kawo Harshen Kurame na Amurka zuwa Bolivia. Harshen kurame asali (ko watakila harsunan kurame) ya wanzu kafin gabatarwa da karɓar Harshen Kurame na Amurka, kodayake ba a san yadda ya yadu ko ya haɗa kai ba.

buga littafi na farko na LSB a cikin 1992, amma fiye da 90% na alamun sun fito ne daga ASL. Saboda aikin bincike a cikin 1990s da 2000s yawancin maganganu a cikin LSB sun tattara kurame na Bolivia, kuma an buga kayan ilimi don ilmantarwa LSB ko koyarwa a cikin LS B. An rage dogaro da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ASL, amma amfani da kalmomin ASL har yanzu yana sama da 70%.

A yau LSB tana amfani da wasu kurame Bolivians fiye da 400 da aka ruwaito a cikin 1988 a cikin rahoton Ethnologue, saboda gabatar da ilimin harsuna biyu (LSB a matsayin harshen farko da Mutanen Espanya a matsayin harshen sakandare) asali a Riberalta da kuma karɓar ta ga wasu makarantu a Bolivia tare da goyon bayan Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Bolivia da kuma karuwar musayar zamantakewar kurame.

shekara ta 1988, akwai jimlar cibiyoyin kurame 9 a kasar da kuma kurame 46,800 Bolivians. shekara ta 2002 akwai kimanin makarantun kurame 25.

Harshen Kurame na Malaysia

Moroccan Sign Language
MSL
Asali a	Morocco
'Yan asalin speakers	Samfuri:Sigfig (2008)
Dangin harshen	French Sign American Sign-based creole? Moroccan Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	moro1242

Harshen Kurame na Costa Rica

Harshen kurame na Costa Rica, wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Kurama na Costa Ric ko Harshen Kurma na zamani, shine yaren kurame na kasa na Al'ummar kurame na costa Rica. Ana amfani da shi da farko ga mutanen da aka haifa bayan 1960, kuma kusan kashi 60% ne tare da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (Woodward 1991, 1992). shi da alaƙa da sanannun yarukan kurame guda biyu na ƙauyen Costa Rica, Harshe na Kurame na Bribri da Harshe na kurame na Brunca .

 

Harshen Kurame na Maroko

Harshen Kurame na Dominican wani nau'i ne na Harshen Kurama na Amurka da aka yi amfani da shi a Jamhuriyar Dominica . Yawancin kurame Dominicans suna amfani da alamar gida, kuma ba su da ƙwarewa a cikin harshen kurame na Dominican.

Panamanian Sign Language
Lengua de señas panameñas
Asali a	Panama
'Yan asalin speakers	9,000 (2008)
Dangin harshen	French Sign American Sign Panamanian Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	lsp
Glottolog	pana1308

Harshen Kurame na Afirka na Faransanci

 

Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka
Dangin harshen	Default Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Harshen Alamar Afirka ta Francophone (Langue des signes d'Afrique francophone, ko LSAF) iri-iri ne, ko iri-iri, na Harshen Alamun Amurka (ASL) da aka yi amfani da shi a kasashe da yawa na Afirka. Ilimi kurame a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya dogara ne akan ASL da rubuce-rubucen Faransanci; saboda haka akwai tasirin Faransanci a kan harshen aji.

Baya ga Harshen Kurame na Aljeriya, yarukan kurame na Afirka ba su da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci, sai dai a kaikaice ta hanyar samo asali daga ASL. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin makarantu na kurame a yankin an kafa su ne ta hanyar mishan na Amurka Andrew Foster ko kuma ɗalibansa, tun daga shekara ta 1974. Harshen Kurame na Chadi na iya zama mafi kusa da Harshen Kurame na Najeriya. Wasu kasashe suna da harsuna da ba su da alaƙa da ko dai: Harshen Kurame na Madagascar ya samo asali ne daga Norwegian SL, kuma Harshen Kurame na Tunisiya a bayyane yake harshe ne mai zaman kansa.  

a tantance dangantakar LSAF da harshen kurame na Amurka ba. Misali, Harshen Kurame na Gabon ya rabu kuma yana iya zama yare daban, kuma Harshen Kurama na Togo ba ya fahimtar juna tare da harshen Kurame na Amurka.

Halaye

Kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'ikan Afirka na ASL, harshe ya shafi alamomi da tarurruka na gida. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga batutuwan da ba a yarda da su ba kamar jima'i (Dalle 1996).

A matsayin misali na tasirin Faransanci a kan ASL na Faransanci, kalmar 'ta' an yi ta hanyar nunawa da hannun L-shaped, maimakon da yatsan ma'ana mai sauƙi, saboda sunan wasikar el daidai yake da elle ('ta') a Faransanci. Ba a bayyana yadda irin wannan tasirin ke ci gaba a waje da aji ba.

Wurin da yake

Kasashen Afirka masu magana da harshen Faransanci waɗanda ke amfani da ASL a matsayin harshen koyarwar kurma sune:

• Senegal
• Mauritania
• Mali
• Guinea
• Ivory Coast
• Burkina Faso
• Togo
• Benin
• Nijar
• Chadi (daga Najeriya)
• Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
• Gabon
• Jamhuriyar Kongo (Brazzaville; daga Najeriya)
• Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Kinshasa; Ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci)
• Burundi
• Maroko

Harshen Kurame na Panama

Costa Rican Sign Language
New Costa Rican Sign Language
Asali a	Costa Rica
'Yan asalin speakers	estimated 10,000–20,000 (2021)
Dangin harshen	Creole of American Sign (French family) and Old Costa Rican Sign
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	csr
Glottolog	cost1249

Duk da yake ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amurka a wasu lokuta a cikin al'ummar Kurame na Haiti, ba shine mafi shahara a Haiti ba. Bambancin yankin, Harshen Kurame na Haitian, ko LSH (Langue des Signes Haïtienne), shine bambancin yaren kurame da aka fi amfani da shi. Akwai makarantu 5 da gwamnati ke gudanarwa don yara kurame, kuma ana amfani da LSH kuma ana yada shi ta hanyar waɗannan makarantu da sauran wuraren zamantakewa ga al'ummar kurame. A tarihi, ba a rubuta LSH ko kuma a gane shi ba, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar LSHDoP, aikin Rubuce-rubucen Harshen Kurame na Haiti. Wannan aikin yana gudana ne daga Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Haiti, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Gallaudet .

Harshen Kurame na Bolivia

  Kurame Ghana shine yaren kurame na kasa a Ghana, wanda ya fito ne daga Harshen Kurame na Amurka. Andrew Foster ne ya gabatar da shi a shekara ta 1957, wani makãho dan kasar Afirka na Amurka, saboda babu ilimi ko kungiyoyi ga kurame a baya. Foster ya ci gaba da kafa makarantar farko ga kurame a Najeriya bayan 'yan shekaru, kuma Harshen Kurame na Najeriya ya nuna tasirin daga GSL. GSL ba shi da alaƙa da yarukan kurame na asalin Ghana kamar Adamorobe Sign Language da Nanabin Sign Language.

halin yanzu akwai makarantu goma sha huɗu don kurame a Ghana, makarantun firamare goma sha uku da makarantun sakandare biyu a Ghana, ɗaya a Akuapim-Mampong, ɗayan a Navrongo. GSL tana samun goyon baya daga Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Ghana wacce ke da hedikwatarsu a Accra. Ƙungiyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Ghana ta fara fassara Littafi Mai-Msarki zuwa yaren kurame na Ghana.

Harshen Kurame na Burundi

Harshen Kurame na Afirka na Faransanci
'Yan asalin ƙasar	Ivory Coast, Benin, Kamaru, Gabon, da sauran yankuna na Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiya
Masu magana da asali	12,500 a Benin (2008), 100,000 / gabas. 60,000-120,000 a Burkina Faso (2021), gabas. 14,000-28,000 a cikin CAR (2021), gabas. 16,000-32,000 a Kongo (2021), 2,000 (2008) zuwa 7,000 (2021) a Gabon, est. 38,000-76,000 a Guinea (2021), gabas. 77,000-155,000 a Ivory Coast (2021), gabas. 20,000-,000 a Mali (2021), gabas. ,000-48,000 a Togo (2021), babu bayanai a wasu wurare [1]
Iyalin harshe	Alamar Faransanci Alamar Amurka Harshen Kurame na Afirka na Faransanci
Lambobin harshe
ISO 639-3	<mis>Babu (kuskuren) Koda na mutum:gus - Harshe na Kurame na Guinea
Glottolog	guin1250 Alamar Guinea Languagelang1335 Harshe na Alamar Zairoise

Harshen Kurame na Dominican

Haitian Sign Language
Langue des Signes Haïtienne
Asali a	Haiti
'Yan asalin speakers	40,000 (2008)
Dangin harshen	French Sign American Sign Haitian Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	hait1245

Harshen Kurame na Bolivia (Lengua de Señas Bolivianas, LSB) yare ne na Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) wanda Kurame suka fi amfani da shi a Bolivia.

Harshen Kurame na Haiti

Ghanaian Sign Language
Asali a	Ghana
'Yan asalin speakers	estimated 91,000–182,000 (2021)
Dangin harshen	Unknown American Sign Ghanaian Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	gse
Glottolog	ghan1235

Harshen Kurame na Ghana

Harshen Kurame na Maroko (MSL) yare ne na kurame na Tetouan da wasu biranen Maroko.

Masu sa kai na Peace Corps na Amurka sun kirkiro Harshen Kurame na Maroko a cikin 1987 a cikin Tetouan daga Harshen Kurama na Amurka (ASL) da alamun da ke akwai; akwai kasa da 50% na kamanceceniya da ASL. Ba a bayyana ba idan 'alamu da ke akwai' alama ce ta gida ko kuma yaren kurame na ƙauye. Ana amfani da yaren a cikin shirye-shirye uku don kurame, amma ba a duk faɗin ƙasar ba: Ba a amfani da shi a manyan biranen Rabat, Tangier, ko Casablanca, misali. A Oujda, kusa da iyakar Aljeriya, ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Aljeriya. Aƙalla yaren kurame na yankin ya sami rinjaye sosai.Samfuri:Excerpt

Harshe na Girkanci

Samfuri:ExcerptHarshen kurame na Najeriya, NSL shine yaren kurame na kasa a Najeriya, duk da haka, Najeriya ba ta da yaren kurama na kasa har yanzu. ASL (tare da yiwuwar haɗuwa da Turanci mai sa hannu) an gabatar da shi a cikin 1960, 'yan shekaru bayan harshen sa hannu na Ghana, ta hanyar Andrew Foster, wani saurayi mai wa'azi na Afirka, ta haka ne ya ɗaga tsarin sa hannu wasu masana sun kira shi yaren ASL. Ilimi na kurame a Najeriya ya dogara ne akan hanyar magana kuma ana ɗaukar yarukan kurame na asali a matsayin sadarwa ta alama kafin zuwan Andrew Foster. An bayyana "Harshe na sigina na Najeriya" a yau a matsayin "Harshe ta Sigina ta Makarantar" kuma an tsara shi azaman nsi a kan ajiyar harsuna na duniya ta SIL International. Akwai tasirin Ghana a cikin NSL; duka biyun sun dogara ne akan Harshen Kurame na Amurka. Harshen Kurame na Makarantar ba shi da wata alaƙa da harsunan kurame na 'yan asalin Najeriya kamar Harshen Kurkuku na Hausa, Harshen Kurame na Yoruba, da Harshen Kurama na Bura. The Save the Deaf and Endangered Languages Initiative da kuma Nigerian National Association of the Deaf suna aiki don yin rikodin nau'ikan asali da na kasa na NSL duka don bincike da kuma ambaton yawan kurame na Najeriya.

Ana horar da malamai na Chadi da Kongo don kurame a Najeriya. Akwai makarantun kurame a Chadi a N'Djamena, Sarh, da Moundou.  

Harshen Kurame na Panama

Panamanian Sign Language
Lengua de señas panameñas
Asali a	Panama
'Yan asalin speakers	9,000 (2008)
Dangin harshen	French Sign American Sign Panamanian Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	pana1308

Harshen Kurame na Panama (Lengua de señas panameñas, LSP) yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan kurame guda biyu na Panama . samo asali ne daga Harshen Kurame na Amurka kuma ya rinjayi Harshen Kurame na El Salvador.

Dubi kuma Harshe na Kurame na Chiriqui .

Harshen Kurame na Puerto Rican

Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka
Dangin harshen	Default Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Harshen Kurame na Puerto Rican (PRSL) iri-iri ne ko zuriyar Harshen Kurame na Amurka, wanda aka gabatar da shi a Puerto Rico a cikin 1907. a bayyana yadda PRSL zai iya rabu da ASL ba, amma Ethnologue yana magana ne game da harsuna biyu a cikin ASL da kuma masu magana da suka san PRSL kawai.

Harshen Kurame na Saliyo

Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka
Dangin harshen	Default Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Harshen Kurame na Saliyo iri-iri ne ko zuriyar Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) da ake amfani da shi a makarantu don kurame a Saliyo, ko aƙalla a babban Birnin Freetown . Kamar yadda yake a yawancin Yammacin Afirka, makarantun farko na kurame sun kafa ta hanyar mishan na Amurka Andrew Foster ko ɗalibansa.

Harshe na Kurame na Selangor

Selangor Sign Language
Bahasa Isyarat Selangor
Asali a	Malaysia
'Yan asalin speakers	500 (no date)
Dangin harshen	French Sign American Sign, with local mixture Selangor Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	kgi
Glottolog	sela1253

Harshen Kurame na Selangor (SSL), wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Kurama na Kuala Lumpur (KLSL), yaren kurame ne da ake amfani da shi a Malaysia . Da farko ya dogara ne akan Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) amma ya rabu sosai don yanzu a dauke shi harshe a kansa. Kuala Lumpur ta kasance a cikin jihar Selangor kafin ta zama yankin tarayya a shekara ta 1974.

Kamar Harshen Kurame na Penang (PSL), yanzu galibi tsofaffi ne ke amfani da shi, kodayake matasa da yawa zasu iya fahimtar shi.

Dubi kuma

• Harshen Kurame na Baƙar fata na Amurka - Harshe na Harshen Kurame na Amurka

Haɗin waje

• Sophie Dalle, 1996-1997, Rahoton Mataki: Harshen kurame a Kongo (a Faransanci)

Bayanan littattafai

• [Hasiya] 2008. Harshen Alamun Afirka mai magana da Faransanci (LSAF) (DVD). Fuchu: Cibiyar Bincike don Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya da Afirka, Jami'ar Tokyo ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje.
• Tamomo, Serge. 1994. Harshen alamun kurma na Afirka mai magana da Faransanci. Cotonou, Benin: PEFISS.
• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Fahimtar Al'ummar Kurame da Harshen Kurame na Panama: Harshe na Kurameñas Panameñas . (Instructional CD) Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Panama.
• —— (1990). Ƙamus na yaren kurame na Panama: Lengua de señas panameñas . Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Panama.