Wikipedia

Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu

Gudanar da sharar gida a Koriya ta Kudu, ya kunshi rage samar da sharar, da tabbatar da iyakar sake yin amfani da sharar. Wannan ya haɗa da dacewa da magani, jigilar kaya, da zubar da sharar da aka tattara. An kafa dokar sarrafa shara ta Koriya ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1986, ta maye gurbin Dokar Kare Muhalli (1963) da Dokar Tsabtace da Tsaftacewa (1973). Wannan sabuwar dokar da nufin rage sharar gida gaba daya a karkashin tsarin sharar gida (ko 'R's uku) a Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan Dokar Gudanar da Sharar ta dora tsarin biyan kudin sharar girma, mai tasiri ga sharar da ayyukan gida da masana'antu ke samarwa (ko kakkarfan sharar gari).

Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Gudanar da sharar gida

Dokar Kula da Sharar ta fara tsara magudanan shara ta hanyar ka'idoji na asali a cikin ayyukan sarrafa shara, daga raguwa zuwa zubar da shara. Wannan doka ta kuma ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da kiyaye albarkatu ta hanyar tsarin ajiyar kuɗi da tsarin kula da shara bayan rufewa.[1][2]  

Gudanar da sharar gida gyara sashe

Gudanar da shara mai karfi gyara sashe

Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul (SMG) ta daidaita manufar kasa game da sarrafa shara don biyan bukatun ingantaccen tsarin zubar da shara a cikin shekara ta 1990s. Domin gamsar da jama'a, Seoul ta mayar da hankali kan manufofinta na sarrafa shara kan rage sharar da amfani. Tun asali, kakkarfan sharar gida ba damuwa ba ce ta muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu damuwa game da hadarin muhalli tare da yawan sharar da ake samarwa kuma ana zubar da su a kasaren sharar kasa

Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kawai ta canza adadin ayyukan sharar gida don zubar da shara duk da yawan adadin da ake samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin habakar tattalin Arzikin Koriya wanda ya haifar da habakar samar da datti na birni. Tsakanin 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1990, adadin dattin dattin birni da ake samarwa ya karu daga ton 12,000 zuwa tan 84,000 a kowace rana. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar batutuwan zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu. Karkashin sake yin amfani da su da Kara yawan samar da sharar gida sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurbatar muhalli . Yayin da aka dogara sosai da wuraren zubar da Kasa, kasa da ruwa sun kazantu. [3] An kuma shafi ingancin iska yayin da matsugunan kasa ke taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai hadari tare da gobarar da ba a tantance ba.[4][5][6] l[3][3]

Gudanar da ruwa gyara sashe

Gurbacewar ruwa gyara sashe

 
Kogin Nakdong a Koriya ta Kudu.

Kogin Nakdong yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Koriya ta Kudu, babban tushen sha a lardin Gyeongsan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, habakar yawan jama'a da habaka masana'antu a gefen kogin Nakdong sun haifar da gurbatar kogin. Sharar masana'antu da najasa, tare da magudanar ruwa a birane da noma, sun haifar da tabarbarewar kogin.

A ranar 1 ga Maris na shekara ta, 2008, fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta haifar da kwararar phenol a cikin kogin Nakdong. Lamarin ya haifar da kwararar abubuwa masu guba, wanda ke haifar da babbar damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa formaldehyde shi ma ya zubo a cikin kogin, amma an tabbatar da cewa an narke abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya karu. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da kogin ke kamuwa da phenol.

A cikin shekara ta 1991, digon phenol ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar bututun da ke karkashin kasa, wanda ya zubo zallar phenol a cikin kogin. Wannan mummunan yabo ya sa ruwan ba ya sha. A baya dai Koriya ta Kudu ta yi sakaci game da zubar da sharar da ta ke yi a cikin ruwa da iska, kuma jaridar Korea Times ta kuma gano yadda masana'antu guda 343 ke zubar da shara marasa guba a bakin kogin Nakdong. Halin ruwa da sauri ya zama fifiko, kuma ingancin ruwa ya inganta sannu a hankali tare da shigar da tsire-tsire na ruwa.[7][8][9][10][11]

Maganin ruwa gyara sashe

 

 
An tsara tambarin Arisu tare da digon ruwa.

Arisu masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ce da aka samu a Seoul. An sanya shi azaman amintaccen ruwan famfo ga jama'ar Seoul. Arisu yana samo ruwansa daga kogin Han, kuma yana yin gwajin ruwa da yawa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwan sha kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar. Abubuwan da aka gwada sun haɗa da chlorine, ƙarfe, da jan karfe.[12][13][14] Arisu kuma yana sarrafa adadin ruwa a tsari, kuma yana sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cibiyoyin tsarkakewa. Baya ga haka, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul tana sarrafa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Najasa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa. [13]

Tsarin kudin sharar kima na tushen ƙara gyara sashe

Gwamnatin Koriya ta aiwatar da tsarin kudin sharar kima (VBWF) a cikin shekara t 1995. Anyi hakan ne a kokarin rage sharar gida da karfafa sake yin amfani da su a tsakanin Yan kasa. Ana tattara sharar gari a cikin jakunkuna na roba, kuma ana raba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su kuma ana jera su a cikin kwandon sake amfani da su. Duk abubuwan da ake zubarwa, ban da na sake yin amfani da su, manyan abubuwa, da briquettes na kwal, ana zubar dasu bisa ga tsarin VBWF. Ana auna abubuwa da jakunkuna masu girman girma daban-daban, sannan ana cajin 'yan ƙasa bi da bi.[15][16]

Shekaru goma bayan gabatarwa da aiwatar da tsarin VBWF, an rage yawan samar da sharar gida, kuma adadin sake amfani da su ya inganta sosai. Sanin jama'a game da muhalli ya ƙaru kuma fasahar sake amfani da su ta inganta. An gabatar da jakunkuna masu lalacewa, kuma an rage yawan marufi na kayayyakin. Abubuwan da aka sake cikawa yanzu an fi son su rage habakar sharar gida. Tsarin VBWF ya Kara sha'awar 'yan kasar Koriya ta sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nauyi akan ƙonewa ko zubar da Kasa.

Sake amfani da su a Koriya ta Kudu gyara sashe

 
Akwatunan sake amfani da su a Koriya.

Jongnyangje ( Hangul : 종량제) tsari ne na sarrafa shara don ingantaccen tattarawa da sake amfani da sharar gida da albarkatu a Koriya ta Kudu. Dole ne a raba duk sharar zuwa sharar gabadaya, sharar abinci, abubuwan da za a iya sake sarrafa su, ko manyan abubuwa. Kayayyaki masu girma sun kunshi sharar da suka yi girma da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin buhunan da aka fitar ba, kamar kayan daki, kayan lantarki, da kayan ofis. Wadannan manyan abubuwa suna buƙatar lambobi na musamman wadanda ake iya samu daga ofisoshin gunduma. Sake yin amfani da shi ya zama dole a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma ana rarraba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su bisa ga nau'in kayan aiki, daga takarda zuwa robobi.

 
Wuraren tattara sharar abinci a Koriya ta Kudu.

Ana tattara sharar abinci dabam daga sharar gida a cikin jakunkuna na musamman. Wadannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci ana kiransu da eumsingmul sseuregi bongtu ( Hangul : 음식물 쓰레기 봉투 ), kuma farashin waɗannan jakunkunan sun bambanta da girma da gundumomi. Sannan ana cajin kudaden kowane wata dangane da adadin abincin da aka batar ga kowane gida, ana kunna ta ta katin shaidar Mitar Rediyo ( RFD ).

Baya ga cajin kudaden almubazzaranci da abinci, Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma rage sharar abinci ta hanyar sake sarrafa abincin da aka tattara zuwa abincin dabbobi. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta hana zubar da sharar abinci a wuraren sharar gida a shekara ta 2005 tare da aiwatar da sake amfani da sharar abinci a shekarar 2013, adadin sharar abincin da ake sake sarrafa ya karu sosai. [17] Ana karfafa 'yan kasa su hada da abin da dabbobi za su iya ci kawai a cikin waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci; kasusuwa, ramukan 'ya'yan itatuwa, da tsaba, don haka ba za a iya la'akari da sharar abinci ba. Sharar da aka tattara sai a bushe sannan a mayar da ita zuwa abincin da ya dace da cin dabba.

Wasu sharar abinci sai a mayar da su taki ko takin abinci a maimakon haka, bayan an gama sarrafa shi kuma an cire duk danshi. Wannan fermented abinci sharar taki zabi ne na muhalli da kuma kwayoyin zabin a cikin noman amfanin gona.[18][17][19][20]

Sharar gida gyara sashe

Koriya ta Kudu ita ce ta biyu a matsayi na gaba wajen samar da sharar gida a duniya, inda 'yan Koriya ta Kudu ke amfani da matsakaita na buhunan roba 420 a duk shekara. Domin tinkarar hakan, Koriya ta Kudu ta haramta duk wani buhunan robobi da ake amfani da su guda daya a manyan kantuna. Za a bayar da wasu Zabubbuka kamar jakunkuna na takarda, buhunan siyayya masu amfani da yawa ko kwantena da za a iya sake yin amfani da su a maimakon haka, kuma za a ba da kudin ribar don zubar da shara. An bullo da wannan doka ne da nufin kawo karshen sharar da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a duniya, da kuma sarrafa da adana albarkatun kasa da kuma sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Wannan matakin kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata doka da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kiyaye albarkatu, da sake amfani da sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su.

An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan China ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su dorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare.[21][22][23]

e-sharar gida gyara sashe

e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da Kasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna bukatar Karin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaduwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta hada gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke karewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana daukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da karfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba.[24]

Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a kasashe da yawa, amma ba a kaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin kasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Karshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke karewa a wuraren sharar kasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin wadannan na'urorin lantarki. [25]

Doka gyara sashe

Dokar sarrafa shara gyara sashe

An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai Karin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da hade-hade a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar gine-gine da rushewa, da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don daukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kudin sharar karar tare da biyan kudi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga wadanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara.

Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba gyara sashe

Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki.

Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi gyara sashe

Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don habaka kimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan Kara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050.

Kalubalen kwanan nan gyara sashe

Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga kasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ki ya zama makwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda.

A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da kari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta kunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida.

Manazarta gyara sashe

  1. ↑ "South Korea Legislates Towards a Zero Waste Society". Waste Management Review. Jul 17, 2015.
  2. ↑ Yang, Won-Seok; Park, Jun-Kyung; Park, Se-Won; Seo, Yong-Chil (2015-04-01). "Past, present and future of waste management in Korea". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management (in Turanci). 17 (2): 207–217. doi:10.1007/s10163-014-0301-7. ISSN 1611-8227.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Au, Vincent (Nov 25, 2018). "Don't Trash Talk South Korea's Waste Management System". Medium.
  4. ↑ "Solid Waste Management". Seoul Solution. Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  5. ↑ Hong, Seonghoon (September 1999). "The effects of unit pricing system upon household solid waste management: The Korean experience". Journal of Environmental Management. 57: 1–10. doi:10.1006/jema.1999.0286.
  6. ↑ "Korea's GG report with OECD indicators" (PDF).
  7. ↑ Park, Seok Soon; Lee, Yong Seok (June 2007). "A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea". Ecological Modelling. 152 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00489-6.
  8. ↑ Kim, Ki-Hyun; Heo, Woo-Myung; Kim, Bomchul (1998-02-01). "Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous (sic) in the Nakdong River System, Korea". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution (in Turanci). 102 (1): 37–60. doi:10.1023/A:1004973616860. ISSN 1573-2932.
  9. ↑ Ser, Myo-ja (Mar 11, 2008). "The government tests the water, but ecologists say more must be done". Korea JoongAng Daily.
  10. ↑ Sanger, David E. (1991-04-16). "Chemical Leak in Korea Brings Forth a New Era". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  11. ↑ "South Korea's polluted river basin". Science Daily. July 12, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Arisu is - Arisu - Seoul's tap water, Arisu - The Office Of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government". arisu.seoul.go.kr. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Water Management". Seoul Urban Solution Agency. Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  14. ↑ "Seoul Tap Water Arisu" (PDF). Seoul Metropolitan Government.
  15. ↑ Yu, Ki-Yeong. "Volume Based Waste Fee(VBMF) System for Municipal Solid Waste". Seoul Solution.
  16. ↑ Yoo, Kee-Young. "Municipal Solid Waste Management". Seoul Solution. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95%". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  18. ↑ Samson, Carl (June 26, 2017). "How South Korea Reduced Food Waste By 300 TONS a Day". NextShark.
  19. ↑ "Where Does Australia Rank For Recycling Efforts and What Can We Learn". WM Waste Management Services (in Turanci). 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  20. ↑ Cho, Joohee (April 20, 2019). "South Korea's food waste reduction plans feature urban farming and modern garbage bins". abc News.
  21. ↑ "South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  22. ↑ "South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  23. ↑ "South Korea bans single-use plastic bags". The Independent (in Turanci). 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  24. ↑ "South Korea Launches Initiative to Recycle More E-Waste". VOA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  25. ↑ http://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf
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