Wikipedia

Gudanar Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Najeriya

Rashin isassun Kayan aikin Tsaftar Ruwa

An raba nau'in samar da ruwa a Najeriya tsakanin matakai uku (3) na gwamnati; – tarayya, jiha da kananan hukumomi. Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin kula da albarkatun ruwa; gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na gari; kuma Ƙananan hukumomi tare da al’umma ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na karkara. Ba a fayyace alhakin tsaftar muhalli a fili ba.

Gudanar Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Najeriya
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara water supply and sanitation (en) Fassara
Laƙabi Supply and sanitation of water in Nigeria
Nahiya Afirka
Ƙasa Najeriya
Office held by head of government (en) Fassara Federal Ministry of Water Resources (en) Fassara
Ƙasa da aka fara Najeriya

An raba nauyin samar da ruwa a Najeriya tsakanin matakai uku (3) na gwamnati; – tarayya, Jiha da ƙananan hukumomi. Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin kula da albarkatun ruwa; Gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na gari; kuma ƙananan hukumomi tare da al’umma ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na karkara. Ba a fayyace alhakin tsaftar muhalli a fili ba.

Ningi ya gina bursta sati.

Ingancin sabis na samar da ruwa da dawo da farashi ba su da yawa. Farashin kuɗin ruwa yana da ƙasa kuma yawancin masu amfani da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗinsu. Don haka masu ba da sabis sun dogara galibi akan tallafin lokaci-lokaci don biyan kuɗin aikin su[1].

Manufofi da Ƙaddamarwa na ƙasa suna ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da sake fasalin manufofi a matakin Jiha. Hukumar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kasa ta fahimci mahimmancin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kasancewar shi ne jigon samar da lafiya da ci gaban ƙasa kasa..[2]

Samun dama

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Masu sa kai suna share bututun ruwa a Ilorin, Najeriya a lokacin ranar tsabtace jiki. Ko da lokacin da akwai isasshen ababen more rayuwa don kula da tsabtace muhalli da inganci bazai kasance a koyaushe a Najeriya ba. Rashin gurɓataccen filastik yana tsoma baki da samar da datti a duniya.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kashi 67 cikin 100 na al'ummar Najeriya sun samu akalla ruwan sha. Wannan shine kashi 82% na mazauna birni da kashi 54% na mazauna karkara. Galibin mutane a Najeriya ba sa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, Musamman a yankunan karkara. Kididdigar tsaftar ruwa da tsafta a duniya ta nuna cewa kashi 79 cikin 100 na ‘yan Najeriya na fuskantar kalubalen karancin ruwa. A cikin 2015, Kusan mutane miliyan 60 ba su da damar samun "aƙalla na asali" ruwa.

Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 33 ne kawai na yawan jama'a ke da damar samun "aƙalla na asali" tsaftar muhalli. Wannan shine kashi 39% na mazauna birni da kashi 27% na mazauna karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 122 har yanzu ba su da damar samun “aƙalla na asali” tsaftar muhalli.[3]

A cikin birane, samun damar yin amfani da bututu ya maye gurbin sosai ga samun damar yin ruwa.[4]

Isasshen tsabtace muhalli yawanci a cikin nau'in tankuna, saboda babu tsarin datti na tsakiya.

Ƙididdiga kan samun ruwa da tsaftar ruwa suna cin karo da juna saboda bambance-bambancen ma'anoni, alamomi da hanyoyin da hukumomi daban-daban ke amfani da su. Da kyar babu wani sa ido na sashe.[5]

Kamar yadda jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito: “Shugaban fa’ida, manufofi da sadarwa na Water Aid a Najeriya, Kolawole Banwo, ya ce a cikin kananan hukumomi 774 da ke Najeriya, 76 ne kawai ba su da halin yin bahaya a fili a ƙasar nan, wannan matsalar tsaftar muhalli. ya kasance wani muhimmin batu da ke bukatar daukar matakin gaggawa".[6]

A wani rahoto da Amnesty International ta wallafa a watan Satumba, kamfanin mai na Shell da gwamnatin jihar Ribas da ke kudancin Najeriya ba sa kokarin samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha a yankin Ogale da ke wajen babban birnin jihar. Ana tilastawa mazauna wurin sayen ruwa akan farashi maras tsada ko kuma su sha daga rijiyoyin da suka gurbata da benzene..[7][8]

Ingancin sabis

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A cewar Bankin Duniya, a shekarar 2010, wuraren samar da ruwa a Najeriya ba kasafai suke yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba saboda karyewar kayan aiki, ko rashin samar da wutar lantarki ko man fetir. Kudin gudanar da ayyukan hukumomin ruwa yana ƙaruwa ne ta hanyar bukatar dogaro da injinan dizal ko ma su gina nasu wutar lantarki, tunda ba a kula da kayan aiki da bututun da ba su da kyau, lamarin da ke kawo tsaiko da rashin samun kudaden shiga ruwa.[9]

Ya zuwa 2000, kusan kashi 80% na duk tsarin ruwa mallakar gwamnati (wanda jama'a ke sarrafa) a cikin ƙananan garuruwa ba sa aiki. Ta hanyar saka hannun jari da haɓaka iya aiki ga al'ummomi, ana iya haɓaka ayyukan wuraren ruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Misali, a cikin al'ummomin da UNICEF ke tallafawa a jihar Kwara, ayyuka sun inganta daga kashi 53% zuwa 98%, kuma a jihar Kebbi, aikin rijiyoyin burtsatse ya inganta daga kashi 12% zuwa 88%. Duk da haka, ba a bayyana yadda waɗannan wuraren za su ci gaba da aiki cikin dogon lokaci ba, bayan an kawo ƙarshen tsoma bakin ƙasashen duniya.[10]

A cikin shekaru goma na biyu na 2000s, an auna ta da kasancewar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan da aka keɓe ga ɗan adam da amfanin gona, a wasu lokuta da darajar ta wuce iyakokin duniya na WHO (misali a yankunan da ke kewaye da Zaria, Abakaliki, Ibadan da Onitsha, gurɓatar ƙarfe na ƙarfe musamman na arsenic ya bambanta a daidai lokacin rani da damina, saboda ma'adinan rijiyoyi da rijiyoyi da kuma wani ɓangare na ayyukan ma'adinai na arsenic a cikin tsokoki na nau'in kifin demersal don haka, matsalar gurɓataccen abu ba a warware ta ba har ma da masana'antar kamun kifi ta Najeriya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu (ko ƙa'idodi).

Inganci

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Ba a samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yadda ya kamata a Najeriya. Misali, hukumomin ruwa na jihar sun cika ma’aikata da yawa. A cikin 2000, akwai kusan ma'aikata 70 a cikin kowane kwastomomi 1,000 a cikin hukumomin ruwa na jihar, idan aka kwatanta da mafi kyawun tsarin aiki na 3.5. Ruwan da ba ruwansa yakan wuce kashi 50 cikin ɗari.[11]

Ruwa ta hanyar birane

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Abuja

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Millennium Park a Abuja, wanda ake fadada samar da ruwa

Babban birnin Najeriya, Abuja, na karbar wani bangare na ruwan sha daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta kasa. A watan Satumbar 2013 ne Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTWB) wacce ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a babban birnin tarayya ta kaddamar da kashi na 3 da na 4 na aikin samar da magunguna na karamar hukumar Usman (LUDWTP) wanda aka fara a watan Nuwamba 2011. Dukkanin matakai na aikin (phase 1, 2, 3, and 4) da kuma Tafkin Gurara Dam na samar da danyen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta Lower Usuma wadda idan aka hada ta za ta iya sarrafa lita miliyan 720 na ruwa mai tsafta a kullum zuwa Abuja. da makwabtanta.[12][13]

Ana kula da ruwa mai guba a Cibiyar Kula da Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa da ke cikin gundumar Wupa ta Abuja, SCC Nigeria Limited ce ta gina ta kuma Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya ba da izini.[14]

Enugu

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Bayani game da birnin Enugu

Babban birnin Najeriya, Abuja, na karbar wani bangare na ruwan sha daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta kasa. A watan Satumbar 2013 ne Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTWB) wacce ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a babban birnin tarayya ta kaddamar da kashi na 3 da na 4 na aikin samar da magunguna na karamar hukumar Usman (LUDWTP) wanda aka fara a watan Nuwamba 2011. Dukkanin matakai na aikin (phase 1, 2, 3, and 4) da kuma Tafkin Gurara Dam na samar da danyen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta Lower Usuma wadda idan aka hada ta za ta iya sarrafa lita miliyan 720 na ruwa mai tsafta a kullum zuwa Abuja. da makwabtanta.[15]

Gwamnatin Jihar Enugu ta fara farfado da Shirin Kashewar Mile na 9 a watan Nuwamba 2021 bayan an watsar da aikin sama da shekaru 30. FordMarx Nigeria Limited ce ta aiwatar da wannan aikin.[16]

Legas

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Cms Legas

An kaddamar da mafi girma shuka zuwa yanzu a cikin 1991 a Adiyan tare da karfin galan 70m kowace rana. Har ila yau, yana ciro daga kogin Owo. Har ila yau, Akwai zane-zanen ƙaramin ruwa guda bakwai daga maɓuɓɓugar gida tare da haɗakar ƙarfin galan 18m kowace rana. Hukumar kula da ruwa ta Legas ta bayyana cewa ruwan da ake samu a masana’antar ya dace da mafi girman matsayi, kuma yana samar da “tsaftataccen ruwan sha a isasshe kuma a kai a kai ga sama da mutane miliyan 12.5 a jihar Legas”.

An kaddamar da mafi girma shuka zuwa yanzu a cikin 1991 a Adiyan tare da karfin galan 70m kowace rana. Har ila yau, yana ciro daga kogin Owo. Har ila yau, akwai zane-zanen ƙaramin ruwa guda bakwai daga maɓuɓɓugar gida tare da haɗakar ƙarfin galan 18m kowace rana. Hukumar kula da ruwa ta Legas ta bayyana cewa ruwan da ake samu a masana’antar ya dace da mafi girman matsayi, kuma yana samar da “tsaftataccen ruwan sha a isasshe kuma akai-akai ga mutane sama da miliyan 12.5 a jihar Legas..[17]

LASWARCO (Lagos Water Corporation) ta kuma kaddamar da wani rangadin nazari na hukumar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kasa a kasar Zambiya domin warware muhimman abubuwan da ke haddasa matsalar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma hanyoyin da ake bukata don magance matsalar. Duk da haka, sau da yawa ruwa yana gurɓata a cikin hanyar rarraba kuma mutane sun ƙi yarda da ingancin ruwan famfo. Katsewar samar da wutar lantarki yana hana cibiyoyin kula da aikin ci gaba da aiki. Sai dai kuma ana kan gina wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 12.15 a shekarar 2012 domin samar da wutar lantarki ga cibiyoyin kula da ruwan Adiyan da Iju da kuma Akute.[18]

Iyalai kuma suna samun ruwa daga rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa. Ko kuma gidaje sun dogara ga masu siyar da titi, suna samar da kasuwa mai albarka don "ruwan jakunkuna", ruwa mai tsafta wanda aka kunshe a cikin buhunan polyethylene. Masu sayar da ruwa da ake kira Mairuwa suna sayar da ruwa daga tankuna da ganguna a kan kuloli, wanda a wasu lokutan ana sayar da su ga wasu masu sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti ko gwangwani. Samun damar samun ruwan da Hukumar Ruwa ta jihar ta samar shine 'metropocentric' watau, yana tsakiyar babban birni..[19]

Saboda rashin wadataccen wadataccen wadataccen abinci a cikin al'umma, mutane sun yi tawaye kan samun ruwa daga kowace hanya don amfanin gida. 40% na gidaje sun dogara da kyau don amfanin gida; 32% akan masu siyar da ruwan su; Kashi 7% na gidajen sun dogara ne akan rijiyoyin burtsatse na jama'a da kuma kashi 19% akan tankunan ruwa, kogi/rafuka da ruwan sama wanda ba a samu a lokacin rani.

Makurdi

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Kogin Benue (Makurdi)

A Makurdi, babban birnin jihar Binuwai, kusan kashi 25-30% na al’ummar kasar ne kawai ake yi wa hidima, kuma mazauna yankin suna diban danyen ruwa a cikin bokiti daga gurbataccen kogin Benue. A shekara ta 2008 ba a kammala aikin ginin matatar ruwa ba kuma jami'ai sun kasa yin lissafin dalar Amurka miliyan 6. Tun daga shekara ta 2012, ana kan gina wata masana'antar sarrafa ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Aikin Ruwa na Makurdi. A cewar Nat Apir, wata mai ba da shawara kan harkokin ruwa, rashin tsarin rarraba na zamani zai haifar da fashe bututun da kuma karfin masana'antar na cikin hadarin rashin amfani da shi sosai.[20]

Koguna/koguna suna ba da gudummawar kashi 27.89% a lokacin rani da 24.16% a lokacin damina, ruwan sama kamar 0.00% a lokacin rani da 27.22% a lokacin damina. A cikin al'ummar Ugbokolo, buƙatun ruwa ya fi girma (155,788 lpd) fiye da wadata (113,249 lpd) a cikin al'umma. [21]

Owerri

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Bayan shafe shekaru 24 yana aiki ba tare da ruwan sha ba, a shekarar 2020, gwamnatin jihar Imo a karkashin gwamnatin Sanata Hope Uzodinma, gwamnan jihar Imo, ta fitar da kudade don farfado da harkar WASH a birane, lamarin da ya sa mazauna Imo ke samun ruwan sha mai tsafta. ayyukan tsafta da tsafta. A karkashin Engr Emeka Celestine Ugoanyanwu, kamfanin ruwa da magudanan ruwa na jihar Imo ya gudanar da gagarumin sauyi a hukumomi, manufofi da tsare-tsare, wanda ya kai ga gyara kamfanin Otammiri Waterworks da sauran tsare-tsare na ruwa a karkashin hukumar. Don haka gwamnan ya kuma ba da umarnin a yi gyara na tsafta a fannin WASH daidai da fasahar zamani..[11]

A cewar USAID, Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Jihar Imo (ISWSC) yana ba da ruwa ga 'yan Najeriya miliyan 3 a jihar Imo.[22]

Ibadan

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Ya zuwa 2000, kusan kashi 80% na duk tsarin ruwa mallakar gwamnati (wanda jama'a ke sarrafa) a cikin ƙananan garuruwa ba sa aiki. Ta hanyar saka hannun jari da haɓaka iya aiki ga al'ummomi, ana iya haɓaka ayyukan wuraren ruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Misali, a cikin al'ummomin da UNICEF ke tallafawa a jihar Kwara, ayyuka sun inganta daga kashi 53% zuwa 98%, kuma a jihar Kebbi, aikin rijiyoyin burtsatse ya inganta daga kashi 12% zuwa 88%. Duk da haka, ba a bayyana yadda waɗannan wuraren za su ci gaba da aiki cikin dogon lokaci ba, bayan an kawo ƙarshen tsoma bakin ƙasashen duniya.[23]

Benin

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Tsarin samar da ruwan sha a birnin, wanda ya dogara da madatsar ruwan kogin Ikpoba, ya shafi kusan kashi 30% na al'ummar kasar. Sauran kashi 70% suna samun ruwansu ne daga rijiyoyin burtsatse masu yawa da aka nutse don zaman kansu, noma da masana'antu.

Sauran birane

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Birnin Arewacin Kano yana fama da karancin ruwa.

Ana samun Kano daga koguna na gida da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ake amfani da shi fiye da kima. Samar da ruwan sha na jama'a ya yi karanci, ta yadda wuraren sayar da ruwa masu zaman kansu ke karuwa da samun riba ga masu gudanar da ayyukansu. Kogin Kaduna shine babban hanyar samar da ruwan sha ga garin Kaduna da masana'antu da dama. A lokacin rani manoma manoma na amfani da ruwan kogin wajen shayar da amfanin gonakinsu na abinci. Kaduna na samun ruwan sha ne daga kogin Kaduna. Asa Dam ta zama babbar hanyar samar da ruwa ga babban birnin Ilorin.. [24][25]

Manufofin kasa da shirye-shirye

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Manufar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta Najeriya, wacce aka amince da ita a shekarar 2000, tana karfafa gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma yin hasashen sake fasalin hukumomi da manufofi a matakin jiha. Duk da haka, kadan ya faru ta bangarorin biyu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, jihohi hudu ne kawai daga cikin 37 da suka hada da Legas, Cross River, Kaduna da Ogun suka fara bullo da kawancen jama’a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ta hanyar kwangilar hidima, wani nau’i na PPP inda alhakin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne. iyakance ga ababen more rayuwa na aiki ba tare da abubuwan ƙarfafawa ba. Yayin da gwamnati ke da manufar raba kan jama'a, ƙananan haƙiƙanin rarrabawa ya faru. Ƙarfin ƙananan hukumomi don tsarawa da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ko gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da tsarin, ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa duk da ƙoƙarin haɓaka iya aiki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufar ƙasa ta mayar da hankali kan samar da ruwa tare da yin watsi da tsafta.[11]

A shekara ta 2003, an kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna "Presidential Water Initiative (PWI): Water for People, Water for Life" wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin Olusegun Obasanjo ya kaddamar. Shirin dai yana da muradin bunkasa hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda ya hada da shirin samar da ruwa kashi 100 cikin 100 a manyan biranen Jihohi, kashi 75 cikin 100 a sauran garuruwa, da kuma kashi 66 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara. An yi kadan don aiwatar da shirin kuma ba a cimma burin da aka sa gaba ba.[11]

A shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta kada kuri'a a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don amincewa da ƙudurin da ya sa ruwa da tsabtace muhalli haƙƙin ɗan adam. Koyaya, ba ta zartar da doka don tsarkake haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta a cikin dokar ƙasa ba. Kasar ba ta kan hanyar isa ga Millennium Development Goal don ruwa da tsabtace muhalli.[18]

T un daga shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da Cikakken tsabtace muhalli a cikin jihohi shida, tare da goyon bayan UNICEF da EU. Duk da yake ba manufofin kasa ba ne, a bayyane yake wannan shirin na asali ya sami nasara. Fiye da latrines 17,000 an gina su a cikin al'ummomi 836, kuma fiye da 100 daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomin sun cimma burin da za a ayyana su ba tare da zubar da ciki ba.[26]

Ayyuka

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Matakan gwamnati uku ne ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Misali, gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin kula da yadda ake tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa, gwamnatin jiha ce ke samar da ruwan sha a birane yayin da kananan hukumomi ke hada kai da al’umma domin samar da ruwan sha a karkara. Alhaki na tsafta ba a koyaushe yake bayyana ba, amma tsaftar birane wani nauyi ne na jiha.[22]

Gwamnatin Tarayya

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Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya, wadda ta kasance cikin ma’aikatar noma na tsawon lokaci har zuwa 2010, ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da manyan ayyukan raya albarkatun ruwa da rabon ruwa a tsakanin jihohi. Akwai hukumomi 12 na raya rafuka da ke karkashin ma’aikatar, wadanda ke da alhakin tsarawa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, aikin ban ruwa da tattara bayanan ruwa, yanayin ruwa. Suna kuma samar da ruwa da yawa ga garuruwa daga madatsun ruwa. An kafa hukumar cajin kayan aiki a cikin 1992 don sa ido da daidaita farashin kayan aiki, gami da na Hukumomin Ruwa na Jiha..[27]

Gwamnatocin jihohi

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An ba da alhakin samar da ruwan sha ga Hukumomin Ruwa na Jiha (SWAs) ko sassan ruwa na jihohi a cikin jihohin Najeriya 36. SWAs suna da alhakin gwamnatocin jihohin su, gabaɗaya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Jiha. SWAs ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a birane, kuma a wasu jihohin ma na samar da ruwan sha na karkara. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2000, jihohi 22 na da hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar yankunan karkara na daban, wadanda aka kafa akasarinsu domin aiwatar da shirin UNICEF. A shekarar 2010, jihar Legas ta kafa ofishin kula da ruwan sha a karkashin hukumar kula da ruwan sha ta jihar Legas. Ta dauki nauyin tsaftar muhalli daga ma'aikatar muhalli ta jihar.[28]

kananon hukumomi

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Kananan Hukumomin da ke da 774 ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na karkara da kuma tsaftar muhalli a yankunansu duk da cewa wasu kalilan ne ke da wadata da basirar magance matsalar. Ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi ne kawai ke da sassan samar da ruwan sha na karkara

 
Al'umma na gwagwarmaya don samun bokiti daya na uwa

Al'ummomi

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A wasu al'ummomi a yankunan karkara, an kafa kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (WASCOs) don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa. Ya kamata wadannan kwamitoci su karbi nasu kudin ruwa. Masu ba da tallafi irin su Bankin Raya Afirka sun gindaya sharuɗɗan cewa dole ne aƙalla kashi 30% na membobin WASCO su zama mata. A cikin 1993, Gwamnati ta himmatu don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma a cikin samar da ruwan sha na karkara a cikin takardar manufofin. A cikin shekara ta 2000, ba a yada ko aiwatar da manufar ba a cikin duk shirye-shiryen gwamnati- ko masu ba da tallafi..[27]

 
Haɗin kan al'umma ta samar musu da borehole

Jama'a

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Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar mahalli a Najeriya yana da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ke aiwatar da tsare-tsare da dama don magance rikicin sassa. Society for Water and Sanitation (NEWSAN) kungiya ce ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na WASH, yayin da kungiyar ta Water and Sanitation Media Network ta kunshi ‘yan jarida masu bayar da rahoto a fannin. Wata babbar kungiya mai zaman kanta a wannan fanni ita ce gidauniyar Bread of Life Development Foundation wacce ke kula da gidan yanar gizon eWASH kan labaran ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya.

Abubuwan kudi

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Farashin haraji da farfadowa

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Matsakaicin ƙima don haɗin da ba a aunawa ba. Yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Najeriya ba su da mitoci. Matsakaicin mitar ya bambanta daga kashi 7% a Katsina zuwa kashi 16% a Kaduna da kuma kashi 24% a Legas a 2007. Abokan cinikin da ba su da mita ana cajin farashi mai tsada ba tare da amfani ba. Ga abokan cinikin mazaunin da ba su da mita, farashin fakitin ya kasance dalar Amurka $3 a kowane wata a Legas, dalar Amurka 5 a Katsina da dalar Amurka 11 a Kaduna. A jihar Yobe Naira 100 (US$0.60) ne kawai a kowane wata, matakin mafi karanci a kasar nan a cewar kamfanin samar da ruwa na jihar Yobe. Kudaden kuɗin fiton sun rufe kashi 2 cikin ɗari ne kawai na farashin samar da ruwa..[29]

Tariffs don haɗin haɗin mita. Masu amfani da mita ko dai ana biyansu kudin fito ne na layi, kamar yadda ake yi a Legas, ko kuma a kara harajin haraji kamar yadda ake yi a Katsina da Kaduna. Karkashin jadawalin kuɗin fito-block, jadawalin kuɗin fito kowane mita cubic yana ƙaruwa tare da amfani da farawa daga amfani da 30m3 kowane wata tare da jimlar 3 zuwa 6 tubalan. Farashin mazaunin kason farko na cin abinci shine dalar Amurka 0.19 a kowace m3 a Kaduna da dalar Amurka 0.44 a kowane m3 a Katsina. Tariffs ga masu amfani da kasuwanci da masana'antu sun fi girma. Matsakaicin farashin ruwa ga abokan cinikin mitoci shine Naira 50 akan kowace m3 (US$0.30) a jihar Oyo da Naira 16 akan kowace m3 (US$0.10) a jihar Taraba a shekarar 2009..[30]

Tarin haraji. Tsare-tsaren bayanai da suka wuce da kuma tsarin lissafin kuɗi marasa daidaituwa suna haifar da ƙarin asarar kudaden shiga. Adadin kudaden shiga ya ragu sosai. A wasu wuraren bai kai kashi 10% na adadin da aka biya ba. Akwai bashi mai yawa, musamman daga hukumomin gwamnati.

Canjin haraji. Daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito. Kowace jiha ta kafa nata kudin ruwa. Majalissar zartaswa ta Jiha ta amince da gyare-gyaren haraji ta hanyar dogon lokaci. Kasancewar ba za su iya biyan kuɗin gudanar da ayyukansu ba, kuma ba za su iya tabbatar da sake fasalin jadawalin kuɗin fito na yau da kullun ba, Hukumomin Ruwa na Jiha suna samun tallafin kuɗi daga gwamnatocin jihohi.[27]

Farashin mai siyarwa. Binciken masu sayar da tituna a Legas, Kaduna da Katsina ya nuna cewa suna karban kudin da ya ninka har sau 20 fiye da Hukumar Ruwa ta Jihar. Adadin da aka biya, don ƙayyadaddun adadin wadatar ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa masu zaman kansu, na iya ninka sau huɗu zuwa goma na wata ɗaya mafi girma na yawan ruwan famfo.[27]

Zuba jari

gyara sashe

Domin Najeriya ta cimma burin ci gaban karni na samar da ruwa nan da shekarar 2015, kasar na bukatar zuba jarin kusan Naira biliyan 215 (dalar Amurka biliyan 1.3) a duk shekara. A halin yanzu Najeriya na zuba jarin da bai wuce Naira biliyan 82.5 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 0.5 ba a fannin. Ana buƙatar yawancin waɗannan saka hannun jari don gyara abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba. Ba a bayyana ko kiyasin ya hada da tsafta ko a'a ba.

Kuɗi

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Yayin da ya kamata dukkan matakan gwamnati guda uku su taka rawar gani wajen samar da kudaden zuba jari na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kananan hukumomi ba su da karfin yin hakan. Matakan Jihohi da na tarayya suma suna ba da tallafi kaɗan ne kawai. Don haka, mafi yawan zuba jarin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya, masu hannu da shuni ne ke samun kudaden shiga. Raba kudin man fetur da kudaden haraji a tsakanin matakan gwamnati daban-daban lamari ne da ke da nasaba da siyasa a Najeriya, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin Musulmin Arewa da na Kudancin kasar Kirista, inda wani yanki a Kudancin kasar ke da duk kudin shigar mai. Tsakanin 1948 da 2001, kwamitoci tara, hukunce-hukuncen soja guda shida, dokar majalisa daya da kuma hukunce-hukuncen kotun koli guda biyu sun yi yunkurin fayyace alakar kasafin kudi tsakanin sassan tarayyar ba tare da warware matsalar ba. Kudaden shigar da gwamnatin tarayya ke samu sun hada da kusan kashi 90 na kudaden shiga da gwamnati ke samu, da suka hada da kudaden shiga na mai da harajin shigo da kaya. Ana tattara waɗannan tare da mafi ƙarancin kudaden shiga na jihohi da na gida, sannan matakan da gwamnatoci uku za su raba abubuwan da aka tara bisa tsarin da aka amince da su. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, gwamnatin tarayya ta samu kashi 40% na kudaden shiga, ita ma gwamnatin jahohi ta samu kashi 60%, tsarin da zai amfanar da yankin da ake hako mai a yankin Neja Delta. Kananan hukumomi ba su da wani kaso. Bayan yakin Biafra an kara kason gwamnatin tarayya zuwa kashi 80 cikin dari a shekarar 1968, amma daga baya aka sake raguwa. Tun bayan sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi na 1976, ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar kaso na kudaden shiga. Ya zuwa shekarar 1999, kaso 20% na kananan hukumomi, kaso 24% na jiha, sai kuma kason gwamnatin tarayya da na ayyuka na musamman kashi 56%..[31]

Haɗin kai na waje

gyara sashe

Muhimman abokan huldar waje a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya sune Bankin Raya Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, Japan JICA, UNICEF, USAID, WaterAid mai zaman kanta, Action Against Hunger (NGO) da Bankin Duniya. Bankin Raya Afirka da Bankin Duniya na bayar da lamuni ga gwamnati; Tarayyar Turai, JICA da USAID suna ba da tallafi ga gwamnati; UNICEF da WaterAid suna samun tallafi daga gwamnatoci da kuma tallafi daga jama'a don aiwatar da ayyukansu tare da haɗin gwiwa, amma ba ta hannun gwamnati ba.

Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka

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A watan Fabrairun 2012, Bankin Raya Afirka ya amince da ba da lamuni mai sauƙi dalar Amurka miliyan 100 don inganta ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a arewacin birnin Zariya. Hukumar ruwa ta jihar Kaduna ce za ta gudanar da aikin. Har ila yau, ta amince da aikin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a biranen Ibadan da Jalingo a cikin jihohin Oyo da Taraba a shekarar 2009. Duka ayyukan biyu na biranen sun hada da nada injinan ruwa, da inganta tsafta da kuma gina bandakuna a makarantu, dakunan shan magani, wuraren kasuwa da wuraren shakatawa. Ba kamar sabon aikin da aka yi a Zariya ba, tsohon aikin yana goyon bayan gyare-gyare a matakin jiha don raba ka'idoji da ayyukan aiki, da bullo da hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma ba da tallafin ruwa da tsaftar yankunan karkara a jihohin Yobe da Osun da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007. Aikin na da nufin kara ayyukan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan karkara a jihohin biyu, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai kasa da kashi 50% a shekarar 2006, zuwa 100. % a cikin 2012. Wuraren tsaftar da aka gina sune ɗakunan wanka na sanplat da kuma ingantattun ɗakunan ramin.[32]

Bankin Raya Afirka yana ba da kuɗin duk kuɗin waɗannan ayyukan ba tare da buƙatar gudummawa daga jihar Najeriya ba. Bankin Raya Afirka ya saka dala miliyan 905 a bangaren tun shekara ta 1971.[32]

China

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A shekara ta 2005, kasar Sin ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafi tare da Najeriya don hako ramuka 598 a jihohi 18 da FCT. [33] Ba a ƙayyade adadin tallafin da hukumar aiwatarwa ba.

EU na goyon bayan shirin gyara bangaren samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a jihohi shida (Anambra, Cross River, Jigawa, Kano, Osun da Yobe) tare da tallafin Euro miliyan 87. Ana sa ran jihar Najeriya a dukkan matakai uku na gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi za su ba da gudunmowar wasu Yuro miliyan 31.[34]

JICA

gyara sashe

JICA gajarta ce ga Hukumar Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa ta Japan kuma suna bayar da tallafi don samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a jihohi uku, Oyo, Kano da Yobe. [35]

UNICEF

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UNICEF (Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) wanda a da aka sani da Asusun Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tallafawa samar da ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsafta a yankunan karkara a cikin al'ummomi da makarantu a fadin kasar tun daga 2002. DFID da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ne suka dauki nauyin aiwatar da shi. An gina sabbin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda 6,960 ( rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu kariya) da kuma bandakunan gidaje sama da 19,100. Sama da makarantu 400 ne aka samar musu da dakunan wanka tare da tanadi na musamman ga yara maza da mata da wuraren wanke hannu.[36]

USAID

gyara sashe

Hukumar USAID (Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa ta Amurka) tana tallafa wa yankunan karkara samar da ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ilimin tsafta a Arewacin Najeriya, a cikin al'ummomi 46 a jihohin Bauchi, Kano da Sokoto. Hukumar USAID na hadin gwiwa ne da hukumar da ba ta gwamnati ba ta Najeriya Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN), Action Against Hunger (NGO) da WaterAid..[37][38]

Taimako na Ruwa

gyara sashe

WaterAid, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Biritaniya, ta inganta hadewar tsaftar muhalli, samar da ruwa da kuma ilimin tsafta ta hanyar amfani da tsarin al'umma da fasahohin da suka dace da rahusa. Yana aiki kafada da kafada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Najeriya, ciki har da Benue NGO Network (BENGONET), Society for Water and Sanitation in Nigeria (NEWSAN), Justice Development and Peace Initiative (JDPI), Community Based Development - NGO (CBD-NGO), Women Empowerment In Najeriya (WEIN) da kuma Bol Development Association (BOLDA). Yana aiki a cikin al'ummomi sama da 100 a jihohin Bauchi, Benue da Plateau. Ya samar da kima mai rauni, bisa ka'idojin da al'ummomin da kansu suka ba da shawarar, don taimakawa al'ummomin wajen zabar kansu inda ya kamata a ware albarkatun. Irin wannan tsarin yanke shawara na gaskiya da gaskiya yana da mahimmanci musamman a yanayin rashin amincewa da rashin shugabanci nagari.[39]

A watan watannin 2012, gwamnati ta ba da umarni tare da aikin aikin sa ido da aikin noma ruwa, hotuna, da cire a Najeriya. A matsayin matsayin ruwa, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan yana da sha'awar gabatarwa mai zaman kanta game da aikin bangaren kuma masu zaman kansu suna da kyau don taimaka da wannan aikin.[40]

Bankin Duniya

gyara sashe

Bankin Duniya ya kammala ayyukan samar da ruwa guda bakwai tun daga shekarar 1985 kuma yana da ayyuka uku da ke kan gaba a shekarar 2010. Jimillar jarin ayyukan 10 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.4. Shirin Gyaran Ruwan Ruwa na Farko (Dalar Amurka miliyan 120) ya shafi garuruwa 13 a jihohin Kaduna, Ogun da Enugu. Har ila yau, aikin yana da nufin kafa manufofin ruwa na jihohi, da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Shirin sake fasalin ruwa na Birane na biyu da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 200, ya tallafa wa tsawaita bututun da za a yi a Calabar, da kuma gyara matatun ruwa da na’urorin rarraba ruwa a Legas da kuma wasu garuruwa uku na Jihar Kuros Riba. A Karkashin Shirin Bada Hannu, Ana Taimakawa Hukumar Ruwa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) da dalar Amurka miliyan 25. A shekarar 2012, Bankin Duniya ya amince da shirin sake fasalin Bangaren Ruwan Birane na Kasa na Dalar Amurka miliyan 400 ga Jihohin Legas, Kaduna, Ogun, Enugu da Kuros Riba. A shekarar 2021, Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da lamuni na dala miliyan 700 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a wani bangare na wani shiri mai suna SURWASH.[41][42]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Addressing the social consequences of tariffs for water supply".
  2. ↑ Adeoti, O. (2007-02-01). "Challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria". Water Policy. 9 (1): 105–118. doi:10.2166/wp.2006.002. ISSN 1366-7017.
  3. ↑ "Nigeria". WASHWatch. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/Wider)". Poverty and Undernutrition: ii. 2000-10-05. doi:10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002. ISBN 0198292686.
  5. ↑ John Gambo Laah, Ph.D., Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP), Nigeria: Nigeria Water and Sanitation Summary Sheet, no date
  6. ↑ "40% of FCT residents into open defecation". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2022-02-06. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  7. ↑ "COMMUNITY IN NIGERIA DRINKING POLLUTED WATER" (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  8. ↑ "Common Water Issues | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  9. ↑ World Bank:New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households, 22 April 2010
  10. ↑ "New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 USAID: Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile, ca. 2007
  12. ↑ "Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  13. ↑ "Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant Expansion, Abuja - Water Technology". www.water-technology.net. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  14. ↑ "Abuja Sewage Treatment Plant runs on generators for 13 years". Vanguard News (in Turanci). 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  15. ↑ "Enugu Assembly passes bill to improve water supply, sanitation". Vanguard News. 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  16. ↑ "Changing the Narrative on Enugu Water Problem from the Root". THISDAYLIVE (in Turanci). 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  17. ↑ Lagos State Water Corporation. "Welcome to the Official Website of the LSWC". Retrieved 12 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Lagos: Water everywhere but none to drink". Vanguard. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  19. ↑ Kunnuji, Michael O. N. (2014). Spatial variations in access to improved sanitation and water in Lagos state. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 4(4), 612 – 619.
  20. ↑ PBS / Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting (15 March 2012). "What's Causing Water Shortages in Ghana, Nigeria?". PBS. pp. Minutes 1–4 of the video. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  21. ↑ Aper, J. A.; Agbehi, S. I. (2011-04-06). "The Determining Factors of Rural Water Supply Pattern in Ugbokolo Community, Benue State- Nigeria". Journal of Sustainable Development. 4 (2): 225. doi:10.5539/jsd.v4n2p225. ISSN 1913-9063.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ngene, Ben U.; Nwafor, Christiana O.; Bamigboye, Gideon O.; Ogbiye, Adebanji S.; Ogundare, Jacob O.; Akpan, Victor E. (2021-01-01). "Assessment of water resources development and exploitation in Nigeria: A review of integrated water resources management approach". Heliyon (in Turanci). 7 (1): e05955. Bibcode:2021Heliy...705955N. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05955. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 7820563. PMID 33521352 Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ "Public water system fails as government spends billions". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Turanci). 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  24. ↑ Asa Dam
  25. ↑ "Kwara meets stakeholders over Asa Dam equipment damage". Punch Newspapers. 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  26. ↑ Greg Marinovich:Community-led water and sanitation projects take root in Nigeria Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, UNICEF, 23 September 2010
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 World Bank/Federal Republic of Nigeria:Water Supply & Sanitation Interim Strategy Note, November 2000, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  28. ↑ "Lagos Wastewater Management Office". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  29. ↑ "Yobe charges least water tariff in Nigeria". Daily Trust. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  30. ↑ African Development Bank. "Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for Oyo And Taraba States, Project Appraisal Report" (PDF). p. 16. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  31. ↑ Akindele S.T and Olaopa : Fiscal federalism and local Government finance in Nigeria Archived 2019-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2002
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 African Development Bank:The African Development Bank in Action. Activities in the Water and Sanitation Sector in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, February 2012, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  33. ↑ Forum on China-Africa Cooperation: China and Nigeria Sign Water Supply Project Agreement, 19 October 2005
  34. ↑ Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reform Programme Archived 2012-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  35. ↑ JICA: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  36. ↑ UNICEF:Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Nigeria Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, February 2007
  37. ↑ USAID:Access to Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Archived 2013-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, no date, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  38. ↑ USAID:In Sokoto, Water is Life Archived 2013-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, 16 December 2011
  39. ↑ WaterAid Nigeria:Where we work Archived 2012-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  40. ↑ WaterAid Nigeria: Federal Government tasks WaterAid in Nigeria to lead monitoring and evaluation of WASH projects[permanent dead link], 17 January 2012
  41. ↑ $700 million
  42. ↑ SURWASH
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