Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka [lower-alpha 1] (An haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1883,-kuma ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif 1924) marubucin Bohemian ne mai kuma magana da Jamusanci kuma marubucin gajerun labarai, wanda ya shahara a ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogin adabin ƙarni na 20. Ayyukansa sun haɗa abubuwa na gaskiya da ban mamaki.[2] Yawanci yana fasalta keɓantattun jaruman da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu ban mamaki ko na zahiri da kuma ikon zamantakewar da ba za a iya fahimta ba. An fassara shi azaman binciko jigogi na nisantar, damuwa na wanzuwa, laifi, da rashin hankali. Shahararrun ayyukansa sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren labari "The Metamorphosis" da litattafai The Trial and The Castle. Kalmar Kafkaesque ya shiga Turanci don bayyana yanayi maras kyau, kamar waɗanda aka kwatanta a cikin rubutunsa.[3]
An haifi Kafka a cikin dangin Yahudawan Czech na tsakiyar aji na Jamusanci a Jamhuriyar Czech a Prague, babban birnin Masarautar Bohemia, sa'an nan kuma wani yanki na daular Austro-Hungary, a yau babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech. Ya sami horo a matsayin lauya kuma bayan ya kammala karatunsa na shari'a sai wani kamfani na inshora ya ɗauke shi aiki na cikakken lokaci, wanda hakan ya tilasta masa ya mayar da rubuce-rubuce zuwa lokacin hutunsa. A tsawon rayuwar Kafka, ya rubuta ɗaruruwan wasiƙu zuwa ga dangi da abokai na kud da kud, ciki har da mahaifinsa, wanda suke da dangantaka ta kud da kud. Ya yi auren mata da yawa amma bai yi aure ba. Ya mutu a cikin duhu a shekarar alif 1924, yana da shekaru 40 daga tarin fuka.
Kafka ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokutansa na kyauta, yawanci a cikin dare. Ya kona kusan kashi 90% na jimlar aikin sa saboda jajircewar da ya yi na rashin yarda da kai. Kadan daga cikin ayyukan Kafka da aka buga a lokacin rayuwarsa: tarin labaran da aka yi la'akari da Likitan Ƙasa, da kuma labarun mutum (irin su "The Metamorphosis") an buga su a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe amma sun sami kulawar jama'a kadan. A cikin wasiyyarsa, Kafka ya umurci mai zartar da wallafe-wallafen kuma abokinsa Max Brod ya lalata ayyukansa da ba a gama ba, ciki har da littattafansa The Trial, The Castle, da Amurka, amma Brod ya yi watsi da waɗannan umarnin, kuma yana da yawancin ayyukansa da aka buga.
Franz Kafka yana daya daga cikin mawakan da suka shahara bayan mutuwarsu: bayan shekarar alif 1945, ne ayyukansa suka shahara a cikin ƙasashen Jamusanci, wanda adabinsa ya yi tasiri sosai, kuma a cikin 1960s a wasu wurare na duniya. Ayyukan Kafka sun rinjayi nau'ikan marubuta, masu suka, masu fasaha, da masana falsafa a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21st.
Rayuwa
gyara sasheRayuwar farko
gyara sashe
An haifi Kafka a kusa da filin Old Town Square a Prague, a lokacin daular Austro-Hungarian. Iyalinsa Yahudawan Ashkenazi ne na tsakiyar aji na masu jin Jamus. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Kafka (1854-1931), shi ne ɗa na huɗu na Jakob Kafka,[4][5] a shochet. ko kuma mai yankan al'ada a Osek, ƙauyen Czech mai yawan Yahudawa da ke kusa da Strakonice a kudancin Bohemia. [6] Hermann ya kawo dangin Kafka zuwa Prague. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace na balaguro, a ƙarshe ya zama dillalin kayan ado wanda ya ɗauki aiki har zuwa mutane 15 kuma ya yi amfani da hoton jackdaw ( kavka a cikin Czech, furci kuma an rubuta shi azaman kafka ) azaman tambarin kasuwancin sa.[7] Mahaifiyar Kafka, Julie (1856-1934), 'yar Jakob Löwy ce, ɗan kasuwa mai wadata a Poděbrady,[5] kuma ta fi mijinta ilimi.[4]
Iyayen Kafka mai yiwuwa sun yi magana da Jamusanci, wanda Yiddish ya rinjayi, wanda wani lokaci ana kiransa Mauscheldeutsch, amma, kamar yadda Jamusanci ke dauke da abin hawa na motsi na zamantakewa, tabbas sun ƙarfafa 'ya'yansu su yi magana da Jamusanci Standard.[8] Hermann da Julie suna da 'ya'ya shida, wanda Franz ce babba.[9] 'Yan'uwan Franz biyu, Georg da Heinrich, sun mutu tun suna jariri kafin Franz ya cika bakwai; 'yan'uwansa mata uku sune Gabriele ("Ellie") (1889-1944), Valerie ("Valli") (1890-1942) da Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892-1943). An kashe dukan ukun a cikin Holocaust na Yaƙin Duniya na II. An tura Valli zuwa Łódź Ghetto da ke Poland da ta mamaye a shekara ta alif 1942, amma wannan ita ce takardar shaidar ta ƙarshe; ana zaton ba ta tsira daga yakin ba. Ottilie ita ce 'yar'uwar Kafka da ta fi so.
Masanin tarihin rayuwar Stanley Corngold ya bayyana Hermann a matsayin "babban ɗan kasuwa, mai son kai, mai girman kai"[10] da kuma ta Franz Kafka a matsayin "Kafka na gaskiya cikin ƙarfi, lafiya, ci, ƙarar murya, balaga, gamsuwar kai, rinjaye na duniya. juriya, kasancewar hankali, [da] sanin yanayin ɗan adam”.[11] A kwanakin kasuwanci, iyayen biyu ba su nan a gida, tare da Julie Kafka tana aiki kamar 12. sa'o'i a kowace rana suna taimakawa wajen gudanar da kasuwancin iyali. Saboda haka, yarinta na Kafka ya kasance ɗan kaɗaici,[7] kuma yaran sun sami reno da yawa daga jerin gwanati da bayi. Dangantakar da ke damun Kafka da mahaifinsa ta bayyana a cikin Brief an den Vater ( Wasika zuwa ga Ubansa ) na sama da 100 shafuka, wanda a cikinsa ya koka game da kasancewar mahaifinsa mai iko da kuma halin da ake bukata;[7] Mahaifiyarsa kuwa, ta kasance mai shiru da kunya.[7] Mafi rinjayen mahaifin Kafka yana da tasiri sosai a rubutun Kafka.[7]
Iyalin Kafka suna da wata kuyanga da ke zaune tare da su a wani ƙunƙun gida. Dakin Franz yana yawan sanyi. A watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1913, iyalin suka koma wani babban gida, ko da yake Ellie da Valli sun yi aure kuma suka tashi daga ɗakin farko. A farkon watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1914, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya soma, ’yan’uwa mata ba su san inda mazajensu suke soja ba kuma suka koma tare da iyalin a wannan babban gida. Dukansu Ellie da Valli su ma suna da yara. Franz yana da shekaru 31 ya koma tsohon gidan Valli, shiru da bambanci, kuma ya rayu shi kadai a karon farko.[12]
Ilimi
gyara sasheDaga shekarar alif 1889 zuwa 1893, Kafka ya halarci Deutsche Knabenschule Makarantar firamare ta samarin Jamus a Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (kasuwar nama), yanzu ana kiranta titin Masná. Iliminsa na Yahudawa ya ƙare da bikin mashaya mitzvah yana ɗan shekara 13. Kafka bai taɓa jin daɗin halartar majami'a ba kuma yana tafiya tare da mahaifinsa a ranakun hutu huɗu kawai a shekara.[11] [12] [7]
Bayan barin makarantar firamare a shekara ta alif 1893, an shigar da Kafka a cikin gymnasium mai tsauri na gargajiya, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, makarantar sakandare ta ilimi a Old Town Square, a cikin fadar Kinský. Jamusanci yaren koyarwa ne, amma Kafka kuma ya yi magana kuma ya rubuta cikin Czech.[13] [14] Ya yi karatu na karshen a dakin motsa jiki na tsawon shekaru takwas, yana samun sakamako mai kyau.[15] Ko da yake Kafka ya sami yabo ga Czech ɗinsa, bai taɓa ɗaukar kansa ƙware a cikin yaren ba, kodayake yana magana da Jamusanci tare da lafazin Czech. [16] [14] Ya kammala jarrabawar Matura a 1901.[17]
An shigar da shi a Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität na Prague a 1901, Kafka ya fara nazarin ilmin sunadarai amma ya koma doka bayan makonni biyu. [18] Ko da yake wannan filin bai faranta masa rai ba, ya ba da damammaki na aiki wanda ya faranta wa mahaifinsa rai. Bugu da kari, doka ta bukaci dogon zangon karatu, inda ta baiwa Kafka lokacin daukar darasi a cikin karatun Jamusanci da tarihin fasaha.[7] Ya kuma shiga ƙungiyar ɗalibai, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Zauren Karatu da Lacca na ɗaliban Jamus), wanda ya shirya tarurrukan adabi, karatu da sauran ayyuka.[8] Daga cikin abokan Kafka akwai ɗan jarida Felix Weltsch, wanda ya yi nazarin falsafanci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Yitzchak Lowy wanda ya fito daga dangin Hasidic Warsaw na orthodox, da kuma marubuta Ludwig Winder, Oskar Baum da Franz Werfel.[12]
A ƙarshen shekara ta farko na karatunsa, Kafka ya sadu da Max Brod, wani dalibin lauya wanda ya zama aboki na kud da kud don rayuwa. Bayan shekaru, Brod ya kirkiro kalmar Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close Prague Circle") don bayyana rukunin marubuta, waɗanda suka haɗa da Kafka, Felix Weltsch da Brod kansa.[19] [20] [7] Kafka ya kasance mai son karatu a duk rayuwarsa; [7] tare da shi da Brod sun karanta Plato's Protagoras a cikin asalin Girkanci, akan yunƙurin Brod, da kuma tunanin Flaubert 's L'éducation sentimentale da kuma La Tentation de St. Antoine ( The Temptation of Saint Anthony ) a cikin Faransanci, bisa shawararsa. [21] Kafka ya ɗauki Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustav Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, [12] da Heinrich von Kleist a matsayin" 'yan'uwansa na gaskiya". [8] Bayan waɗannan, ya ɗauki sha'awar wallafe-wallafen Czech [13] [14] kuma yana jin daɗin ayyukan Goethe . [7] [12] An ba Kafka lambar digiri na Doka a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1906 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content kuma ya yi shekara ta wajibi na hidimar da ba a biya ba a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a da kotunan laifuka. [3]
Aiki
gyara sashe
A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1907, an ɗauki Kafka a Assicurazioni Generali , kamfanin inshora, inda ya yi aiki kusan shekara guda. Wasiƙun da ya yi a wancan lokacin sun nuna cewa bai ji daɗin tsarin aiki ba—daga 08:00 har zuwa 18:00 [22] [23] —wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala matuƙar ya mai da hankali ga rubutu, wanda ke ɗaukar ƙarin mahimmanci a gare shi. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1908, ya yi murabus. Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya sami aikin da ya fi dacewa da rubutu lokacin da ya shiga Cibiyar Inshorar Ma'aikata ta Masarautar Bohemia . Aikin ya haɗa da bincike da kimanta ramuwa don rauni na mutum ga ma'aikatan masana'antu; hatsarori kamar bacewar yatsu ko gaɓoɓi sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, saboda rashin ƙayyadaddun manufofin tsaro na aiki a lokacin. Ya kasance gaskiya ne musamman ga masana'antun da aka haɗa da lathes na injuna, na'urori, injinan tsarawa da na'urori masu juyawa, waɗanda ba a cika cika su da masu tsaro ba. [24]
Farfesan gudanarwa Peter Drucker ya yabawa Kafka tare da haɓaka hular farar hula ta farko yayin da yake aiki a Cibiyar Inshorar Hatsari ta Ma'aikata, amma duk wani takarda daga ma'aikacin sa ba ya goyan bayan wannan. [25] [24] Mahaifinsa sau da yawa yakan ambaci aikin dansa a matsayin jami'in inshora a matsayin Brotberuf , a zahiri "aikin burodi", aikin da aka yi kawai don biyan kuɗi; Kafka ya sha da'awar raina shi. An inganta Kafka cikin sauri kuma ayyukansa sun haɗa da sarrafawa da bincikar da'awar biyan diyya, rubuta rahotanni, da kuma kula da roko daga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke tunanin an sanya kamfanonin su cikin haɗari mai yawa, wanda ya fi tsadar su a cikin kudaden inshora. [12] Zai tattara kuma ya tsara rahoton shekara-shekara kan cibiyar inshora na shekaru da yawa da ya yi aiki a can. Rahotanni sun samu karbuwa daga manyansa. [7] Kafka ya kan tashi daga aiki da ƙarfe biyu na rana, ta yadda ya samu lokacin ciyar da aikinsa na adabi, wanda ya himmatu. [12] Mahaifin Kafka kuma ya sa ran zai taimaka a wurin kuma ya mallaki kantin sayar da kayayyaki na iyali. [12] A cikin shekarunsa na baya, rashin lafiyar Kafka yakan hana shi aiki a ofishin inshora da kuma rubutunsa.
A ƙarshen shekarar alif 1911, mijin Elli Karl Hermann da Kafka sun zama abokan haɗin gwiwa a masana'antar asbestos ta farko a Prague, wanda aka sani da Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., bayan sun yi amfani da kuɗin sadaki daga Hermann Kafka. Kafka ya nuna hali mai kyau da farko, yana sadaukar da yawancin lokacinsa na kyauta ga kasuwanci, amma daga baya ya ji haushin cin zarafin wannan aikin a lokacin rubuce-rubucensa. [12] A wannan lokacin, ya kuma sami sha'awa da nishaɗi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Yiddish . Bayan ganin ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yiddish a watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1911, na tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa Kafka "ya nutsar da kansa cikin yaren Yiddish da kuma cikin adabin Yiddish". [16] [12] A daidai wannan lokacin ne Kafka ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki. [7] A kusa da shekarar 1915, Kafka ya karɓi daftarin sanarwar aikin soja a yakin duniya Ni, amma ma'aikatansa a cibiyar inshora sun shirya tsaiko saboda ana ɗaukar aikinsa yana da mahimmancin sabis na gwamnati. Daga baya ya yi yunƙurin shiga aikin soja amma matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da tarin fuka sun hana shi yin haka, [7] da aka gano shi a cikin shekarar alif 1917. [26] A cikin shekarar alif 1918, Cibiyar Inshorar Ma'aikata ta sanya Kafka a cikin fensho saboda ya samu. rashin lafiya, wanda ba a samu waraka ba a lokacin, kuma ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a wuraren kiwon lafiya. [3]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Kafka" Archived 26 Disamba 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Steinhauer 1983.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gilman 2005.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Northey 1997.
- ↑ Kohoutikriz 2011.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 Brod 1960.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Gray 2005.
- ↑ Hamalian 1974.
- ↑ Corngold 1972.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kafka-Franz, Father 2012.
- ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 Stach 2005.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hawes 2008.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Sayer 1996.
- ↑ Kempf 2005.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Koelb 2010.
- ↑ Corngold 2004.
- ↑ Diamant 2003.
- ↑ Spector 2000.
- ↑ Keren 1993.
- ↑ Brod 1966.
- ↑ Karl 1991.
- ↑ Glen 2007.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Corngold et al. 2009.
- ↑ Drucker 2002.
- ↑ Corngold 2011.
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